{"paper_id":"170d8d1c-e767-4af2-a41f-8048e9eebe61","body_text":"Experimental study on the influence of PDA-modified PDMS on the biological behavior of mouse fibroblasts | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Experimental study on the influence of PDA-modified PDMS on the biological behavior of mouse fibroblasts Tianxi Li, Chen Zhang, Diya Su, Jieqing Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7832120/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used across various fields due to its biocompatibility and chemical inertness. However, its surface hydrophobicity limits its application in cell culture. This study modifies PDMS surfaces with polydopamine (PDA) to mitigate hydrophobicity, evaluates fibroblast biocompatibility on modified substrates, and explores its potential for wound healing applications. Methods PDA-modified PDMS surfaces (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4, and 0.5% PDA to modify PDMS surfaces and measured contact angles. Mouse L929 fibroblasts were co-cultured on these surfaces. The optimal PDA concentration for cell proliferation was determined using the CCK8 assay. Cell spreading, migration, and related gene expression were evaluated via FITC and DAPI staining, cell scratch assays, and qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA and t-tests. Results All PDA concentrations significantly reduced material contact angles (P < 0.01). At 48 h of composite culture, the 0.2% PDA-PDMS mixture exhibited the highest absorbance in CCK-8 assays, with significantly increased cell viability observed at 48 and 72 h (P < 0.05). The cell scratch assay showed that L929 had largely recovered by 36 hours post-scratch, with no significant difference compared to cells cultured on non-composite materials (P > 0.05). qRT-PCR analysis revealed relatively high expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen α-1 (III) chain (COL3A1) at 24 and 36 hours post-cultivation (P < 0.05), while α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) showed elevated relative expression at 48 hours (P < 0.05). Conclusion PDA significantly improved the hydrophobicity of the PDMS surface and enhanced its wettability. PDA-modified PDMS at different concentrations generally exhibited varying cell proliferation capacities, with 0.2% PDA demonstrating the highest cell proliferation and good cell viability. PDA surface modification also enhanced cell migration ability, improved cell morphology and spreading, and increased the expression of related genes. Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Biotechnology Biological sciences/Cell biology Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Polydopamine (PDA) Cell culture Surface modification Biocompatibility Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in various fields, such as architecture, microfluidics, chemistry, and biomedicine, due to its excellent electrical insulation, elasticity, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, etc. Moreover, it is inexpensive and its manufacturing process is relatively simple. The material cost of PDMS is significantly lower than that of silicon and glass. Its good light transmittance, biocompatibility, and the ability to easily bond with various materials at room temperature have attracted considerable attention. The conventional fabrication of PDMS substrates makes the surface highly hydrophobic, which is unfavorable for cell adhesion and proliferation[ 1 ]. During cell culture, cells are in direct contact with the surface of the substrate material. Therefore, the characteristics of the substrate material surface are often the direct factors causing changes in biological tissue cells[ 2 ]. Therefore, it is a highly challenging experimental direction to optimize experimental conditions and achieve experimental goals through personalized modification of the PDMS material surface. This primarily involves modifying the PDMS surface to transform it from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, and patterning PDMS with hydrophilic surfaces to alter material characteristics such as surface geometry, roughness, and hardness. The hydrophilicity of the PDMS material surface has a short maintenance time, and it may react with the culture medium during cell cultivation, potentially affecting cell growth[ 2 ]. This study employs PDA chemical self-polymerization to modify PDMS surfaces. This method features mild reaction conditions, imposes no restrictions on material size, thickness, or composition, and does not compromise the material's inherent properties. In addition, this surface modification technique can be applied to metals, non-metals, and nanomaterials, demonstrating extensive applicability. PDA not only endows the material surface with PDA-dependent bionic properties, such as hydrophilicity, adhesiveness, biocompatibility, and antioxidant activity, but also provides an ideal platform for further functionalization due to its reactivity, enhancing the design flexibility of material surface functionalization. Experimental results Contact Angle of PDA-PDMS. Contact angle measurement serves as a method to evaluate surface wettability and is also a key parameter for assessing biocompatibility. The average contact angle of PDMS material was 91.9°,while that of PDA-PDMS materials showed a significant reduction. Among them, the 0.4% PDA-PDMS material showed the lowest contact angle, with an average value of 14.6° (Fig. 1 ). These results confirm successful surface modification of the PDA-PDMS materials, enabling their use in co-culture with L929. Cell Proliferation and Cell Viability. The results showed increased absorbance in all experimental groups