{"paper_id":"21f47df0-c009-498f-a8f4-6d91d5927fd7","body_text":"Stochastic and Confidence-Aware Network (SCAN)-based Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation for Satellite Imagery Segmentation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Stochastic and Confidence-Aware Network (SCAN)-based Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation for Satellite Imagery Segmentation Manh-Hung Nguyen, Van-Linh Vo, Long-Thien Bui, Chi-Cuong Vu, Ching-Chun Huang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8307083/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Satellite imagery segmentation serves a crucial role in environmental monitoring and sustainable development. However, the domain gap and the high annotation cost are two major challenges that limit system performance in a practical environment. To address these issues, this paper proposes a confidence-aware semisupervised domain adaptation method for satellite imagery segmentation. Unlike conventional approaches that directly incorporate labeled target data into the segmentation loss, our method leverages the labeled target data to refine the confidence of pseudolabels generated by a teacher model. This strategy alleviates the bottleneck of semisupervised domain adaptation, where the model is overfit with a small set of labeled data. Furthermore, we introduce a sparsity constraint to select compact features that generalize robustly across both domains. The proposed method is evaluated on the LoveDA, SyntheWorld, and Open Earth Map datasets in two scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that using only 5% of labeled target data enables our approach to achieve 98.04% and 93.78% of fully supervised performance on the LoveDA and Open Earth Map datasets, respectively. Moreover, qualitative experiments show that our method does not overfit the training data and provides reasonable results. The code for this paper is available at https://github.com/Vo-Linh/SF-CAN.git. Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 08 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8307083\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":575143920,\"identity\":\"cfa6a3b1-69a9-4e8a-b2ab-4ca1b4da2b9e\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Manh-Hung Nguyen\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwhlkwATYGwgUktaAkw10VoOk6DFXCL38OvCnPN5/NPOmD/4wGAju+EAj9kDfFosZ+SlWc/cdrtY4naOYeMMhjRjoBZzA7wOu5FjZsy77XbiBukcw2YehsOJGw6wpUkQoeUcRMsfhv9EaTF+zLvtAEQLAwOQcYD5GH4tZ96YMfNuS06ccTutcGaPQbLxzMOEtBzPMf7Mu80usX928oYPPyrsZPuON7bh1QIEbEgKQEHFTEA9SMkHwmpGwSgYBaNgRAMAEmFNmSN6hbQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Manh-Hung\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Nguyen\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":575143921,\"identity\":\"7fc379c9-0d0b-4f4b-9187-a0dd9b1a4e82\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Van-Linh Vo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Van-Linh\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Vo\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":575143922,\"identity\":\"0b40325b-77d2-4425-9340-51c880c4aaf9\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Long-Thien Bui\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Long-Thien\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Bui\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":575143923,\"identity\":\"5cd8b4da-0177-4682-8901-5303beb7af1b\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Chi-Cuong Vu\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Chi-Cuong\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Vu\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":575143924,\"identity\":\"974a6df7-4869-405d-8bc4-48b5826d38cb\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Ching-Chun Huang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ching-Chun\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Huang\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-12-08 11:23:20\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8307083/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8307083/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":100547294,\"identity\":\"c25d2c42-4218-421d-95b9-94fa2abae3ff\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:15:11\",\"extension\":\"json\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":6582,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"dd836bdf330d4e719f93a0493a32e480.json\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/42ca6c639f2b1c4f9ec5e32e.json\"},{\"id\":100433996,\"identity\":\"98a049cb-a1e7-4ce4-b2ff-dc2cb21e845f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:58\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":22802,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ClassCompare.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/87532398ac307a59c3b0d6c1.png\"},{\"id\":100546832,\"identity\":\"85aca585-ebf9-46c0-8e09-b7fec8064bd5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:12:53\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":145811,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Picture1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/d8127e3608d9d677921ad4ea.png\"},{\"id\":100434000,\"identity\":\"de7cc6fe-ab2b-40f1-8253-50d8ea7f3035\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":145240,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ResponsetoEditor.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/872d2926df276838c05c5d07.pdf\"},{\"id\":100546175,\"identity\":\"6a62f2da-35f3-4868-b7dd-47e4f142d567\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:00:16\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":741577,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"STICFig1a.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/06ecf42bee274a62dc148a9c.png\"},{\"id\":100546915,\"identity\":\"25e277dd-e83d-460c-83d0-7cbfc4865569\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:13:08\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":555057,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"STICFig1b.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/73534f0f42a9a159ae77828e.png\"},{\"id\":100547163,\"identity\":\"4d0dc8e5-225d-427f-86f5-b4bf6f1ae120\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:14:42\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":6896905,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"STICTSNE.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/0eddc5b0a357cc5a98b5d583.png\"},{\"id\":100546979,\"identity\":\"a4d05c1c-2d1c-4fd2-9a8d-54c050eda514\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:13:48\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":34387,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"STICVIBposition.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/fa158a7813421f58d52f869f.png\"},{\"id\":100547051,\"identity\":\"6fce25a1-d2d9-43f5-80e4-b676bd945f33\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:14:12\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":736954,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SegMapB.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/47776b17418b4bc7683076ed.jpg\"},{\"id\":100434013,\"identity\":\"5edb29f8-790d-4e99-966c-049fb264f1f5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":9,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":1248117,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"SegMapC.