{"paper_id":"17a48ce2-b08a-403f-920e-79ef06b482a0","body_text":"Carbon sequestration in sugarcane plant - soil system as influenced by nutrient integration practices under Indo-Gangetic plains of India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Carbon sequestration in sugarcane plant - soil system as influenced by nutrient integration practices under Indo-Gangetic plains of India Ajeet Kumar, Sunita Kumari Meena, Sanjay Kumar Singh, S.K. Sinha, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4092023/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sugarcane is a multi-purpose crop. The capability of sugarcane crop to sequestrate carbon into soil and plant is of great importance. Under this study the carbon sequestration in planted sugarcane and their rhizospheric soil under different nutrient management practices was assessed. As IPCC reported, that the rising temperature of earth surface resulted of GHGs emission which causes global warming. In order to stabilize the global temperature, the anthropogenic CO 2 has to be mitigated to a significant level and the surplus atmospheric CO 2 in plants and soil has to be sunk, under this circumstance, sugarcane cultivation plays pivotal role in utilising CO 2 since it is a C 4 plant having high efficiency of utilising CO 2 during photosynthesis. There is another intervention might be enhancing the CO 2 capture by changing the nutrient management practices which enhances chlorophyll synthesis by the way of increasing nitrogen efficiency in sugarcane. The different treatment composition enhances photosynthesis where more CO 2 has been captured. Thus the sugarcane crop and rhizospheric soils act as important carbon sinks in decarbonisation of atmosphere that ultimately reduces carbon level and causes the global cooling. Soil Properties and Carbon Storage : The results showed that soil physical properties and chemical properties were significantly differed among treatments due to application of different organic amendments over control. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was analysed which ranges from 0.47 to 0.67%. The different organic amendments treatments had a considerable effect on soil bulk density and porosity with significant improvement in soil carbon storage. Plant Carbon Storage : The carbon stocks in different sugarcane plant parts, including roots, shoots and leaves were significantly different. The highest amount of carbon stock was found in leaves (877.08 kg ha − 1 ) under T 6 followed by roots (668.74 kg ha − 1 ) in T 2 and carbon stock in shoots (422.77 kg ha − 1 ) in T 5 showing that 30.41% and 107.58% more carbons were stored in the leaves as compared to the roots and shoots while in roots 58.18% more carbon stored in comparison to shoots. The total carbon storage in sugarcane biomass including aboveground parts and belowground part i.e. roots, in different treatment was significantly different. The mean value of carbon stored in the aboveground parts (leaves and stalks) was significantly higher (1239.65 kg ha − 1 ) than that of underground plant part (621.73 kg ha − 1 ) (roots). The results showed that the sugarcane farming practices have promising effect for carbon sequestration and consequently enhancing the mitigation of climate change impacts. Sugarcane carbon storage climate change photosynthesis carbon sequestration Introduction Sugarcane is a perennial grass cultivated commercially over 90 countries with widespread global area of approximately 26×10 6 ha and worldwide harvest of 1.83 billion tones (Anaya and Huber-Sannwald, 2015 ). Sugarcane is mainly used for sugar production. It is also used for livestock feeding and producing ethanol as a biofuel (Goldemberg, 2007). However, the capability of sugarcane crop being C4 plant to sequestrate carbon into plant and soil is of great importance. The leading cause of climate change is greenhouse gasses (GHGs), including carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) mainly emitted from human’s unsustainable activities (D’Alessandro et al., 2010). As Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2015) reported, that the temperature of earth surface is expected to rise by 1.4°C to 5.8°C at the end of the century, due to GHGs emission and global warming, so in order to stabilize the global temperature, the anthropogenic CO 2 has to be mitigated (Davis et al., 2010 ) and the surplus atmospheric CO 2 in plants and soil has to be sunk, under this circumstance, sugarcane cultivation plays pivotal role in utilising CO 2 from atmosphere since, it is a C 4 plant having high efficiency of utilising solar radiation and consuming more amount of CO 2 during photosynthesis. Certain interventions helpful in enhancing CO 2 capture by the nutrient integration strategy which ultimately enhances chlorophyll synthesis by the way of increasing nitrogen efficiency. The sustainable approaches might be enhancing the CO 2 capture by sugarcane farming (Scharlemann et al., 2014 ; Sadeghi and Raeini, 2016 ). The cropland soils act as important carbon sinks (Nadeu et al., 2015 ) which play a potential role in reduction of atmospheric carbon (Lal, 2001 ). Previous studies have indicated that leaving sugarcane leaves and trashes on soil, improves physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (Meier et al., 2006 ). Mulching with the sugarcane residues on the soil improves soil biological activity (Yadav et al., 1994 ), decreases soil bulk density (Tominaga et al., 2002 ), enhances soil aggregation & infiltration rate (Galdos et al., 2009 ) and reduces gas emissions compared to the traditional burning of crop residue after harvesting. A farm with burned residues had 30% lower carbon content particulate organic matter and microbial biomass carbon than those of a farm where the trashes and residues were left on the soil (Alireza et al., 2020). A survey also showed that leaving the sugarcane residue biomasses in soil returned a remarkable organic matter compared to the soils where the sugarcane residues were burned (de Figueiredo et al., 2010 ). On the other hand, heavy sugarcane biomass in above and underground parts of the soils could act as important pools for carbon sequestration and consequently enhancing the mitigation of climate change impacts. However, there is not much research carried out on the capability of carbon sequestration in sugarcane farms in India. This study therefore was conducted to examine the status of carbon sequestration in sugarcane farmlands in Bihar. The total area of sugarcane cultivation is about 3.15 lakh ha in a flat plain managed with plant cultivation system in Bihar. As per the mean value of carbon stored by sugarcane farming @1861.37 kg/ha only Bihar state can sequester carbon upto 586.33 Mkg/ha through sugarcane farming. The different treatment composition enhances photosynthesis where more CO 2 has been captured. Under this study the carbon sequestration in planted sugarcane and soil under different nutrient management practices were assessed. This paper is written with the Objectives as, to estimate carbon storage in sugarcane plant and soil system; to evaluate the changes in soil physical, chemical and biological properties; as well as correlation study among soil properties and carbon storage. Material and Methods Experimental Site and treatment details The experiment conducted at chhawaniya experimental farm in the year 2022–2023 near the Burhi Gandak river in Bihar, India, situated at coordinates 26.0039° N, 85.6753° E. at an altitude of 52.0 m above sea level. This site experiences an annual rainfall of 1909 mm, a relative humidity of 80.45%, and an average temperature of 22.45°C. This site falls within the ustic moisture regime of the subtropical region of India. The experimental soil is classified as Entisols order, Fluvents suborder and Typic Ustifluvent great group. The experiment was conducted with eight treatments and three replications in a randomized complete design, the treatment details are as follows. T 1 : Control; T 2 : FYM @ 20 t ha − 1 ; T 3 : BC @20 t ha − 1 ; T 4 : VC @ 5.0 t/ha; T 5 : GM with mung; T 6 : ST @ 10 t ha − 1 ; T 7 : FYM + BC + VC; T 8 : RDF. Notation: FYM: farm Yard Manure; BC: Biocompost; VC: vermicompost; GM: green manure; ST: sugarcane trash Soil sampling and laboratory analysis: The soil samples were randomly collected at 0–30 cm top layer and soil organic carbon were analysed in laboratory following the standard procedure. Simultaneously, both aboveground and underground parts of sugarcane plants were sampled and the carbon content of each part was measured separately. The total soil organic carbon and sequestrated carbon in plant parts like root, stem and leaves were analysed. The air-dried soil samples were sieved through a 2-mm screen and prepared for analysis in the soil laboratory. Soil texture was determined using the hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, 1962 ). Soil pH was determined using an electric pH meter (Page et al., 1982 ) and electrical conductivity (EC) was determined from a soil-water (1:1) suspension using an electric conductivity meter (Carter, 2008 ). Soil bulk density was determined using a core sampler of 8 cm diameter and soil organic carbon (SOC) was measured using wet titration method (Walkley and Black 1934). Plant sampling laboratory analysis: Five plant samples were taken from each treatments randomly, each within an area of 1 m 2 before the harvesting. The plant samples were weighted immediately to estimate the ground biomass. The leaves and stems were subsequently separated and dried in an oven at 65°C till get the two constant weigh and then re-weighted. The plant underground parts including roots and basal parts