compared to the control group. Moreover, when the 0.05% and 0.2% PDA-PDMS materials were co-cultured with L929, indirectly indicating enhanced cell proliferation and viability at these concentrations(Fig. 2 [A]). Therefore, in subsequent experiments, the PDMS materials were surface-modified with 0.2% PDA. After continuous culture for 72 h, the absorbance was measured. It was found that the absorbance gradually increased with the extension of time (Fig. 2 [B1]). By calculating the cell survival rate using the formula (the calculation formula is as follows), it was found that the cell survival rate of the cells co-cultured with PDA-PDMS was significantly higher than that of the control group at 48 h and 72 h (Fig. 2 [B2]). Cell Morphology. When PDA-PDMS was continuously co-cultured with L929, it was observed that the cells were uniformly distributed on the material and adhered well to the material. Moreover, the cell density increased over time. At 24 h, the cell density was about 30%. Most of the cells were in a long spindle shape, and only a very small number of cells were round. At 48 h, the cell density increased to about 50%. The cells were in a long spindle shape, and no round cells were observed. At 72 h, the cell density increased to about 70%, and the cell morphology remained unchanged (Fig. 3 [C][D]). When PDMS was co-cultured with L929, although the cells aggregated into clusters from 24 h to 48 h, the cells were floating and did not adhere to the wall. At 72 h, the cell clusters dispersed, forming single or several connected round cells. Under a 10-fold objective lens, a small number of adherent cells were observed, and the cell morphology changed from round to spindle-shaped. Compared to the experimental group, these cells exhibited delayed adhesion and poorer morphology (Fig. 3 [A][B]). Cell Spreading. Compared to the former, PDA-PDMS co-culture exhibited increased cell numbers with elongated spindle-shaped morphology and well-defined edges. Nuclei were round with smooth edges, and the chromatin is evenly distributed. Several nucleoli in the form of punctate high-light regions can be seen. The cytoskeleton labeled with FITC shows a reticular fibrous structure. The fluorescence in the cytoplasmic region is evenly diffused, and filopodia can be seen radiating outward. When co-cultured with PDMS, it can be observed that the number of cells is small, the cells are round, and there are obstacles to the extension of cell pseudopodia (Fig. 4 ). Cell Migration. Unmodified PDMS failed to promote cell adhesion, yielding negative results in the experiment. L929 cultured under standard conditions served as the control for comparison. After the cells were co-cultured with the PDA-PDMS material continuously for 36 h, the cell scratch was basically healed (Fig. 5 [A]). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the cell migration rate compared with the control group (Fig. 5 [B]), indicating that the PDA-PDMS material has no effect on cell migration. Gene Expression. After 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h of co-culture, qPCR was used to detect the relative gene expression of TGF-β1, COL3A1, COL1A1, and α-SMA. The experimental results showed that the relative expression of all genes increased from 24 h to 36 h. At 48 h, the relative expression of other genes except α-SMA decreased. The author speculated that the decrease of these genes might be due to the inhibition of cell growth caused by excessive cell density, which in turn affected cell proliferation. The expression of TGF-β1 in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 24 h and 36 h (Fig. 6 [A1-2]), which also indicated that the PDA-PDMS material could promote the secretion of TGF-β1 by fibroblasts to some extent. The relative gene expression of COL3A1 and COL1A1 increased after 24 h and 36 h of co-culture (Fig. 6 [B1-2, C1-2]), indicating that the PDA-PDMS material affected the collagen synthesis of fibroblasts. The expression of α-SMA increased at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, and there was a significant difference in the increase at 48 h (Fig. 6 [D1-3]), indicating that the PDA-PDMS material affected the activation of fibroblasts. Discussion Since the discovery of polydopamine in 2007[ 3 ], it has received great attention in the field of material surface modification. When conducting experiments on mussels, it was found that their extremely strong adhesion ability mainly relies on the mussel adhesive proteins they contain. Mussel adhesive proteins contain a large number of molecular structures of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, DOPA) and lysine. Among them, the catechol and amino groups form strong interactions with the adhesion substrate through multiple covalent and non-covalent interactions[ 4 ]. Due to the rich molecular structures in mussel adhesive proteins, Haeshin Lee, Phillip B. Messersmith and others from Northwestern University in the United States used small-molecule dopamine, which also contains catechol and amino groups, to mimic mussel adhesive proteins and served as a reaction precursor. Dopamine forms polydopamine through an oxidative self-polymerization reaction[ 5 ]. It has the advantages of simple operation, wide applicability, good reactivity and certain antibacterial properties[ 6 ][ 7 ][ 8 ]. It can improve cell adhesion and cell proliferation ability, so it is widely used in the surface modification of materials such as medical device materials, sensor materials, and drug delivery materials. Among them, the experimental prospects for the surface modification of medical device materials are particularly broad. At present, polydopamine has been applied