{"paper_id":"220a7a3f-c15a-43f0-ab21-ff484e8b72f4","body_text":"Absolute value of enthalpy in chemical reaction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Absolute value of enthalpy in chemical reaction Huanhuan Cheng, Yi Cheng This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2924460/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Enthalpy is a very ancient topic, and there has been almost no one discussion on its right and wrong in recent years. However, an absolute value of enthalpy in chemical reaction remains our dream for a hundred years. From a convenient and feasible perspective, and in order to compare the enthalpy values of various reactions, a value of standard enthalpy was defined as Dr (298.15/K) in chemical thermodynamics, which is a “reference” value. The reaction enthalpy at any temperature for a reaction, Dr (T/K), can be calculated from theory by Kirchhoff's law 1,2 . However, many reactions do not generate thermal effects at 298.15/K so that Dr (298.15/K) is still a \"virtual\" value with no real chemical or physical connotation. Secondly, in the face of this series of enthalpy values at any temperature, Dr (T/K) the chemical thermodynamics is unable to pick out the absolute value of the reaction enthalpy for a reaction. For nearly a hundred years, we have been asking: what is the absolute value of the reaction enthalpy? Our work suggests that the lowest temperature at which a chemical reaction produces a thermal effect is defined as the enthalpy temperature (T H ) and a 111enthalpy theory, which states that a reaction has only one unique value of enthalpy temperature (T H ) and one unique value of reaction enthalpy Dr (T/K), an absolute Value of reaction enthalpy. Namely, when T<T H , Dr (T)=0; when T T H ，Dr (T)=Dr (T H ). In addition, according to 111 theory, the meaning of Qp value in DSC may been redefined as: Qp=Dr (T H ), not Qp= which is a very fuzzy concept or expression for thermodynamics 1,6 . By using the DSC method, the T H and Qp values of many reactions can be discovered and determined, thus Dr (T H ) of the reaction can be calculated and evaluated. The rationality of 111 theory has be mutually verified by the experimental data in DSC and the enthalpy value of thermodynamic calculation for dehydration reaction of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). ΔH, ΔG and ΔS are all state functions and ΔG= ΔH−TΔS, and then will the appearance of T H and Dr (T H ) cause changes in free energy and entropy in chemical reaction? Can the 111 theory induce a new idea and method for exploring the absolute internal energy of matter? Physical sciences/Chemistry/Physical chemistry/Thermodynamics Physical sciences/Chemistry/Theoretical chemistry/Method development Chemical Thermodynamics TGA DSC Standard Enthalpy Kirchhoff's Law Reaction Enthalpy the Dehydration Reaction of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (COM) Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files Methods2.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-2924460\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":207664789,\"identity\":\"1426e47c-085e-4397-b16f-330742ef05e8\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Huanhuan Cheng\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Nanjing University of Science and Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Huanhuan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Cheng\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":207664790,\"identity\":\"fdab6d49-63c5-4502-8a56-391ed1a4e7e2\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Yi Cheng\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQgpx8bewHgggRQtxvw8BxhI0sKQOHNGAsMBonTwz24+9vBrmwXjhpuPHxx42HY4j4H98NENeC25cyzdWLZNgtngdprBgcS2w8UMPGlpN/BpMZDIMZOWbJNgM7idANaS2CDBY0ZAS/43kBYeg5vHPxCrJYdN8mObhITkDB4ibZG4kWYmzXBOwoCfJ6fgQMK59MQ2Qn7hn5H8TPJHWV19G/vxjQ9/lFkn9rMfPoZXCwgw87JBWYxABhtetTCFP/7AmH/wqRsFo2AUjIKRCgAJGU9lGF0AtgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Nanjing University of Science and Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Cheng\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2023-05-11 21:15:35\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2924460/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2924460/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":98423235,\"identity\":\"86cf695a-1691-44e4-bd30-4303f5424980\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-17 16:31:59\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":467437,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"nature2.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2924460/v1_covered_ae805c7d-29ac-45cc-8f53-5137e5c3c3df.pdf\"},{\"id\":97942105,\"identity\":\"570f4402-d751-4ae7-a538-dcfa2895c0eb\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-11 04:22:44\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":21091,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Methods2.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2924460/v1/2c3ffb48f48637e05852466d.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"There is \\u003cb\\u003eNO\\u003c/b\\u003e Competing Interest.