were also sampled within the depth of 0–60 cm and dried in an oven and then weighted accordingly. In order to determine plant organic carbon, the leaves, stems and roots were hammer-milled to pass through a 0.5 mm sieve. The carbon content was then determined using a CHN analyzer and the mean values were used for the statistical analysis using the ANOVA procedure. Results and Discussion Soil Properties and Carbon Storage The soil physical properties under different treatments are summarized in Table 1 . The treatments include various organic amendments such as FYM, BC, VC, GM with mung, ST, as well as inorganic amendments. The soil physical parameters like sand, silt, and clay composition, moisture content, bulk density and pore space, mechanical resistance were recorded. Across all treatments, the soil composition in terms of sand, silt, and clay content showed minimal variation. However, it is noteworthy that treatments involving organic amendments generally exhibited slightly higher sand content compared to the control and RDF treatments. Conversely, clay content was slightly higher in treatments involving ST and RDF compared to organic amendment treatments. These variations, although minor, might have implications for soil structure and water retention capacity. The moisture content of the soil varied significantly among treatments, with FYM + BC + VC treatment showing the highest moisture content (42.15%) followed by ST (44.97%) and VC (43.21%). Conversely, the control treatment exhibited the lowest moisture content (36.42%). This indicates that organic amendments, particularly a combination of FYM, BC, and VC, can significantly improve soil moisture retention, which is crucial for plant growth and drought resistance. The finding is in accordance with the work of Mishra et al. ( 2020 ). Bulk density, an indicator of soil compaction, was notably lower in treatments involving organic amendments compared to the control and RDF treatments. Among the organic amendments, BC and FYM + BC + VC treatments exhibited the lowest bulk density, suggesting improved soil structure and porosity. This was further supported by higher pore space percentages observed in these treatments, indicating better aeration and water infiltration capacities. The bulk density and pore space reported in this study are consistent with previous research findings (Rivenshield et al., 2007), which suggest that organic amendments positively influence to decrease bulk density and increase macroporosity in soils. Mechanical resistance, representing soil strength or compaction, showed considerable variation among treatments. BC treatment exhibited the lowest mechanical resistance (1.54 MPa), indicating softer and less compacted soil, while the control treatment showed the highest resistance (1.65 MPa). This suggests that organic amendments, particularly BC, can mitigate soil compaction and improve soil workability, facilitating root growth and nutrient uptake Sharifi et.al. (2011). Overall, the results demonstrate that organic amendments, especially a combination of FYM, BC, and VC, positively influence soil physical properties, enhancing moisture retention, reducing compaction, and improving soil structure and porosity. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating organic inputs practices in promoting sustainable soil management and enhancing sugarcane productivity that ultimately sequester more carbon from atmosphere. Table 1 Effect of different organic and inorganic amendments on soil physical properties under sugarcane cultivation Treatments Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Moisture content (%) Bulk density (gcm − 3 ) Pore Space (%) Mechnical Resistance (Mpa) T 1 31.83 54.75 13.42 36.42 1.37 45.42 1.65 T 2 32.86 53.89 13.25 41.08 1.39 46.16 1.74 T 3 33.13 53.61 13.26 43.92 1.32 45.65 1.54 T 4 31.63 54.12 14.25 43.21 1.35 47.49 1.63 T 5 32.16 55.69 12.15 39.56 1.36 46.25 1.59 T 6 32.65 53.23 14.12 44.97 1.34 46.53 1.61 T 7 31.73 53.83 14.44 42.15 1.28 45.13 1.52 T 8 31.15 54.89 13.96 38.45 1.32 45.18 1.58 Mean Value 32.14 54.25 13.60 41.22 1.34 45.97 1.61 SEm ± 1.6 0.69 0.49 1.31 0.02 0.79 0.03 CD (P = 0.05) 2.1 1.98 1.26 3.98 0.09 2.38 0.08 Note: T1: Control; T2: FYM @ 20 t ha-1; T3: BC @20 t ha-1; T4: VC @ 5.0 t/ha; T5: GM with mung; T6: ST @ 10 t ha-1; T7: FYM + BC + VC; T8: RDF. Chemical properties of rhizospheric soil under experimental field Table 2 presents the soil chemical properties and the organic carbon (SOC) storage in rhizospheric soil of planted sugarcane under different treatments. pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) The pH values of soil ranged from 8.14 to 8.59 across different treatments, indicating alkaline soil conditions. There were no significant differences in pH among treatments, suggesting that the application of organic amendments or RDF did not significantly alter soil acidity. Similarly, EC values varied slightly among treatments, reflecting variations in soil salinity levels. Overall, the soil remained within acceptable ranges for sugarcane cultivation. The optimal soil pH for sugarcane can range from slightly acidic to alkaline, depending on the specific conditions of the plantation. Organic matters help optimising the pH of soil making it suitable for uptake of nutrients, this matching with the work of Rusli et al. ( 2022 ). Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and its Carbon Storage The soil organic carbon content ranged from 0.47–0.67% across treatments, with the highest value observed in the sugarcane trash treatment and the lowest in the FYM + BC + VC treatment. However, when considering SOC storage, which takes into account soil depth and bulk density, the ST treatment exhibited the highest SOC storage (1376.85 t/ha), followed by VC (1174.50 t/ha) and RDF (1287.00 t/ha). Conversely, the FYM + BC + VC treatment showed the lowest SOC storage (902.40 t/ha). These results suggest that incorporating ST or VC can significantly enhance SOC storage, contributing to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Soil organic carbon is affected directly by the farm management practices such as crop type, manure application, tillage intensities, irrigation efficiency, harvesting approaches and the life period of crop plants (West and Marland, 2002 ; Smith, 2004 ). It has been reported that soil texture particularly clay content have a key role in capability of soil carbon sequestration (Reeder and Schuman, 2002 ). This is consistent with the results reported by Ghanbarian et al. ( 2015 ) and Sadeghi and Raeini ( 2016 ). However, according to another research, soil bulk density and sand content had negative effects on soil carbon storage. This result is in accordance with the results of a study conducted by Suman et al. ( 2009 ) who reported that reduction in soil bulk density would lead to increase in SOC of sugarcane farms. It seems that the differences in chemical and physical properties of soil in different nutrient management as outlined above might have caused the considerable differences in soil organic carbon content. Available macro and secondary nutrients The availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulphur (S) varied among treatments while there were no significant differences in available N among treatments, ST @ 10 t ha − 1 treatment exhibited significantly lower available phosphorus compared to other treatments.. The sugarcane trash treatment exhibited the highest levels of available N (284.36 kg/ha), available P (24.48kg/ha), available K (193.05 kg/ha), and available S (16.98 mg/kg), indicating efficient nutrient cycling and decomposition of organic matter. Conversely, the FYM + BC + VC treatment showed the lowest levels of available nutrients, suggesting potential limitations in nutrient release and availability. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate organic amendments to meet the nutrient requirements of sugarcane crops. Conversely, RDF treatment showed the highest available phosphorus content. Available potassium content was highest in ST @ 10 t ha − 1 treatment, while available sulphur content showed no significant differences among treatments. Overall, the results demonstrate that organic amendments, particularly ST and VC, can positively influence soil chemical properties, enhance SOC storage, and improve nutrient availability. However, the effectiveness of organic amendments may vary depending on factors such as application rate, soil type, and environmental conditions. Table 2 Effect of different organic and inorganic amendments on soil chemical properties and soil organic carbon storage of planted sugarcane field Treatments pH (1:2.5) EC (dSm − 1 ) SOC (%) Soil organic carbon storage* (t/ha) Available N (kg/ha) Available P (kg/ha) Available K (kg/ha) Available S (mg/kg) T 1 8.14 0.82 0.51 1025.51 254.18 22.04 139.62 15.69 T 2 8.16 0.54 0.49 1021.65 219.32 19.15 120.59 14.38 T 3 8.15 0.48 0.59 1168.20 228.04 23.23 151.62 15.29 T 4 8.53 0.62 0.58 1174.50 284.36 22.98 152.38 16.49 T 5 8.59 0.68 0.53 1081.20 235.42 24.48 123.69 16.98 T 6 8.49 0.38 0.67 1376.85 168.52 21.14 172.32 16.42 T 7 8.16 0.62 0.47 902.40 238.26 18.98 152.18 15.93 T 8 8.43 0.73 0.65 1287.00 258.04 21.09 193.05 13.04 Mean Value 8.33 0.61 0.56 1129.66 235.77 21.63 150.68 15.53 SEm ± 0.06 0.02 0.05 39.51 9.4 0.97 5.79 0.63 CD (P = 0.05) 0.21 0.08 0.16 138.9 28.20 2.92 17.93 1.97 *Soil organic carbon storage (t/ha) = 1 ha× soil depth (m) × soil bulk density (g/cm 3 ) ×SOC (%) Carbon Sequestration in Different Cane Parts The plant sequestered carbon (kg ha − 1 ) content in different plant parts of planted sugarcane under various treatments is summarized in Table 3 . The below-ground carbon