{"paper_id":"21344d90-71ab-4415-97d9-5ddb38d77aed","body_text":"Abstract\nTarget organs bind and retain steroids against a high concentration gradient. The presence of an intracellular steroid receptor is considered as a prerequisite for hormonal response. The existence of specific oestrogen-binding proteins in oestrogen target tissues was first described by Jensen and Jacobsen1, and a quantitative assay of oestrogen receptors (ER) was first performed by Toft and Gorski2. Since then, steroid receptors have been extensively studied (for review and references see Edwards et al. 3). The traditional steroid receptors are acid proteins, which are characterized by high steroid-specificity of the binding, high binding affinity to the ligand and limited binding capacity at near physiological concentrations of the ligand. They are found only in tissues sensitive to steroid hormones. For several years the steroid receptors were regarded as localized mainly to the cytoplasm, where they were thought to bind to the hormone. The steroid-receptor complex was then transported to the nucleus, where it bound the chromatin chain. Thus, initially most studies on steroid receptors were performed in cytosol.\nPreview\nUnable to display preview. Download preview PDF.\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nReferences\nJensen, E.V. and Jacobson, H.I. (1962). Basic guides to the mechanism of estrogen action. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res., 18, 387–395\nToft, D. and Gorski, J. (1966). A receptor molecule for estrogens; Isolation from the rat uterus and preliminary characterization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 55, 1574–1581\nEdwards, D.P., Chamness, G.C. and McGuire, W.L. (1979). Estrogen and progesterone receptor proteins in breast cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 560, 457–486\nKing, W.J. and Greene, G.L. (1984). Monoclonal antibodies localize oestrogen receptor in the nuclei of target cells. Nature, 307, 745–747\nPress, M.F., Holt, J.A., Herbst, A.L. and Greene, G.L. (1985). Immunocytochemical identification of estrogen receptor in ovarian carcinomas. Localization with monoclonal estrophilin antibodies compared with biochemical assays. Lab. Invest., 53, 349–361\nSchrader, W.T. (1984). New model for steroid hormone receptors? Nature, 308, 17–18\nPertschuk, L.P., Feldman, J.G., Eisenberg, K.B., Carter, A.C., Thelmo, W.L., Cruz, W.P., Thorpe, S.M., Christensen, J., Rasmussen, B.B., Rose, C. and Greene, G.L. (1988). Immunocytochemical detection of progesterone receptor in breast cancer with monoclonal antibody. Cancer, 62, 342–349\nKorenman, S.G. (1968). Radio-ligand binding assay of specific estrogens using a soluble uterine macromolecule. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 28, 127–130\nDaehnfeldt, J.L. and Briand, P. (1977). Determinations of high-affinity gestagen receptors in hormone-responsive and hormone-independent GR mouse mammary tumours by an exchange assay. In McGuire, W.L. et al. (eds.) Progesterone Receptors in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues, pp. 59–69. (New York: Raven Press)\nScatchard, G. (1949). The attractions of proteins for small molecules and ions. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 51, 660–672\nGustafsson, J.-Å. Gustafsson, S.A., Nordenskjöld, B., Okret, S., Silfverswärd, C. and Wrange, Ö. (1978). Estradiol receptor analysis in human breast cancer tissue by isoelectric focusing in Polyacrylamide gel. Cancer Res., 38, 4225–4228\nAuer, G.U., Caspersson, T.O., Gustafsson, S.A., Humla, S.A., Ljung, B.-M., Nordenskjöld, B.A., Silfverswärd, C. and Wallgren, A.S. (1980). Relationship between nuclear DNA distribution and estrogen receptors in human mammary carcinomas. Anal. Quant. Cytol., 2, 280–284\nHasson, J., Luhan, P.A. and Kohl, M.W. (1981). Comparison of estrogen receptor levels in breast cancer samples from mastectomy and frozen section specimens. Cancer, 47, 138–139\nPeck, E.J. and Clark, J.H. (1977). Effect of ionic strength on charcoal adsorption assays of receptor-estradiol complexes. Endocrinology, 101, 1034–1043\nSkovgaard Poulsen, H. (1981). Oestrogen receptor assay — limitation of the method. Eur. J. Cancer, 17, 495–501\nWittliff, J.L. (1984). Steroid-hormone receptors in breast cancer. Cancer, 53, 630–643\nZava, D.T., Landrum, B., Horwitz, K.B. and McGuire, W.L. (1979). Androgen receptor assay with [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881) in the presence of progesterone receptors. Endocrinology, 104, 1007–1012\nBraunsberg, H. and Hammond, K.D. (1979). Methods of steroid receptor calculation: An interlaboratory study. J. Steroid Biochem., 11, 1561–1565\nKing, R.J.B., Barnes, D.M., Hawkins, R.A., Leake, R.E., Maynard, P.V., Millis, R.M. and Roberts, M.M. (1979). Measurement of oestrogen receptors by five institutions on common tissue samples. In King, R.J.B. (ed.) Steroid Receptor Assays in Human Breast Tumours; Methodological and Clinical Aspects, pp. 7–15. (Cardiff: Alpha Omega Publishing Ltd)\nOxley, D.K. (1984). Hormone receptors in breast cancer. Analytic accuracy of contemporary assays. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 108, 20–23\nGreene, G.L., Closs, L.E., Fleming, H., DeSombre, E.R. and Jensen, E.V. (1977). Antibodies to estrogen receptor: Immunochemical similarity of estrophilin from various mammalian species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 74, 3681–3685\nGreene, G.L. and Jensen, E.V. (1982). Monoclonal antibodies as probes for estrogen receptor detection and characterization. J. Steroid Biochem., 16, 353–359\nFernö, M., Borg, Å. and Sellberg, G. (1986). Enzyme immuno assay of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer biopsy samples. Acta Radiol. Oncol., 25, 171–175\nPress, M.F. and Greene, G.L. (1984). Methods in laboratory investigation. An immunocytochemical method for demonstrating estrogen receptor in human uterus using monoclonal antibodies to human estrophilin. Lab. Invest., 50, 480–486\nCharpin, C., Jacquemier, J., Andrac, L., Vacheret, H., Habib, M.C., Devictor, B., Lavaut, M.N. and Toga, M. (1988). Multiparameteric analysis (SAMBA 200) of the progesterone receptor immunocytochemical assay in nonmalignant and malignant breast disorders. Am. J. Pathol., 132, 199–211\nJänne, O., Kauppila, A., Kontula, K., Syrjälä, P. and Vihko, R. (1979). Female sex steroid receptors in normal, hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium. The relationship to serum steroid hormones and gonadotropins and changes during medroxyprogesterone acetate administration. Int. J. Cancer, 24, 545–554\nMartin, P.M., Rolland, P.H., Gammerre, M., Serment, H. and Toga, M. (1979). Estradiol and progesterone receptors in normal and neoplastic endometrium: Correlations between receptors, histopathological examinations and clinical responses under progestin therapy. Int. J. Cancer, 23, 321–329\nSpona, J., Ulm, R., Bieglmayer, C. and Husslein, P. (1979). Hormone serum levels and hormone receptor contents of endometria in women with normal menstrual cycles and patients bearing endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 10, 71–80\nLevy, C., Robel, P., Gautray, J.P., De Brux, J., Verma, U., Descomps, B., Baulieu, E.E. and Eychenne, B. (1980). Estradiol and progesterone receptors in human endometrium: Normal and abnormal menstrual cycles and early pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 136, 646–651\nNeumannova, M., Kauppila, A. and Vihko, R. (1983). Cytosol and nuclear estrogen and progestin receptors and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in normal and carcinomatous endometrium. Obstet. Gynecol., 61, 181–188\nCao, Z.-Y., Eppenberger, U., Roos, W., Torhorst, J. and Almendral, A. (1983). Cytosol estrogen and progesterone receptor levels measured in normal and pathological tissue of endometrium, endocervical mucosa and cervical vaginal portion. Arch. Gynecol., 233, 109–119\nTsibris, J.C.M., Fort, F.L., Cazenave, C.R., Cantor, B., Bardawil, W.A., Notelovitz, M. and Spellacy, W.N. (1981). The uneven distribution of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human endometrium. J. Steroid Biochem., 14, 997–1003\nDizerga, G.S., Barber, D.L. and Hodgen, G.D. (1980). Endometriosis: role of ovarian steroids in initiation, maintenance, and suppression. Fertil. Steril., 33, 649–653\nBergqvist, A., Jeppsson, S., Kullander, S. and Ljungberg, O. (1985). Human uterine endometrium and endometriotic tissue transplanted into nude mice. Am. J. Pathol., 121, 337–341\nSchweppe, K.-W., Wynn, R.M. and Beller, F.K. (1984). Ultrastructural comparison of endometriotic implants and eutopic endometrium. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 148, 1024–1039\nBergqvist, A., Ljungberg, O. and Myhre, E. (1984). Human endometrium and endometriotic tissue obtained simultaneously: A comparative histological study. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 3, 135–145\nVasquez, G., Cornillie, F. and Brosens, I.A. (1984). Peritoneal endometriosis: scanning electron microscopy and histology of minimal pelvic endometriotic lesions. Fertil. Steril., 42, 696–703\nTamaya, T., Motoyama, T., Ohono, Y., Ide, N., Tsurusaki, T. and Okada, H. (1979). Steroid receptor levels and histology of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Fertil. Steril., 31, 396–400\nBergqvist, A., Rannevik, G. and Thorell, J. (1980). Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in endometriosis and intrauterine endometrium. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl., 93, 67\nBergqvist, A., Rannevik, G. and Thorell, J. (1981). Estrogen and progesterone cytosol receptor concentrations in endometriotic tissue and intrauterine endometrium. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl., 101, 53–58\nJänne, O., Kauppila, A., Syrjälä, P. and Vihko, R. (1980). Comparison of cytosol estrogen and progestin receptor status in malignant and benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of human ovary. Int. J. Cancer, 25, 175–179\nJänne, O., Kauppila, A., Kokko, E., Lantto, T., Rönnberg, L. and Vihko, R. (1981). Estrogen and progestin receptors in endometriosis lesions: Comparison with endometrial tissue. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 141, 562–566\nVierikko, P., Kauppila, A., Rönnberg, L. and Vihko, R. (1985). Steroidal regulation of endometriosis tissue: lack of induction of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity by progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, or danazol. Fertil. Steril., 43, 218–224\nLyndrup, J., Thorpe, S., Glenthøj, A., Obel, E. and Sele, V. (1987). Altered progesterone/estrogen receptor ratios in endometriosis. A comparative study of steroid receptors and morphology in endometriosis and endometrium. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 66, 625–629\nGould, S.F., Shannon, J.M. and Cunha, G.R. (1983). Nuclear estrogen binding sites in human endometriosis. Fertil. Steril., 39, 520–524\nEisenfeld, A.J., Gardner, W.U. and van Wagenen, G. (1971). Radioactive estradiol accumulation in endometriosis of the rhesus monkey. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 109, 124–130\nBergqvist, A., Jeppsson, S. and Ljungberg, O. (1985). Histochemical demonstration of estrogen and progesterone binding in endometriotic tissue and in uterine endometrium. A comparative study. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 33, 155–161\nBergqvist, A., Carlström, K. and Ljungberg, O. (1984). Histochemical localization of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Evaluation of a method. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 32, 493–500\nBergqvist, A. and Fernö, M. (1988). Steroid receptors in endometriotic tissue and endometrium assayed with monoclonal antibodies. In Genazzani, A.R., Petraglia, F., Volpe, A. and Facchinetti, F. (eds.) Recent Research in Gynecological Endocrinology, vol. 1, pp. 394–399. (Casterton Hall, Carnforth: Parthenon Publ. Group)\nBur, M.E., Greene, G.L. and Press, M.F. (1987). Estrogen receptor localization in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded endometrium and endometriotic tissues. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 6, 140–151\nLessey, B.A., Metzger, D.A., Haney, A.F. and McCarty, K.S. Jr. (1989). Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometriosis: comparison with normal endometrium during the menstrual cycle and the effect of medical therapy. Fertil. Steril., 51, 409–415\nBergqvist, A., Ljungberg, O. and Fernö, M. (1989). Histochemical localization of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in endometriotic tissue and endometrium using monoclonal antibodies. Presented at The Second International Symposium on Endometriosis, May 1–3, Houston, Texas\nSternfeld, M.D., West, N.B. and Brenner, R. M. (1988). Immunocytochemistry of the estrogen receptor in spontaneous endometriosis in rhesus macaques. Fertil. Steril., 49, 342–348\nPunnonen, R., Pettersson, K., Vanharanta, R. and Lukola, A. (1985). Androgen, estrogen and progestin binding in cytosols of benign gynecologic tumours and tumour-like lesions. Horm. Metab. Res., 17, 607–609\nCarlström, K., Bergqvist, A. and Ljungberg, O. (1988). Metabolism of estrone sulfate in endometriotic tissue and in uterine endometrium in proliferative and secretory cycle phase. Fertil. Steril., 49, 229–233\nBergqvist, A. and Myhre, E. (1986). Glycogen and acid and neutral polysaccharides in endometriotic tissue and in uterine endometrium: a comparative histochemical study. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 5, 338–344\nPrakash, S., Ulfelder, H. and Cohen, R.B. (1965). Enzyme-histochemical observations on endometriosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 91, 990–997\nVernon, M.W., Beard, J.S., Graves, K. and Wilson, E.A. (1986). Classification of endometriotic implants by morphologic appearance and capacity to synthesize prostaglandin F. Fertil. Steril., 46, 801–806\nKing, R.J.B., Townsend, P.T., Siddle, N., Whitehead, M.I. and Taylor, R.W. (1982). Regulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor levels in epithelium and stroma from pre- and postmenopausal endometria. J. Steroid Biochem., 16, 21–30\nCornillie, F.J., Brosens, I.A., Vasquez, G. and Riphagen, I. (1986). Histologic and ultrastructural changes in human endometriotic implants treated with the antiprogesterone steroid ethylnorgestrienone (gestrinone) during 2 months. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 5, 95–109\nBrosens, I.A., Cornillie, F.J. and Vasquez, G. (1986). Etiology and pathophysiology of endometriosis. In Roland, R., Chadha, D.R. and Willemsen, W.N.P. (eds.) Gonadotrophin Down-Regulation in Gynecological Practice, pp. 81–102. (New York: Alan R. Liss)\nEditor information\nEditors and Affiliations\nRights and permissions\nCopyright information\n© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht\nAbout this chapter\nCite this chapter\nBergqvist, A. (1991). Steroid receptors in endometriosis. In: Thomas, E.J., Rock, J.A. (eds) Modern Approaches to Endometriosis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3864-2_3\nDownload citation\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3864-2_3\nPublisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht\nPrint ISBN: 978-94-010-5719-6\nOnline ISBN: 978-94-011-3864-2\neBook Packages: Springer Book Archive\nKeywords\nThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.","source_license":"CC0","license_restricted":false}