in the modification of bone repair and bone graft materials[ 9 ][ 10 ][ 11 ], the modification of dental implants and dental restoration materials[ 12 ][ 13 ][ 14 ][ 15 ], and the modification of artificial blood vessels, artificial ligament materials and medical membrane materials[ 16 ][ 17 ][ 18 ][ 19 ]. In this experiment, PDMS materials were modified with polydopamine to improve their surface hydrophobicity, enhance their cell proliferation ability, cell survival rate, cell adhesion ability, cell migration ability and the expression of related cytokines, with the hope of providing application prospects in the direction of wound-healing dressings. In this experiment, the surface of the material was modified with a single coating to improve its severe surface hydrophobicity, thereby improving the cell adhesion ability, cell proliferation ability, cell survival rate, cell migration ability and the expression of related cytokines during the co-culture of cells and the material. When the contact angle is < 90°, the material shows hydrophilicity, which is beneficial to cell adhesion; when it is > 90°, it inhibits non-specific protein adsorption[ 20 ]. After the PDA surface modification of the PDMS material, the contact angle of PDMS decreased from 91.9° before modification to 14.6°, and a single-coated PDMS with a significantly reduced contact angle was obtained. Co-culture with L929 proved that PDA-PDMS has high cell adhesion ability, which is similar to the high adhesion ability of mussels. It also proved the good biocompatibility of this material, which has a certain promoting effect on cell proliferation, cell survival rate, cell spreading and cell migration. This experiment speculates that although there is no obvious cell attachment and the cell morphology is not good during the co-culture of cells and PDMS, it does not affect the growth of cells on PDMS, indicating that PDMS may have a certain biocompatibility. The co-culture of PDA-PDMS and cells allows cells to adhere to the material surface, maintain their morphology and increase cell density, indicating that PDA-PDMS has better biocompatibility than PDMS. The results of this experiment show that compared with PDMS, PDA-PDMS enables cells to have better healthy activity during co-culture, provides a more suitable growth environment for cells, and may have a certain promoting effect on cell migration. Pseudopodia, as an indicator of cell status, are a sign of cell healthy activity. When pseudopodia (filopodia/lamellipodia) extend, it indicates that the cells are in an active migration or environmental exploration state, which is a typical behavior of L929 under suitable culture conditions[ 21 ]. In addition, this experiment explored the expression of cytokines by fibroblasts during wound healing on this material. Wound healing can be divided into four stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling[ 22 ]. Fibroblasts are indispensable cells in wound healing. They mainly play a role in the proliferation and remodeling stages of wound healing. A large number of fibroblasts proliferate, leading to the accumulation of a large amount of collagen, promoting angiogenesis, forming new granulation tissue, and secreting extracellular matrix to provide a scaffold for the migration and proliferation of other cells[ 23 ][ 24 ]. In addition, after activation, fibroblasts are transformed into myofibroblasts, which help wound contraction and promote wound healing[ 25 ]. During the remodeling stage, the activity of fibroblasts decreases, and the synthesis and decomposition of collagen reach a balance. During this period, fibroblasts participate in the complex process of wound healing by releasing cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, TGF-β1, MMP-1\\3\\9, TIMP-1, FGF-2\\-7\\-10, bFGF, VEGF, HGF, etc.[ 26 ][ 27 ]. In this experiment, qPCR was used to detect TGF-β1, COL3A1, COL1A1, and α-SMA. It was found that after the co-culture of PDA-PDMS materials and L929, the relative expression of all four genes increased. This indicates that PDA-PDMS materials can induce the production of TGF-β1, which has a certain promoting effect on cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. TGF-β1 is a multifunctional cytokine. Fibroblasts can autonomously induce the production of TGF-β1, and under its action, it promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts, induces their differentiation into myofibroblasts and stimulates the production of collagen. In the process of wound healing, the production of ECM components is important. Therefore, activated fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production and remodeling of ECM during the wound-repair process. Fibronectin, type I collagen, and type III collagen are key components of the extracellular matrix[ 28 ]. In this experiment, after co-culturing PDA-PDMS materials with cells for 24 h and 36 h, the increase in COL3A1 indicated that the PDA-PDMS materials promoted the formation of the extracellular matrix, thereby enhancing the cell migration ability. An increase in cell volume, high expression of α-SMA, and the presence of microfilaments that support cell contraction are typical characteristics of myofibroblasts[ 29 ]. The relative expression of α-SMA increased at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, with a significant increase at 48 h, suggesting that the PDA-PDMS materials promoted cell differentiation. In addition, although the relative expression of COL1A1 increased, there was no significant difference. The authors speculated that since myofibroblasts mainly produce type I A1 collagen (COL1A1)[ 30 ], its relative expression at 24 h and 36 h was consistent with