storage, primarily in roots, ranged from 586.45 to 668.74 kg ha − 1 across treatments. The highest below-ground carbon storage was observed in the FYM @ 20 t ha − 1 treatment, while the control treatment exhibited the lowest storage. Treatments involving organic amendments generally showed higher below-ground carbon storage compared to the control and RDF treatments. The above-ground carbon storage, including stems and leaves, ranged from 398.77 to 422.77 kg ha − 1 for stems and 779.14 to 872.15 kg ha − 1 for leaves across treatments. The highest above-ground carbon storage in stems was observed in the ST @ 10 t ha − 1 treatment, while the highest storage in leaves was observed in the BC @ 20 t ha − 1 treatment. Again, treatments involving organic amendments generally showed higher above-ground carbon storage compared to the control and RDF treatments. The results of this study also indicated that sugarcane leaves and roots had higher carbon storage than shoots (Tables 3 ). Several studies have found that perennial plants with woody organs had higher potential to reserve the organic carbon compared to annual plants (Ghanbarian et al., 2015 ). Overall, 1291.82 kg ha − 1 (66%)) carbon storage belonged to the aboveground plant organs of T 6 and 668.74 kg ha − 1 belonged to the roots of sugarcane of T 2 showing that the considerable carbon storage capability of sugarcane. The total stored carbon above ground, comprising stems and leaves, ranged from 1201.91 to 1291.82 kg ha − 1 across treatments. The highest total stored carbon above ground was observed in the ST @ 10 t ha − 1 treatment. Additionally, the total stored carbon (combining below-ground and above-ground carbon) ranged from 1774.11 to 1947.19 kg ha − 1 , with the highest value observed in the ST @ 10 t ha − 1 treatment. The carbon sequestration values reported in this study align with previous research findings (Gao et al., 2007 ), which suggest that organic amendments positively influence carbon storage in agricultural systems. Overall, the results indicate that treatments involving organic amendments contribute to higher carbon sequestration in both below-ground and above-ground cane parts compared to conventional treatments. This highlights the importance of organic farming practices in enhancing carbon sequestration potential in sugarcane cultivation, which can contribute to mitigating climate change impacts. However, further research is needed to assess the long-term effects of these treatments on carbon sequestration and soil health. Table 3 Effect of different organic and inorganic amendments on plant sequestered carbon (kg ha − 1 ) in different parts of planted sugarcane Treatments Stored carbon (kg ha − 1 ) below ground above ground Total stored carbon above ground Total stored carbon (kg ha − 1 ) Roots Stems Leaves stem + leaf Root + Stem + Leaf T 1 586.45 403.12 784.54 1187.66 1774.11 T 2 668.74 420.12 785.48 1205.6 1874.34 T 3 598.12 398.77 872.15 1270.92 1869.04 T 4 645.31 405.87 862.31 1268.18 1913.49 T 5 616.69 422.77 779.14 1201.91 1818.60 T 6 655.37 414.74 877.08 1291.82 1947.19 T 7 596.53 419.64 867.14 1286.78 1883.31 T 8 606.61 412.15 792.15 1204.3 1810.91 Mean Value 621.73 412.15 827.50 1239.65 1861.37 SEm ± 17.29 7.97 24.61 26.31 49.51 CD (P = 0.05) 53.82 23.78 73.63 84.23 163.32 Correlation coefficients among different soil properties and SOC Table 4 displays correlation coefficients among different soil properties and the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC %) in the given dataset. Correlation coefficients range from − 1 to 1, where − 1 indicates a strong negative correlation, 1 indicates a strong positive correlation, and 0 suggests no correlation. Sand (%) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between sand content and SOC% is -0.03448, indicating a very weak negative correlation. This suggests that there is little to no relationship between the sand content in the soil and the percentage of soil organic carbon Arunrat et al. ( 2020 ). Silt (%) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between silt content and SOC% is -0.19752, indicating a weak negative correlation. There is a slight tendency for higher silt content to be associated with lower SOC% (Matus, 2021 ). Clay (%) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between clay content and SOC% is 0.243831, indicating a weak positive correlation. This suggests that higher clay content in the soil may be associated with a slightly higher percentage of SOC. Moisture (%) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between soil moisture and SOC% is 0.332486, indicating a moderate positive correlation. This suggests that as soil moisture increases, there may be a tendency for higher SOC%. Bulk Density (gcm − 3 ) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between bulk density and SOC% is -0.13615, indicating a weak negative correlation. There is a slight tendency for higher bulk density to be associated with lower SOC%. Pore Space (%) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between pore space and SOC% is 0.225035, indicating a weak positive correlation. This suggests that higher pore space in the soil may be associated with a slightly higher percentage of Soil Organic Carbon. Mechanical Resistance (Mpa) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between mechanical resistance and SOC% is -0.19117, indicating a weak negative correlation. There is a slight tendency for higher mechanical resistance to be associated with lower SOC%. pH and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between pH and SOC% is 0.535278, indicating a moderate positive correlation. This suggests that higher pH levels in the soil may be associated with a higher percentage of SOC. EC (dSm − 1 ) and SOC (%) : The correlation coefficient between electrical conductivity (EC) and SOC% is -0.37008, indicating a moderate negative correlation. This suggests that higher electrical conductivity may be associated with lower SOC%. In summary, while some correlations are weak, the results suggest that soil properties such as clay content, soil moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity may have some influence on the percentage of SOC in the given dataset. Table 4: Correlation coefficients among different soil properties and SOC% Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Moisture (%) Bulk density (gcm -3 ) Pore Space (%) Mechnical Resistance (Mpa) pH (1:2.5) EC (dSm -1 ) SOC (%) Sand (%) 1 Silt (%) -0.50443 1 Clay (%) -0.3725 -0.61342 1 Moisture (%) 0.522121 -0.77546 0.355895 1 Bulk density (gcm -3 ) 0.28321 0.25712 -0.53539 -0.31101 1 Pore Space (%) 0.165652 -0.14636 0.005791 0.478477 0.448434 1 Mechnical Resistance (Mpa) 0.206593 0.013519 -0.20349 -0.23237 0.900452 0.387794 1 pH (1:2.5) -0.30522 0.36479 -0.11291 0.144917 0.101304 0.601097 -0.06322 1 EC (dSm -1 ) -0.72655 0.78556 -0.17978 -0.91598 0.115572 -0.36154 0.039509 -0.0564 1 SOC (%) -0.03448 -0.19752 0.243831 0.332486 -0.13615 0.225035 -0.19117 0.535278 -0.37008 1 Conclusion The findings of this study underscore the potential of sugarcane cultivation as a substantial carbon pool in India. Through the accumulation of high biomass and the retention of crop residues on the soil surface, sugarcane cultivation contributes to carbon storage, soil protection against erosion and enhancement of crop productivity. It is concluded that a promising effect of sugarcane cultivation on carbon sequestration, with significant improvements in soil physical and chemical properties due to the application of various organic amendments was occurs. Moreover, the carbon storage in different parts of the sugarcane plant demonstrates the efficacy of sugarcane farming practices in carbon sequestration. However, to fully validate these findings, it is imperative to continue this study over multiple cycles of sugarcane cultivation, including ratoon crops. Overall, sugarcane farming emerges as an effective strategy for carbon sequestration, contributing to the mitigation of climate change impacts and the reduction of atmospheric carbon levels. 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Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands. Environmental Pollution , 116 (3), 457-463. Rivenshield, A and Bassuk, N (2007). Using Organic Amendments to Decrease Bulk Density and Increase Macroporosity in Compacted Soils. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry . 33. Rusli LS, Abdullah R, Yaacob JS, Osman N. (2022) Organic Amendments Effects on Nutrient Uptake, Secondary Metabolites, and Antioxidant Properties of Melastoma malabathricum L. Plants (Basel). 6; 11(2):153. Sadeghi, H., & Raeini, M. G. N. (2016). Capability investigation of carbon sequestration in Artemisia aucheri Bioss. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology , 13 (1), 159-164. Scharlemann, J. P., Tanner, E. V., Hiederer, R., & Kapos, V. (2014). Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Carbon Management , 5 (1), 81-91. Sharifi, M., A and Mohsenimanesh, A (2011). Soil mechanical resistance measurement by an unique multi-cone tips horizontal sensor. Int. Agrophysics . 26. Smith, P. (2004). Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context. European Journal of Agronomy , 20(3), 229-236. Suman, A., Singh, K. P., Singh, P., & Yadav, R. L. (2009). Carbon input, loss and storage in sub-tropical Indian Inceptisol under multi-ratooning sugarcane. Soil and Tillage Research , 104(2), 221-226. Tominaga, T.T., F.A.M. Cassaro, O.O.S. Bacchi, K. Reichardt, J.C.M. Oliveira, and Timm, L. C. (2002). Variability of soil water content and bulk density in a sugarcane field. Soil Research , 40 (4), 604-614. West, T.O., and Marland, G. (2002). A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , 91 (1-3), 217-232. Yadav, R. L., Prasad, S. R., Singh, R., and Srivastava, V. K. (1994). Recycling sugarcane trash to conserve soil organic carbon for sustaining yields of successive ratoon crops in sugarcane. Bioresource Technology , 49 (3), 231-235. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4092023\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":279452128,\"identity\":\"160f0397-f98b-4212-84b1-d1ddb71438e8\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Ajeet Kumar\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIie2RMWsCMRTH31F4txx1zXFw9xXeISjil7EIOrajgxznoos6+3GePIhLoKujUuhWEArtTaU5HaQUoqNgfkMSXt6P/JMAeDw3CZ8mDMt/NYdSd2DEf2rXHKR6V8ZqTGT9doDi+TH+eN9VY4HGjAN5cSiKdZ8YpDNNhu18rgWU6YGsnKFMSzEwYTLABFAAtgASOYyMX78rhoIw1lb5EcguKcQG7fUfCBViEkwF6JKSs24qQ0IYDcJ8sRxGuXkqnUq6lf1hNCoom2ncVV/dNN2IfLoU+2R1vOMS68E2B6VLsB9z3kd3p8fj8dwtv7jNS2RzHMdKAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5323-1935\",\"institution\":\"Sugarcane Research Institute Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ajeet\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kumar\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":279452129,\"identity\":\"098ede5d-3750-45f7-9686-34e8f16864c1\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Sunita Kumari Meena\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5838-3399\",\"institution\":\"Sugarcane Research Institute Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sunita\",\"middleName\":\"Kumari\",\"lastName\":\"Meena\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":279452130,\"identity\":\"b1a68e06-0fe9-4cb4-a4cb-3e3daef47322\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Sanjay Kumar Singh\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Department of Soil Science, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sanjay\",\"middleName\":\"Kumar\",\"lastName\":\"Singh\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":279452131,\"identity\":\"8ae48ab6-1f15-4ca3-a873-d8f2c39071d9\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"S.K. Sinha\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"S.K.\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Sinha\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":279452132,\"identity\":\"c9be41e0-951e-41a0-b60d-7f5162ac197c\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"A.K. Singh\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Sugarcane Research Institute\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"A.K.\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Singh\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-03-13 10:53:41\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":{\"humanSubjects\":false,\"vertebrateSubjects\":true,\"conflictsOfInterestStatement\":false,\"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false,\"humanSubjectConsent\":false,\"humanSubjectClinicalTrial\":false,\"humanSubjectCaseReport\":false,\"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":true},\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4092023/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4092023/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i5769\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2024-03-30T11:53:33+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":53781592,\"identity\":\"e2590438-879f-4dfc-a582-a59c453902d6\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-03-30 11:53:41\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":527744,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4092023/v1/02d32923-a35b-4e78-87b5-43de49c4e32e.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCarbon sequestration in sugarcane plant - soil system as influenced by nutrient integration practices under Indo-Gangetic plains of India\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSugarcane is a perennial grass cultivated commercially over 90 countries with widespread global area of approximately 26\\u0026times;10\\u003csup\\u003e6\\u003c/sup\\u003e ha and worldwide harvest of 1.83\\u0026nbsp;billion tones (Anaya and Huber-Sannwald, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e). Sugarcane is mainly used for sugar production. It is also used for livestock feeding and producing ethanol as a biofuel (Goldemberg, 2007). However, the capability of sugarcane crop being C4 plant to sequestrate carbon into plant and soil is of great importance. The leading cause of climate change is greenhouse gasses (GHGs), including carbon dioxide (CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) mainly emitted from human\\u0026rsquo;s unsustainable activities (D\\u0026rsquo;Alessandro et al., 2010). As Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2015) reported, that the temperature of earth surface is expected to rise by 1.4\\u0026deg;C to 5.8\\u0026deg;C at the end of the century, due to GHGs emission and global warming, so in order to stabilize the global temperature, the anthropogenic CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e has to be mitigated (Davis et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e) and the surplus atmospheric CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e in plants and soil has to be sunk, under this circumstance, sugarcane cultivation plays pivotal role in utilising CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e from atmosphere since, it is a C\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e plant having high efficiency of utilising solar radiation and consuming more amount of CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e during photosynthesis. Certain interventions helpful in enhancing CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e capture by the nutrient integration strategy which ultimately enhances chlorophyll synthesis by the way of increasing nitrogen efficiency. The sustainable approaches might be enhancing the CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e capture by sugarcane farming (Scharlemann et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sadeghi and Raeini, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). The cropland soils act as important carbon sinks (Nadeu et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e) which play a potential role in reduction of atmospheric carbon (Lal, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e). Previous studies have indicated that leaving sugarcane leaves and trashes on soil, improves physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (Meier et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). Mulching with the sugarcane residues on the soil improves soil biological activity (Yadav et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1994\\u003c/span\\u003e), decreases soil bulk density (Tominaga et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2002\\u003c/span\\u003e), enhances soil aggregation \\u0026amp; infiltration rate (Galdos et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e) and reduces gas emissions compared to the traditional burning of crop residue after harvesting. A farm with burned residues had 30% lower carbon content particulate organic matter and microbial biomass carbon than those of a farm where the trashes and residues were left on the soil (Alireza et al., 2020). A survey also showed that leaving the sugarcane residue biomasses in soil returned a remarkable organic matter compared to the soils where the sugarcane residues were burned (de Figueiredo et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e). On the other hand, heavy sugarcane biomass in above and underground parts of the soils could act as important pools for carbon sequestration and consequently enhancing the mitigation of climate change impacts. However, there is not much research carried out on the capability of carbon sequestration in sugarcane farms in India. This study therefore was conducted to examine the status of carbon sequestration in sugarcane farmlands in Bihar. The total area of sugarcane cultivation is about 3.15 lakh ha in a flat plain managed with plant cultivation system in Bihar. As per the mean value of carbon stored by sugarcane farming @1861.37 kg/ha only Bihar state can sequester carbon upto 586.33 Mkg/ha through sugarcane farming. The different treatment composition enhances photosynthesis where more CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e has been captured. Under this study the carbon sequestration in planted sugarcane and soil under different nutrient management practices were assessed. This paper is written with the Objectives as, to estimate carbon storage in sugarcane plant and soil system; to evaluate the changes in soil physical, chemical and biological properties; as well as correlation study among soil properties and carbon storage.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Material and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eExperimental Site and treatment details\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe experiment conducted at chhawaniya experimental farm in the year 2022\\u0026ndash;2023 near the Burhi Gandak river in Bihar, India, situated at coordinates 26.0039\\u0026deg; N, 85.6753\\u0026deg; E. at an altitude of 52.0 m above sea level. This site experiences an annual rainfall of 1909 mm, a relative humidity of 80.45%, and an average temperature of 22.45\\u0026deg;C. This site falls within the ustic moisture regime of the subtropical region of India. The experimental soil is classified as Entisols order, Fluvents suborder and Typic Ustifluvent great group.