{"paper_id":"231ecea3-8a3f-4bab-aeee-3e30855b7f75","body_text":"UAV-Assisted Cooperative Vehicular Communication: Modelling, Optimization, and Performance Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article UAV-Assisted Cooperative Vehicular Communication: Modelling, Optimization, and Performance Analysis Abhinav Kumar Singh, Bikash Chandra Sahana This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8179789/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Wireless Personal Communications → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In beyond 5G (B5G) wireless networks, the Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being used as flying base stations (BSs) to help ease strain on communication networks during peak traffic or when network outages occur. In this work, a hybrid communication model is proposed where a UAV serves as an aerial base station to facilitate Vehicular communication. This allows vehicles in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) regions to stay connected using cooperative relaying. The proposed model considers mobility of the vehicles, social proximity, and the dynamic transmission characteristics of the channels while incorporating the cooperative intercommunication between the UAV and Vehicles. Mathematical expressions have been derived to determine the successful service probability (SSP), and the outage analysis (OA) is done for both U2V and V2V transmissions. An optimization problem has been formulated to improve overall service reliability by identifying the ideal altitude for the UAV. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for finding the optimal height of the UAV, along with the SINR threshold. The simulation results validate the analytical findings, demonstrating that the proposed cooperative U2V-V2V technique significantly improves network coverage, lowers outage probability, and improves network reliability as compared to traditional UAV deployment methods. UAV V2V PSO U2V Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Wireless Personal Communications → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8179789\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":565074241,\"identity\":\"7462d300-a890-4e1a-a37b-929a8119a095\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Abhinav Kumar 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Communications\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"UAV, V2V, PSO, U2V\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8179789/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8179789/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn beyond 5G (B5G) wireless networks, the Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being used as flying base stations (BSs) to help ease strain on communication networks during peak traffic or when network outages occur. In this work, a hybrid communication model is proposed where a UAV serves as an aerial base station to facilitate Vehicular communication. This allows vehicles in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) regions to stay connected using cooperative relaying. The proposed model considers mobility of the vehicles, social proximity, and the dynamic transmission characteristics of the channels while incorporating the cooperative intercommunication between the UAV and Vehicles. Mathematical expressions have been derived to determine the successful service probability (SSP), and the outage analysis (OA) is done for both U2V and V2V transmissions. An optimization problem has been formulated to improve overall service reliability by identifying the ideal altitude for the UAV. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for finding the optimal height of the UAV, along with the SINR threshold. The simulation results validate the analytical findings, demonstrating that the proposed cooperative U2V-V2V technique significantly improves network coverage, lowers outage probability, and improves network reliability as compared to traditional UAV deployment methods.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"UAV-Assisted Cooperative Vehicular Communication: Modelling, Optimization, and Performance Analysis\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-25 19:34:14\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8179789/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-01-05T13:35:47+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-02T17:40:55+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-01T11:57:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-29T05:58:26+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"214619504953568045966124305794751604643\",\"date\":\"2025-12-24T07:36:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"11025488599608588280889647195277164184\",\"date\":\"2025-12-24T05:27:27+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"205938552795106714160553697944004800720\",\"date\":\"2025-12-24T05:26:43+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-24T05:22:55+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-06T15:39:46+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-11-24T06:40:04+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Wireless Personal Communications\",\"date\":\"2025-11-22T10:31:42+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"wireless-personal-communications\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"wire\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Wireless Personal Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11277)\",\"snPcode\":\"11277\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11277/3\",\"title\":\"Wireless Personal Communications\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"5ffbe85c-c1e4-4478-bd71-ddb2c32c2483\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 25th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-03-30T16:23:25+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-8179789\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-026-11992-8\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"wireless-personal-communications\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Wireless Personal Communications\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-03-24 16:11:39\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"March 24th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-25 19:34:14\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s11277-026-11992-8\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-026-11992-8\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8179789\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8179789\",\"identity\":\"rs-8179789\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}