that of α-SMA at the corresponding time points. However, since this experiment did not conduct quantitative analysis and detection of MMPs and TIMPs, the exact reason could not be determined. Moreover, an excessive amount of COL1A1 is a characteristic of fibrotic tissue[ 30 ], which also indicates that the PDA-PDMS materials may promote scar-free wound healing. This experiment enhances the biocompatibility, cell proliferation capacity, and cytokine expression of PDMS materials through PDA surface modification, offering promising prospects for future wound healing dressings. Materials and Methods Preparation of PDMS Materials. Provided by the Microanalysis Laboratory of Dalian University. Preparation of PDA. Add 1 mol/L HCl to 10 mM Tris buffer solution to maintain a pH of approximately 8.5. Dissolve 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of hydrochloride dopamine in 100 mL Tris-HCl solution respectively to prepare PDA solutions with mass-volume ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% respectively. Surface Modification of PDA. Place the clean PDMS material in an ozone cleaning chamber for 30 minutes, immersed in PDA solutions of different concentrations for 24 hours, wash it three times, and air-dried to obtain PDA-modified PDMS material (hereafter referred to as PDA-PDMS). Contact Angle Measurement. Measure the contact angle of the PDMS material with a contact angle measuring instrument, and analyze the contact angle using the tangent method. Three points are randomly measured for each sample. L929 Fibroblast Culture. The mouse fibroblast cell line L929 was purchased from Star Biotech(catalog number: TCM-C749). Cells were cultured in MEM medium supplemented with 10% horse serum (HS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37°C and 5% CO₂. Use the L929 of the 3-5th passages for the experiment. Cell Proliferation and Cell Viability. Similarly, L929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 8 × 10³ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37°C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Aspirate the medium, add MEM medium containing 10% CCK8 reagent, and incubate at 37°C in the dark for 2 hours. Measure the optical density(OD)at 450 nm and calculate the cell survival rate. Cell Morphology. L929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 4 × 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37°C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, and observe the cell morphology. Cell Spreading. L929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 4 × 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37°C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours. Aspirate the medium, wash with 1×PBS twice for 10 seconds each time, fix with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes and then wash twice, permeabilize with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes and then wash twice. Incubate with FITC solution in the dark for 60 minutes and then wash twice, incubate with DAPI solution in the dark for 5 minutes and then wash twice. Observe the cell spreading situation. Cell Migration. L929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 60 × 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37°C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours. After scratching, culture in low-serum medium (2% HS + MEM). Observe the cell migration situation at 0,18, and 36 hours. Cell Gene Expression. L929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 60 × 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37°C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48 hours. Extract total RNA and detect RNA quality. After synthesizing cDNA, perform qRT-PCR analysis and determination (Table 1 ).Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) served as the internal control. Table 1 Specific Primers Primers Name Primers Sequence(5'to3') GAPDH Forward Primer GGTGAAAGGTCGGTGTGAACG Reverse Primer CTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTG TGF-β1 Forward Primer GCATTGGCAAAGGTCGGTTT Reverse Primer TGCCTCTCGGAACCATGAAC COL3A1 Forward Primer TGACTGTCCCACGTAAGCAC Reverse Primer AGGAAGATCAGGAGGGCCAT COL1A1 Forward Primer CCCAGTGGCGGTTATGACTT Reverse Primer CTCAAGGTCACGGTCACGAA α-SMA Forward Primer GTCCCAGACATCAGGGAGTAA Reverse Primer TCGGATACTTCAGCGTCAGGA Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed and processed using the SPSS 24.0 statistical software. One-way analysis of variance and t-test were performed. A difference was considered statistically significant when P < 0.05. Declarations Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts to declare. Funding This work was supported as followed.First is Study on the Effects of PPDO Implantable Sutures on Subcutaneous Fat in Pigs(in Chinese) ,project number ZMK-YXB-202005003.Second is A Novel Precision Treatment Model for Dynamic Risk Assessment and Repair Optimization of Geriatric Skin Tumors Supported by Terahertz Wave Technology (in Chinese),project number DLUXK-2025-QNYX-017. Author Contribution TXL:writing–original draft,investigation,method-ology, data curation,formal analysis;CZ:supervision,writing–review & editing;DYS:supervision,writing–review & editing;JQW:conceptualization,supervision,writing–review & editing,funding acquisition,project administration, conceptualization. Data Availability All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper. References Srivatsan, K. et al. Cell adhesion on polyelectrolyte multilayer coated polydimethylsiloxane surfaces with varying topographies[J].Tissue engineering,2007, 13 (8):2105–2117 . 