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe experiment was conducted with eight treatments and three replications in a randomized complete design, the treatment details are as follows. \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: Control; \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: FYM @ 20 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e; \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e3\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: BC @20 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e; \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e4\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: VC @ 5.0 t/ha; \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e5\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: GM with mung; \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e6\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: ST @ 10 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e; \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e7\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: FYM\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BC\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;VC; \\u003cb\\u003eT\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e8\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e: RDF. Notation: FYM: farm Yard Manure; BC: Biocompost; VC: vermicompost; GM: green manure; ST: sugarcane trash\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eSoil sampling and laboratory analysis:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe soil samples were randomly collected at 0\\u0026ndash;30 cm top layer and soil organic carbon were analysed in laboratory following the standard procedure. Simultaneously, both aboveground and underground parts of sugarcane plants were sampled and the carbon content of each part was measured separately. The total soil organic carbon and sequestrated carbon in plant parts like root, stem and leaves were analysed. The air-dried soil samples were sieved through a 2-mm screen and prepared for analysis in the soil laboratory. Soil texture was determined using the hydrometer method (Bouyoucos, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1962\\u003c/span\\u003e). Soil pH was determined using an electric pH meter (Page et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1982\\u003c/span\\u003e) and electrical conductivity (EC) was determined from a soil-water (1:1) suspension using an electric conductivity meter (Carter, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e). Soil bulk density was determined using a core sampler of 8 cm diameter and soil organic carbon (SOC) was measured using wet titration method (Walkley and Black 1934).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePlant sampling laboratory analysis:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFive plant samples were taken from each treatments randomly, each within an area of 1 m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e before the harvesting. The plant samples were weighted immediately to estimate the ground biomass. The leaves and stems were subsequently separated and dried in an oven at 65\\u0026deg;C till get the two constant weigh and then re-weighted. The plant underground parts including roots and basal parts were also sampled within the depth of 0\\u0026ndash;60 cm and dried in an oven and then weighted accordingly. In order to determine plant organic carbon, the leaves, stems and roots were hammer-milled to pass through a 0.5 mm sieve. The carbon content was then determined using a CHN analyzer and the mean values were used for the statistical analysis using the ANOVA procedure.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results and Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eSoil Properties and Carbon Storage\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe soil physical properties under different treatments are summarized in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. The treatments include various organic amendments such as FYM, BC, VC, GM with mung, ST, as well as inorganic amendments. The soil physical parameters like sand, silt, and clay composition, moisture content, bulk density and pore space, mechanical resistance were recorded. Across all treatments, the soil composition in terms of sand, silt, and clay content showed minimal variation. However, it is noteworthy that treatments involving organic amendments generally exhibited slightly higher sand content compared to the control and RDF treatments. Conversely, clay content was slightly higher in treatments involving ST and RDF compared to organic amendment treatments. These variations, although minor, might have implications for soil structure and water retention capacity. The moisture content of the soil varied significantly among treatments, with FYM\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BC\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;VC treatment showing the highest moisture content (42.15%) followed by ST (44.97%) and VC (43.21%). Conversely, the control treatment exhibited the lowest moisture content (36.42%). This indicates that organic amendments, particularly a combination of FYM, BC, and VC, can significantly improve soil moisture retention, which is crucial for plant growth and drought resistance. The finding is in accordance with the work of Mishra et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). Bulk density, an indicator of soil compaction, was notably lower in treatments involving organic amendments compared to the control and RDF treatments. Among the organic amendments, BC and FYM\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BC\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;VC treatments exhibited the lowest bulk density, suggesting improved soil structure and porosity. This was further supported by higher pore space percentages observed in these treatments, indicating better aeration and water infiltration capacities. The bulk density and pore space reported in this study are consistent with previous research findings (Rivenshield et al., 2007), which suggest that organic amendments positively influence to decrease bulk density and increase macroporosity in soils. Mechanical resistance, representing soil strength or compaction, showed considerable variation among treatments. BC treatment exhibited the lowest mechanical resistance (1.54 MPa), indicating softer and less compacted soil, while the control treatment showed the highest resistance (1.65 MPa). This suggests that organic amendments, particularly BC, can mitigate soil compaction and improve soil workability, facilitating root growth and nutrient uptake Sharifi et.al. (2011). Overall, the results demonstrate that organic amendments, especially a combination of FYM, BC, and VC, positively influence soil physical properties, enhancing moisture retention, reducing compaction, and improving soil structure and porosity. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating organic inputs practices in promoting sustainable soil management and enhancing sugarcane productivity that ultimately sequester more carbon from atmosphere.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of different organic and inorganic amendments on soil physical properties under sugarcane cultivation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTreatments\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSand (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSilt (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eClay (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMoisture content (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBulk density (gcm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePore Space (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMechnical Resistance (Mpa)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54.75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e36.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e33.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.35\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e55.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e6\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53.23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e44.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e46.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31.73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e42.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.28\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.96\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e38.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean Value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e54.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSEm \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCD (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNote: T1: Control; T2: FYM @ 20 t ha-1; T3: BC @20 t ha-1; T4: VC @ 5.0 t/ha; T5: GM with mung; T6: ST @ 10 t ha-1; T7: FYM\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BC\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;VC; T8: RDF.