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Absolute value of enthalpy in chemical reaction\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Chemical Thermodynamics, TGA, DSC, Standard Enthalpy, Kirchhoff's Law, Reaction Enthalpy, the Dehydration Reaction of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (COM)\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2924460/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2924460/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEnthalpy is a very ancient topic, and there has been almost no one discussion on its right and wrong in recent years. However, an absolute value of enthalpy in chemical reaction remains our dream for a hundred years. From a convenient and feasible perspective, and in order to compare the enthalpy values of various reactions, a value of standard enthalpy was defined as Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(298.15/K) in chemical thermodynamics, which is a “reference” value. The reaction enthalpy at any temperature for a reaction, Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T/K), can be calculated from theory by Kirchhoff's law\\u003csup\\u003e 1,2\\u003c/sup\\u003e. However, many reactions do not generate thermal effects at 298.15/K so that Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(298.15/K) is still a \\\"virtual\\\" value with no real chemical or physical connotation. Secondly, in the face of this series of enthalpy values at any temperature, Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T/K) the chemical thermodynamics is unable to pick out the absolute value of the reaction enthalpy for a reaction. For nearly a hundred years, we have been asking: what is the absolute value of the reaction enthalpy? Our work suggests that the lowest temperature at which a chemical reaction produces a thermal effect is defined as the enthalpy temperature (T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e) and a 111enthalpy theory, which states that a reaction has only one unique value of enthalpy temperature (T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e) and one unique value of reaction enthalpy Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T/K), an absolute Value of reaction enthalpy. Namely, when T\\u0026lt;T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e, Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T)=0; when T\\u003cimg width=\\\"10\\\" height=\\\"15\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAXCAMAAADjjeWOAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEhQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6OgAAOjoAOjpmOmaQOpDbZjo6ZpC2kGY6kLbbtpA6tpBmttvbttv/25A627Zm27aQ29v/2////9u2/9vb///bICuGmgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAS0lEQVQoU2NgoDUQE0G1QZCRlRtVRIiDkY0PRUicl4WJjR9FSJSLmYlTGFlInIeZHcFHkUfVj2q+IDOq/ejuQw8PAUYEQLKPzGADAJV3AkYwa7LVAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\\\"/\\u003eT\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e，Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB4AAAAbCAMAAABcI88jAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAH5QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjoAOjqQOmZmOmaQOpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZma2ZpC2ZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kJC2kNvbkNv/tmYAtpBmttv/tv//25A625Bm29uQ29u22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bAUv5XgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAA7UlEQVQ4T81SCRKCMAxs8MKzXhSPKqhQm/9/0JAWBNsH2JnODs2xmw1C/NfB2wJgfKjiquxufRfifZoUsTjmR/dcTmP19cwXocoi5bp77BJ7WZhf2y+zbLpbCTAqWsD8ooDP9MlhYeSIpFKcIWhu0g1npSwqkFYDqykdoOLk72AlMTfPiRP1Ywt6KdDa4Ew9elOs7FMHTgypg7CjFtpT/8RRMaeHoNhKHtdPHfYGDpcMeILMpElmdonbTE3uknIPj6teHSo93le63eugH6oZy+i8G7JZmdFu6G67vfYTaprSzAvRYOQ0P5i7rzOFP3dnE4g4B5OqAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\\\"/\\u003e(T)=Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e). In addition, according to 111 theory, the meaning of Qp value in DSC may been redefined as: Qp=Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e), not Qp=\\u003cimg width=\\\"18\\\" height=\\\"15\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;which is a very fuzzy concept or expression for thermodynamics\\u003csup\\u003e1,6\\u003c/sup\\u003e. By using the DSC method, the T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e and Qp values of many reactions can be discovered and determined, thus Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e) of the reaction can be calculated and evaluated. The rationality of 111 theory has be mutually verified by the experimental data in DSC and the enthalpy value of thermodynamic calculation for dehydration reaction of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). ΔH, ΔG and ΔS are all state functions and ΔG= ΔH−TΔS, and then will the appearance of T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e and Dr\\u003cimg width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"18\\\" src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"/\\u003e(T\\u003csub\\u003eH\\u003c/sub\\u003e) cause changes in free energy and entropy in chemical reaction? Can the 111 theory induce a new idea and method for exploring the absolute internal energy of matter?\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Absolute value of enthalpy in chemical reaction\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-11 04:22:40\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2924460/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"eb269bb0-4a35-43b6-a93a-8ccefcdb73a6\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 11th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":22186492,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Chemistry/Physical chemistry/Thermodynamics\"},{\"id\":22186493,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Chemistry/Theoretical chemistry/Method development\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-12-11T04:22:40+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-11 04:22:40\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-2924460\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-2924460\",\"identity\":\"rs-2924460\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}