{"paper_id":"1831b338-70cc-40ba-95fd-ccb791481e2b","body_text":"- Early Pregnancy\n- Early Pregnancy\n- Copyright page\n- Contents\n- Preface to Third Edition\n- Contributors\n- Chapter 1 Novel 3-D Imaging Techniques in Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 2 What Is Endometrial Receptivity?\n- Chapter 3 Pathophysiology of Chronic Endometritis\n- Chapter 4 Clinical Management of Chronic Endometritis in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 5 Implantation\n- Chapter 6 Early Placental Development and Disorders\n- Chapter 7 The Uncertain Science of Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Reproduction\n- Chapter 8 Thyroid Physiology and Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 9 Early Pregnancy Core Outcomes\n- Chapter 10 Thyroid Treatment Trials\n- Chapter 11 Müllerian Duct Development, Diagnosis and Management of Anomalies\n- Chapter 12 Candidate Genes in Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 13 Inherited Thrombophilia\n- Chapter 14 Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Sporadic Miscarriage\n- Chapter 15 Investigation of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 16 Talking with Patients about Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 17 Psychological Support after Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 18 Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy and Pregnancy of Unknown Location\n- Chapter 19 Medical Management of Tubal Pregnancy\n- Chapter 20 Candidate Biomarkers for Prediction of Pregnancy Location and Viability\n- Chapter 21 Diagnosis and Management of Extrauterine Pregnancies\n- Chapter 22 Ultrasound to Diagnose and Predict Early Pregnancy Outcome\n- Chapter 23 Molar Pregnancy\n- Chapter 24 COVID and Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 25 Obstetric and Perinatal Outcome after Assisted Reproductive Technology Pregnancy Events and Complications\n- Chapter 26 Obesity and Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 27 Dynamic Prediction Models for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 28 Pregnancy Loss: From Cytogenetics to Genomics\n- Chapter 29 Progesterone Use in Early Pregnancy\n- Index\n- Plate Section (PDF Only)\n- References\nPublished online by Cambridge University Press: 16 April 2025\nBook contents\n- Early Pregnancy\n- Early Pregnancy\n- Copyright page\n- Contents\n- Preface to Third Edition\n- Contributors\n- Chapter 1 Novel 3-D Imaging Techniques in Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 2 What Is Endometrial Receptivity?\n- Chapter 3 Pathophysiology of Chronic Endometritis\n- Chapter 4 Clinical Management of Chronic Endometritis in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 5 Implantation\n- Chapter 6 Early Placental Development and Disorders\n- Chapter 7 The Uncertain Science of Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Reproduction\n- Chapter 8 Thyroid Physiology and Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 9 Early Pregnancy Core Outcomes\n- Chapter 10 Thyroid Treatment Trials\n- Chapter 11 Müllerian Duct Development, Diagnosis and Management of Anomalies\n- Chapter 12 Candidate Genes in Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 13 Inherited Thrombophilia\n- Chapter 14 Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Sporadic Miscarriage\n- Chapter 15 Investigation of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 16 Talking with Patients about Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 17 Psychological Support after Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 18 Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy and Pregnancy of Unknown Location\n- Chapter 19 Medical Management of Tubal Pregnancy\n- Chapter 20 Candidate Biomarkers for Prediction of Pregnancy Location and Viability\n- Chapter 21 Diagnosis and Management of Extrauterine Pregnancies\n- Chapter 22 Ultrasound to Diagnose and Predict Early Pregnancy Outcome\n- Chapter 23 Molar Pregnancy\n- Chapter 24 COVID and Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 25 Obstetric and Perinatal Outcome after Assisted Reproductive Technology Pregnancy Events and Complications\n- Chapter 26 Obesity and Early Pregnancy\n- Chapter 27 Dynamic Prediction Models for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss\n- Chapter 28 Pregnancy Loss: From Cytogenetics to Genomics\n- Chapter 29 Progesterone Use in Early Pregnancy\n- Index\n- Plate Section (PDF Only)\n- References\nEndometrial receptivity to human embryo implantation can be simply defined as the ability for the maternal endometrium to support appropriate attachment, invasion, and maintenance of the early human embryo. In contrast to the simplicity of definition, understanding the mechanisms involved in early human embryo implantation are severely limited due to differences between humans and experimental animals, as well as ethical, moral, and technological barriers to direct observation of human implantation in vivo and ex vivo. There is no doubt, however, that the human endometrium has a limited temporal window of receptivity during which normal embryo implantation can occur, and that this time window is largely driven by the action of progesterone. Given the critical nature of endometrial receptivity and implantation in fertility and pregnancy health, it remains an important area of study despite the barriers. This chapter reviews our understanding of endometrial receptivity as gleaned from animal studies, observational studies in women attempting conception with or without medical assistance, and limited experimental studies in women undergoing assisted reproduction. 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Fertil Steril. 2011;95(1):50–60.e15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nCozzolino, M., Diáz-Gimeno, P., Pellicer, A., Garrido, N.. Use of the endometrial receptivity array to guide personalized embryo transfer after a failed transfer attempt was associated with a lower cumulative and per transfer live birth rate during donor and autologous cycles. Fertil Steril. 2022;118(4):724–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nDoyle, N., Jahandideh, S., Hill, M. J., Widra, E. A., Levy, M., Devine, K.. Effect of timing by endometrial receptivity testing vs standard timing of frozen embryo transfer on live birth in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;328(21):2117–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nEnciso, M., Carrascosa, J. P., Sarasa, J., Martínez-Ortiz, P. A., Munné, S., Horcajadas, J. A. et al. Development of a new comprehensive and reliable endometrial receptivity map (ER Map/ER Grade) based on RT-qPCR gene expression analysis. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(2):220–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nDubowy, R. L., Feinberg, R. F., Keefe, D. L., Doncel, G. F., Williams, S. C., McSweet, J. C.. Improved endometrial assessment using cyclin E and p27. Fertil Steril. 2003;80(1):146–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nKliman, H. J., McSweet, J. C., Grunert, G. M., Cardone, V. R. S., Cadesky, K., Keefe, D. L.. The endometrial function test (EFT) directs care and predicts ART outcome. Fertil Steril. 2002;78:S17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar\nEvans-Hoeker, E., Lessey, B. A., Jeong, J. W., Savaris, R. F., Palomino, W. A., Yuan, L., et al. Endometrial BCL6 overexpression in eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Reprod Sci. 2016;23(9):1234–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nAlmquist, L. D., Likes, C. E., Stone, B., Brown, K. R., Savaris, R., Forstein, D. A.. Endometrial BCL6 testing for the prediction of in vitro fertilization outcomes: a cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2017;108(6):1063–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nLikes, C. E., Cooper, L. J., Efird, J., Forstein, D. A., Miller, P. B., Savaris, R., et al. Medical or surgical treatment before embryo transfer improves outcomes in women with abnormal endometrial BCL6 expression. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36(3):483–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed\nAccessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown\nand may be updated in the future.\nTo save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. 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