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eChemical properties of rhizospheric soil under experimental field\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e presents the soil chemical properties and the organic carbon (SOC) storage in rhizospheric soil of planted sugarcane under different treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003epH and Electrical Conductivity (EC)\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe pH values of soil ranged from 8.14 to 8.59 across different treatments, indicating alkaline soil conditions. There were no significant differences in pH among treatments, suggesting that the application of organic amendments or RDF did not significantly alter soil acidity. Similarly, EC values varied slightly among treatments, reflecting variations in soil salinity levels. Overall, the soil remained within acceptable ranges for sugarcane cultivation. The optimal soil pH for sugarcane can range from slightly acidic to alkaline, depending on the specific conditions of the plantation. Organic matters help optimising the pH of soil making it suitable for uptake of nutrients, this matching with the work of Rusli et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eSoil Organic Carbon (SOC) and its Carbon Storage\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe soil organic carbon content ranged from 0.47\\u0026ndash;0.67% across treatments, with the highest value observed in the sugarcane trash treatment and the lowest in the FYM\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BC\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;VC treatment. However, when considering SOC storage, which takes into account soil depth and bulk density, the ST treatment exhibited the highest SOC storage (1376.85 t/ha), followed by VC (1174.50 t/ha) and RDF (1287.00 t/ha). Conversely, the FYM\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BC\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;VC treatment showed the lowest SOC storage (902.40 t/ha). These results suggest that incorporating ST or VC can significantly enhance SOC storage, contributing to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Soil organic carbon is affected directly by the farm management practices such as crop type, manure application, tillage intensities, irrigation efficiency, harvesting approaches and the life period of crop plants (West and Marland, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2002\\u003c/span\\u003e; Smith, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e). It has been reported that soil texture particularly clay content have a key role in capability of soil carbon sequestration (Reeder and Schuman, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2002\\u003c/span\\u003e). This is consistent with the results reported by Ghanbarian et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e) and Sadeghi and Raeini (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, according to another research, soil bulk density and sand content had negative effects on soil carbon storage. This result is in accordance with the results of a study conducted by Suman et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e) who reported that reduction in soil bulk density would lead to increase in SOC of sugarcane farms. It seems that the differences in chemical and physical properties of soil in different nutrient management as outlined above might have caused the considerable differences in soil organic carbon content.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eAvailable macro and secondary nutrients\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulphur (S) varied among treatments while there were no significant differences in available N among treatments, ST @ 10 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e treatment exhibited significantly lower available phosphorus compared to other treatments.. The sugarcane trash treatment exhibited the highest levels of available N (284.36 kg/ha), available P (24.48kg/ha), available K (193.05 kg/ha), and available S (16.98 mg/kg), indicating efficient nutrient cycling and decomposition of organic matter. Conversely, the FYM\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;BC\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;VC treatment showed the lowest levels of available nutrients, suggesting potential limitations in nutrient release and availability. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate organic amendments to meet the nutrient requirements of sugarcane crops. Conversely, RDF treatment showed the highest available phosphorus content. Available potassium content was highest in ST @ 10 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e treatment, while available sulphur content showed no significant differences among treatments. Overall, the results demonstrate that organic amendments, particularly ST and VC, can positively influence soil chemical properties, enhance SOC storage, and improve nutrient availability. However, the effectiveness of organic amendments may vary depending on factors such as application rate, soil type, and environmental conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of different organic and inorganic amendments on soil chemical properties and soil organic carbon storage of planted sugarcane field\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTreatments\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003epH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(1:2.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(dSm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSOC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSoil organic\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ecarbon storage*\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(t/ha)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAvailable N\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(kg/ha)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAvailable P\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(kg/ha)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAvailable K\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(kg/ha)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAvailable S\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e(mg/kg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.82\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1025.51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e254.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e139.62\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1021.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e219.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e120.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1168.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e228.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e151.62\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.62\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.58\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1174.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e284.36\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e22.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e152.38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1081.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e235.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e123.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e6\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1376.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168.52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e172.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.42\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.62\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e902.40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e238.26\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18.98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e152.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.93\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1287.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e258.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e193.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean Value\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8.33\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.61\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.56\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1129.66\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e235.77\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e21.63\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e150.68\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e15.53\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSEm \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.02\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCD (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e138.9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28.20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.93\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e*Soil organic carbon storage (t/ha)\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;1 ha\\u0026times; soil depth (m) \\u0026times; soil bulk density (g/cm\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e) \\u0026times;SOC (%)\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eCarbon Sequestration in Different Cane Parts\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe plant sequestered carbon (kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) content in different plant parts of planted sugarcane under various treatments is summarized in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e. The below-ground carbon storage, primarily in roots, ranged from 586.45 to 668.74 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e across treatments. The highest below-ground carbon storage was observed in the FYM @ 20 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e treatment, while the control treatment exhibited the lowest storage. Treatments involving organic amendments generally showed higher below-ground carbon storage compared to the control and RDF treatments. The