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/fc16132386604ce6d333e018.jpg\"},{\"id\":100546484,\"identity\":\"1e52d9ad-cad5-4916-887e-e20682887b5d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:09:52\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":13178312,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"StochasticandConfidenceAwareNetworkSCANbasedsemisupervisedDomainAdaptationforSatelliteImagerySegmentation.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/7650f65ac81bae05a4c9c536.pdf\"},{\"id\":100546896,\"identity\":\"07184612-41c4-4acd-984f-b7c695c7e653\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:13:07\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":2785682,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Tsnevisclassonly.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/14fd53d22bed499e12e93073.png\"},{\"id\":100546385,\"identity\":\"aef04a67-749e-4839-ab6c-fe45edab105b\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:07:56\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":12,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":37620,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"VIBModelarchitecture1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/3d572eb9f0c54c189bae7a64.png\"},{\"id\":100546359,\"identity\":\"514970c8-54ec-4e4c-9d89-659f5eef9e74\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:06:45\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":13,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":53504,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"VIBModelarchitecture2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/fba9dbafa8d280c1b3d3b4bd.png\"},{\"id\":100547164,\"identity\":\"7a395cee-ecd0-4925-911b-6b622d0df1c4\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:14:43\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":14,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":66794,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"VIBmodule.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/93f2e743232d01848187a05e.png\"},{\"id\":100434007,\"identity\":\"c767cae7-2b93-42fe-93bd-489a4225e234\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":15,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":16278,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"densesparsefeature.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/652c324bf6938d495d190e3f.png\"},{\"id\":100546497,\"identity\":\"d0b7921a-bce0-473c-9d86-ce8308ac6ece\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:09:54\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":16,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":148779,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"dynamicweighting.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/b75ac2c4e5ae14f1dcefcc25.png\"},{\"id\":100546503,\"identity\":\"6fd1a810-f331-482d-961d-7bbf3f9a2010\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:09:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":17,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":4003,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/0ced113b943e7dc7b3b4996b.png\"},{\"id\":100546427,\"identity\":\"e059e851-d41c-4384-96d4-111bf7783df5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:08:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":18,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":4660,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/e76e90abbc45853bd7292f08.png\"},{\"id\":100546265,\"identity\":\"ef53a2ce-ae2d-46c8-be93-03fef4ee15d0\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:03:44\",\"extension\":\"ldf\",\"order_by\":19,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":49107,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"jabbrvltwaall.ldf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/c671da61f3cfb496ddab61bb.ldf\"},{\"id\":100434009,\"identity\":\"2c33001e-742a-43dd-ac11-5bb1b0700c71\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"ldf\",\"order_by\":20,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":268657,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"jabbrvltwaen.ldf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/ac8ba973239de0cbd24e76ea.ldf\"},{\"id\":100546756,\"identity\":\"9e49d8e6-7014-462d-b07a-ecaa1526ac39\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:12:20\",\"extension\":\"sty\",\"order_by\":21,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":15480,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"jabbrv.sty\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/3ba09c5920a46e045f160b7e.sty\"},{\"id\":100434003,\"identity\":\"55940a74-7c7c-4bab-b262-55df9b79c278\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":22,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":21631,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"miou.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/5cc000d4254ecfc98f2bd99f.png\"},{\"id\":100546734,\"identity\":\"46906af8-94a1-4d4d-a219-fe8ccc1d7f07\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:12:13\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":23,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":26984,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"mixloss.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/6ed5c6c5f7a36c04173c924a.png\"},{\"id\":100546411,\"identity\":\"1cf21add-b99b-41a1-88d8-e39730093303\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:08:17\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":24,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":20277,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"mixvibloss.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/5d4eb63e6446d0a33df19bd3.png\"},{\"id\":100434020,\"identity\":\"f0e7ae71-f016-44c8-9907-e1a2808ed5ef\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":25,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":65603,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"mix.decode.lossseg.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/4198b2798779004e57c89634.png\"},{\"id\":100546709,\"identity\":\"71170724-48cc-41a0-81d2-fefa55d3dbbb\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:12:00\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":26,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":47245,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"mix.decode.viboutloss.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/b2be45ec934212534f9a5d76.png\"},{\"id\":100546793,\"identity\":\"691cf8ba-17bd-47a6-9ef2-09cae10b17cf\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:12:37\",\"extension\":\"bst\",\"order_by\":27,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":36153,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"naturemagdoi.bst\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/d3df79e388939524f15ffe77.bst\"},{\"id\":100434031,\"identity\":\"8fe27539-99d8-418a-b67c-002779de2635\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":28,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":2659981,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"segmap1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/cf03f41e7bf3313c640d4172.png\"},{\"id\":100434032,\"identity\":\"41398b24-2960-46f8-bdd1-527edaa97e89\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":29,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":3926883,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"segmap2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/7208ab7e8b0688520b1e1d6c.png\"},{\"id\":100547100,\"identity\":\"c0801dff-177c-485e-a12b-001e2369512f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:14:25\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":30,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":3139503,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"segmap3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/9eea6fa0722bdee08be5d0ff.png\"},{\"id\":100546647,\"identity\":\"9775c3f1-3f46-4fd9-92a5-0782ee3e500c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:11:38\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":31,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":169001,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"selftrainingpipeline.