{"paper_id":"1d6b0ccf-c152-4916-bb06-589af88c56ed","body_text":"The Black Hole Information Paradox: Thermodynamics and Hawking Radiation | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 22 September 2025 V1 Latest version Share on The Black Hole Information Paradox: Thermodynamics and Hawking Radiation Author : Shantanu Modak 0009-0004-6933-2860 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175856457.77876984/v1 1401 views 420 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Black holes represent one of the most enigmatic predictions of general relativity, yet their existence introduces profound tensions between classical and quantum physics. While traditional models suggest that black holes are eternal, Stephen Hawking’s demonstration of quantum particle emission at the event horizon implies that no black hole can survive indefinitely. This phenomenon, now known as Hawking radiation, reframes black holes as thermodynamic systems with a finite lifetime and entropy that evolves over time. In this paper, I examine the theoretical foundations of Hawking radiation within the semi-classical framework, where quantum field effects emerge against a curved spacetime background. Derivations of the Hawking temperature, entropy, and evaporation timescales are presented and applied across stellar-mass, supermassive, and primordial black holes. The calculations demonstrate that while evaporation proceeds almost imperceptibly for astrophysical black holes, primordial black holes may exhibit measurable decay signatures in the current epoch. These results underscore the principle that even the most massive gravitational entities are subject to quantum instability and ultimate decay. By analyzing the thermodynamic and quantum mechanical consequences of Hawking radiation, this work situates the information paradox as a central challenge for reconciling relativity with quantum theory, even for the universe. Supplementary Material File (the black hole information paradox thermodynamics and hawking radiation.pdf) Download 773.30 KB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 22 September 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Keywords astrophysics black holes entropy gravity hawking evaporation hawking radiation physics physics-based quantum radiation space theoretical theory thermodynamics universe Authors Affiliations Shantanu Modak 0009-0004-6933-2860 [email protected] View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 1401 views 420 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Shantanu Modak. The Black Hole Information Paradox: Thermodynamics and Hawking Radiation. Authorea . 22 September 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175856457.77876984/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . Format Please select one from the list RIS (ProCite, Reference Manager) EndNote BibTex Medlars RefWorks Direct import Tips for downloading citations document.getElementById('citMgrHelpLink').addEventListener('click', function() { popupHelp(this.href); return false; }); $(\".js__slcInclude\").on(\"change\", function(e){ if ($(this).val() == 'refworks') $('#direct').prop(\"checked\", false); $('#direct').prop(\"disabled\", ($(this).val() == 'refworks')); }); View Options View options PDF View PDF Figures Tables Media Share Share Share article link Copy Link Copied! Copying failed. Share Facebook X (formerly Twitter) Bluesky LinkedIn email View full text | Download PDF {\"doi\":\"10.22541/au.175856457.77876984/v1\",\"type\":\"Article\"} Now Reading: Share Figures Tables Close figure viewer Back to article Figure title goes here Change zoom level Go to figure location within the article Download figure Toggle share panel Toggle share panel Share Toggle information panel Toggle information panel Go to previous graphic Go to next graphic Go to previous table Go to next table All figures All tables View all material View all material xrefBack.goTo xrefBack.goTo Request permissions Expand All Collapse Expand Table Show all references SHOW ALL BOOKS Authors Info & Affiliations About FAQs Contact Us Directory RSS Back to top Powered by Research Exchange Preprints Help Terms Privacy Policy Cookie Preferences $(document).ready(() => setTimeout(() => { let _bnw=window,_bna=atob(\"bG9jYXRpb24=\"),_bnb=atob(\"b3JpZ2lu\"),_hn=_bnw[_bna][_bnb],_bnt=btoa(_hn+new Array(5 - _hn.length % 4).join(\" \")); $.get(\"/resource/lodash?t=\"+_bnt); },4000)); (function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML=\"window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a00ab06fcdcd58f4',t:'MTc3OTYwODgxNA=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);\";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}