above-ground carbon storage, including stems and leaves, ranged from 398.77 to 422.77 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e for stems and 779.14 to 872.15 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e for leaves across treatments. The highest above-ground carbon storage in stems was observed in the ST @ 10 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e treatment, while the highest storage in leaves was observed in the BC @ 20 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e treatment. Again, treatments involving organic amendments generally showed higher above-ground carbon storage compared to the control and RDF treatments. The results of this study also indicated that sugarcane leaves and roots had higher carbon storage than shoots (Tables\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). Several studies have found that perennial plants with woody organs had higher potential to reserve the organic carbon compared to annual plants (Ghanbarian et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e). Overall, 1291.82 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e (66%)) carbon storage belonged to the aboveground plant organs of T\\u003csub\\u003e6\\u003c/sub\\u003e and 668.74 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e belonged to the roots of sugarcane of T\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e showing that the considerable carbon storage capability of sugarcane. The total stored carbon above ground, comprising stems and leaves, ranged from 1201.91 to 1291.82 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e across treatments. The highest total stored carbon above ground was observed in the ST @ 10 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e treatment. Additionally, the total stored carbon (combining below-ground and above-ground carbon) ranged from 1774.11 to 1947.19 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, with the highest value observed in the ST @ 10 t ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e treatment. The carbon sequestration values reported in this study align with previous research findings (Gao et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e), which suggest that organic amendments positively influence carbon storage in agricultural systems. Overall, the results indicate that treatments involving organic amendments contribute to higher carbon sequestration in both below-ground and above-ground cane parts compared to conventional treatments. This highlights the importance of organic farming practices in enhancing carbon sequestration potential in sugarcane cultivation, which can contribute to mitigating climate change impacts. However, further research is needed to assess the long-term effects of these treatments on carbon sequestration and soil health.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEffect of different organic and inorganic amendments on plant sequestered carbon (kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) in different parts of planted sugarcane\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth rowspan=\\\"3\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTreatments\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth colspan=\\\"5\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStored carbon (kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ebelow ground\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eabove ground\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal stored carbon above ground\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal stored carbon (kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRoots\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStems\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003estem\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;leaf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRoot\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Stem\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Leaf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e586.45\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e403.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e784.54\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1187.66\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1774.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e2\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e668.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e420.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e785.48\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1205.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1874.34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e598.12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e398.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e872.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1270.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1869.04\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e645.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e405.87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e862.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1268.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1913.49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e616.69\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e422.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e779.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1201.91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1818.60\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e6\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e655.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e414.74\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e877.08\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1291.82\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1947.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e596.53\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e419.64\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e867.14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1286.78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1883.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eT\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e8\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e606.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e412.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e792.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1204.3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1810.91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean Value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e621.73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e412.15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e827.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1239.65\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1861.37\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSEm \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.61\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e26.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e49.51\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCD (P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e53.82\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23.78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e73.63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e84.23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e163.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eCorrelation coefficients among different soil properties and SOC\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e displays correlation coefficients among different soil properties and the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC %) in the given dataset. Correlation coefficients range from \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1 to 1, where \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1 indicates a strong negative correlation, 1 indicates a strong positive correlation, and 0 suggests no correlation. \\u003cstrong\\u003eSand (%) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between sand content and SOC% is -0.03448, indicating a very weak negative correlation. This suggests that there is little to no relationship between the sand content in the soil and the percentage of soil organic carbon Arunrat et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). \\u003cstrong\\u003eSilt (%) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between silt content and SOC% is -0.19752, indicating a weak negative correlation. There is a slight tendency for higher silt content to be associated with lower SOC% (Matus, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). \\u003cstrong\\u003eClay (%) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between clay content and SOC% is 0.243831, indicating a weak positive correlation. This suggests that higher clay content in the soil may be associated with a slightly higher percentage of SOC. \\u003cstrong\\u003eMoisture (%) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between soil moisture and SOC% is 0.332486, indicating a moderate positive correlation. This suggests that as soil moisture increases, there may be a tendency for higher SOC%. \\u003cstrong\\u003eBulk Density (gcm\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between bulk density and SOC% is -0.13615, indicating a weak negative correlation. There is a slight tendency for higher bulk density to be associated with lower SOC%. \\u003cstrong\\u003ePore Space (%) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between pore space and SOC% is 0.225035, indicating a weak positive correlation. This suggests that higher pore space in the soil may be associated with a slightly higher percentage of Soil Organic Carbon. \\u003cstrong\\u003eMechanical Resistance (Mpa) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between mechanical resistance and SOC% is -0.19117, indicating a weak negative correlation. There is a slight tendency for higher mechanical resistance to be associated with lower SOC%. \\u003cstrong\\u003epH and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between pH and SOC% is 0.535278, indicating a moderate positive correlation. This suggests that higher pH levels in the soil may be associated with a higher percentage of SOC. \\u003cstrong\\u003eEC (dSm\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003csup\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e) and SOC (%)\\u003c/strong\\u003e: The correlation coefficient between electrical conductivity (EC) and SOC% is -0.37008, indicating a moderate negative correlation. This suggests that higher electrical conductivity may be associated with lower SOC%. In summary, while some correlations are weak, the results suggest that soil properties such as clay content, soil moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity may have some influence on the percentage of SOC in the given dataset.