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/d96671ff416b0e69c34d2e51.png\"},{\"id\":100546706,\"identity\":\"d436bf67-a731-4af7-be6b-9edc87d5d8fc\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:12:00\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":32,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":379752,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"stream.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/86413798f548a215a9c2892d.jpg\"},{\"id\":100547177,\"identity\":\"2e943803-ff2c-4ed9-b273-0b393dfcd769\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:14:44\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":33,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":43956,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"target.decode.lossseg.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/a817f929ec0d10b4c9fb6323.png\"},{\"id\":100547230,\"identity\":\"5bc808be-07c1-473e-848a-403b6798dfd1\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:14:55\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":34,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":52149,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"target.decode.viboutloss.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/c513d92547c2468163d2a2a8.png\"},{\"id\":100434022,\"identity\":\"003fb89a-13fc-4698-82df-9d729ce5bcef\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:59\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":35,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":1734745,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"tsnevis.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/38e0367a0063eecc87f06652.png\"},{\"id\":100547018,\"identity\":\"11884149-01cf-43cd-ac72-70f9e2dcfda8\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:14:00\",\"extension\":\"cls\",\"order_by\":36,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":5824,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"wlscirep.cls\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/ba006b5801e708fb8e63196c.cls\"},{\"id\":100546818,\"identity\":\"b9adf342-f552-44aa-a482-4a4133a93d05\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 08:12:45\",\"extension\":\"xml\",\"order_by\":37,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":205412,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"dd836bdf330d4e719f93a0493a32e4801structuring.xml\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1/4933aaee05ecd97ed66f20b3.xml\"},{\"id\":100594142,\"identity\":\"8ade3521-ef06-412b-a063-af57130f3a1c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-19 13:35:36\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":4669464,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"StochasticandConfidenceAwareNetworkSCANbasedsemisupervisedDomainAdaptationforSatelliteImagerySegmentation.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8307083/v1_covered_0c4b0fa2-5274-496c-9966-4a57619fe173.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Stochastic and Confidence-Aware Network (SCAN)-based Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation for Satellite Imagery Segmentation\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8307083/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8307083/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSatellite imagery segmentation serves a crucial role in environmental monitoring and sustainable development. However, the domain gap and the high annotation cost are two major challenges that limit system performance in a practical environment. To address these issues, this paper proposes a confidence-aware semisupervised domain adaptation method for satellite imagery segmentation. Unlike conventional approaches that directly incorporate labeled target data into the segmentation loss, our method leverages the labeled target data to refine the confidence of pseudolabels generated by a teacher model. This strategy alleviates the bottleneck of semisupervised domain adaptation, where the model is overfit with a small set of labeled data. Furthermore, we introduce a sparsity constraint to select compact features that generalize robustly across both domains. The proposed method is evaluated on the LoveDA, SyntheWorld, and Open Earth Map datasets in two scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that using only 5% of labeled target data enables our approach to achieve 98.04% and 93.78% of fully supervised performance on the LoveDA and Open Earth Map datasets, respectively. Moreover, qualitative experiments show that our method does not overfit the training data and provides reasonable results. The code for this paper is available at https://github.com/Vo-Linh/SF-CAN.git.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Stochastic and Confidence-Aware Network (SCAN)-based Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation for Satellite Imagery Segmentation\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:54\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8307083/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-04-06T07:38:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-03-22T04:13:03+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"27309176339095775001611212163255024624\",\"date\":\"2026-03-22T03:55:00+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"112684781241246013137483224818160836686\",\"date\":\"2026-01-28T12:33:57+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-22T12:53:35+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"207664898764964177838868477338674056382\",\"date\":\"2026-01-14T00:16:26+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T14:19:03+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-08T11:15:59+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-23T04:57:27+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2025-12-23T04:53:47+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"85385121-e346-49fa-8d60-1a8ffa8fc95e\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 16th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":61197518,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics\"},{\"id\":61197519,\"name\":\"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-01T11:23:22+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-01-16 15:15:54\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8307083\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8307083\",\"identity\":\"rs-8307083\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}