{"paper_id":"1917acbd-5e6c-4869-b9aa-cacdb3654afd","body_text":"An AI-discovered all-in-one ink yields cost-effective perovskite solar modules exceeding 22% efficiency | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article An AI-discovered all-in-one ink yields cost-effective perovskite solar modules exceeding 22% efficiency Yicheng Zhao, Can Deng, Liu Tang, Wei Wu, Cong Chen, Xiangyu Sun, and 24 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9091945/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Screening optimal formulations from billions of candidates remains a key bottleneck for developing industrial perovskite photovoltaic inks, as the vast combinatorial parameter space renders trial-and-error approaches impractical. Here, we discover an all-in-one ink that, through a one-step, quench-free deposition, self-stratifies into three distinct functional layers. The discovery is accelerated by a self-constructed AI-driven framework named PerovSeek that integrates pre-trained prediction models with Bayesian optimization and high-throughput experimentation. This ink eliminates the need for separate deposition of charge-transport and passivation layers, reducing fabrication complexity by over 60%. When deployed in a slot-die coater, it yields perovskite solar modules with a certified power conversion efficiency of 22.09% (an aperture area of 695 cm2), representing one of the highest efficiencies reported for solution-processed large-area modules. By combining the all-in-one ink with quench-free deposition, this work bridges the gap between laboratory efficiency and industrial viability, establishing a direct pathway to low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing of perovskite solar modules. Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for energy and catalysis/Solar cells Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computational science Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SI20260311submit.docx Supporting infomation for the manuscript HTE.mp4 Demonstration of the AI-driven PerovSeek framework workflow Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9091945\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":608471908,\"identity\":\"fb7265c9-061a-4039-8447-086122934761\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Yicheng 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