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTable 4: Correlation coefficients among different soil properties and SOC%\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable style=\\\"border: none;width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 19.08%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 0.2in;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-family:\\\"Times New 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initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(0, 176, 80);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\\\"Calibri\\\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\\u003e\\u003cspan style='font-family:\\\"Times New Roman\\\",serif;color:black;'\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe findings of this study underscore the potential of sugarcane cultivation as a substantial carbon pool in India. Through the accumulation of high biomass and the retention of crop residues on the soil surface, sugarcane cultivation contributes to carbon storage, soil protection against erosion and enhancement of crop productivity. It is concluded that a promising effect of sugarcane cultivation on carbon sequestration, with significant improvements in soil physical and chemical properties due to the application of various organic amendments was occurs. Moreover, the carbon storage in different parts of the sugarcane plant demonstrates the efficacy of sugarcane farming practices in carbon sequestration. However, to fully validate these findings, it is imperative to continue this study over multiple cycles of sugarcane cultivation, including ratoon crops. Overall, sugarcane farming emerges as an effective strategy for carbon sequestration, contributing to the mitigation of climate change impacts and the reduction of atmospheric carbon levels. Thus the sugarcane crop and rhizospheric soils act as important carbon sinks in decarbonisation of atmosphere that ultimately reduces carbon level and causes global cooling.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENT\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to Director, Sugarcane Research Institute, RPCAU, Pusa, for the approval of the Institute Project, entitled S.S.4.5.2: \\u0026ldquo;Impact of nutrient management practices in sugarcane on carbon sequestration in plant-soil system\\u0026rdquo; and for their financial support.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e \"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAlireza Azizi, Gholamabbas Ghanbarian , Ali Hassanli, Mahmoud Shomeili, (2020). 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A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States. \\u003cem\\u003eAgriculture, Ecosystems \\u0026amp; Environment\\u003c/em\\u003e, 91 (1-3), 217-232.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYadav, R. L., Prasad, S. R., Singh, R., and Srivastava, V. K. (1994). Recycling sugarcane trash to conserve soil organic carbon for sustaining yields of successive ratoon crops in sugarcane. \\u003cem\\u003eBioresource Technology\\u003c/em\\u003e, 49 (3), 231-235.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Sugarcane, carbon storage, climate change, photosynthesis, carbon sequestration\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4092023/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4092023/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSugarcane is a multi-purpose crop. The capability of sugarcane crop to sequestrate carbon into soil and plant is of great importance. Under this study the carbon sequestration in planted sugarcane and their rhizospheric soil under different nutrient management practices was assessed. As IPCC reported, that the rising temperature of earth surface resulted of GHGs emission which causes global warming. In order to stabilize the global temperature, the anthropogenic CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e has to be mitigated to a significant level and the surplus atmospheric CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e in plants and soil has to be sunk, under this circumstance, sugarcane cultivation plays pivotal role in utilising CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e since it is a C\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e plant having high efficiency of utilising CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e during photosynthesis. There is another intervention might be enhancing the CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e capture by changing the nutrient management practices which enhances chlorophyll synthesis by the way of increasing nitrogen efficiency in sugarcane. The different treatment composition enhances photosynthesis where more CO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e has been captured. Thus the sugarcane crop and rhizospheric soils act as important carbon sinks in decarbonisation of atmosphere that ultimately reduces carbon level and causes the global cooling.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eSoil Properties and Carbon Storage\\u003c/b\\u003e: The results showed that soil physical properties and chemical properties were significantly differed among treatments due to application of different organic amendments over control. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was analysed which ranges from 0.47 to 0.67%. The different organic amendments treatments had a considerable effect on soil bulk density and porosity with significant improvement in soil carbon storage.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003ePlant Carbon Storage\\u003c/b\\u003e: The carbon stocks in different sugarcane plant parts, including roots, shoots and leaves were significantly different. The highest amount of carbon stock was found in leaves (877.08 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) under T\\u003csub\\u003e6\\u003c/sub\\u003e followed by roots (668.74 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) in T\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e and carbon stock in shoots (422.77 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) in T\\u003csub\\u003e5\\u003c/sub\\u003e showing that 30.41% and 107.58% more carbons were stored in the leaves as compared to the roots and shoots while in roots 58.18% more carbon stored in comparison to shoots. The total carbon storage in sugarcane biomass including aboveground parts and belowground part i.e. roots, in different treatment was significantly different. The mean value of carbon stored in the aboveground parts (leaves and stalks) was significantly higher (1239.65 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) than that of underground plant part (621.73 kg ha\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e) (roots). The results showed that the sugarcane farming practices have promising effect for carbon sequestration and consequently enhancing the mitigation of climate change impacts.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Carbon sequestration in sugarcane plant - soil system as influenced by nutrient integration practices under Indo-Gangetic plains of India\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-03-15 05:00:27\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4092023/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"63301547-8fda-4a61-bd2f-57052b84b458\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"March 15th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-04-26T16:07:26+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-4092023\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i5769\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"journal-of-advances-in-biology-and-biotechnology\",\"isVorOnly\":true,\"title\":\"Journal of Advances in Biology \\u0026 Biotechnology\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2024-03-30 11:53:33\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"March 30th, 2024\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-03-15 05:00:27\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i5769\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i5769\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4092023\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4092023\",\"identity\":\"rs-4092023\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}