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 16 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7832120\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":533935368,\"identity\":\"c0f50cff-d283-4230-92d9-2919a89d164e\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Tianxi Li\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Tianxi\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Li\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":533935376,\"identity\":\"fdf450a8-435b-4ae4-8659-37c73bb0585f\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Chen 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07:36:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":186411,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eContact angle measurement results. (A) Photographs of contact angles of PDMS materials surface-modified with different concentrations of PDA and (B) Quantitative analysis (****P \\u0026lt; 0.0001)\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7832120/v1/a21c7c6322aa65fff2e68851.png\"},{\"id\":94832258,\"identity\":\"183c3cec-bd9d-4ace-be55-d0886b5e0b91\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-10-31 07:36:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":138640,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eExperimental results of cell proliferation and cell viability at different material concentrations. (A) Absorbance after 48-hour co-culture with PDA-PDMS materials at various concentrations (B1) Absorbance after 72-hour continuous co-culture with 0.2% PDA-PDMS (B2) Cell survival rate after 72-hour continuous co-culture with 0.2% PDA-PDMS(*P \\u0026lt; 0.05, **P \\u0026lt; 0.01, ****P \\u0026lt; 0.0001).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7832120/v1/7653a060be4d2cf4fe11f92c.png\"},{\"id\":94832252,\"identity\":\"1b50ac34-9d91-4b61-9482-830f228d5be1\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-10-31 07:36:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":533847,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eCell Morphology (A, B) Photographs of L929 co-cultured with PDMS continuously for 72 h under 4x and 10x objective lenses. (C, D) Photographs of L929 co-cultured with PDA-PDMS continuously for 72 h under 4x and 10x objective lenses.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7832120/v1/afa8c4ccd7783baacc806d96.png\"},{\"id\":94832254,\"identity\":\"3be6bccc-49d0-434e-bd50-e5ff168ff11a\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-10-31 07:36:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":252738,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eCell Spreading. The results of cytoskeleton staining showed that after co-culturing with materials of different concentrations for 24 h, FITC was used to label the cytoskeleton in green, and DAPI was used to label the nuclei in blue.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7832120/v1/16d2e537100d41c82b9b70ca.png\"},{\"id\":94832260,\"identity\":\"78295ae0-d149-48ce-87f5-155750eb4666\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-10-31 07:36:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":417396,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eCell Migration. (A) (A1) L929 were continuously cultured for 36 h; (A2) 0.2% PDA-PDMS was continuously co-cultured for 36 h. (B) Quantitative analysis of the cell scratch assay (ns indicates P \\u0026gt; 0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7832120/v1/da1baafb6f83628930792cc0.png\"},{\"id\":94832257,\"identity\":\"2a9d7470-145a-434a-a60d-b316af63dd47\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-10-31 07:36:01\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":166612,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eqRT-PCR detection results of co-culture at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h (A1-3) (B1-3) (C1-3) (D1-3). Relative expression results of TGF-β1, COL3A1, COL1A1, and α-SMA genes at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, respectively (*P \\u0026lt; 0.05, ***P \\u0026lt; 0.001, ****P \\u0026lt; 0.0001).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7832120/v1/661dafa2ecf0afa95a01ffa0.png\"},{\"id\":100069287,\"identity\":\"abb05da2-26f1-4000-baa5-bbce3073fdb7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-01-12 16:12:37\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":2140617,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7832120/v1/2d3a251a-da48-4dc8-b47f-c1c2280678e9.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Experimental study on the influence of PDA-modified PDMS on the biological behavior of mouse fibroblasts\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used in various fields, such as architecture, microfluidics, chemistry, and biomedicine, due to its excellent electrical insulation, elasticity, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, etc. Moreover, it is inexpensive and its manufacturing process is relatively simple. The material cost of PDMS is significantly lower than that of silicon and glass. Its good light transmittance, biocompatibility, and the ability to easily bond with various materials at room temperature have attracted considerable attention. The conventional fabrication of PDMS substrates makes the surface highly hydrophobic, which is unfavorable for cell adhesion and proliferation[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. During cell culture, cells are in direct contact with the surface of the substrate material. Therefore, the characteristics of the substrate material surface are often the direct factors causing changes in biological tissue cells[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Therefore, it is a highly challenging experimental direction to optimize experimental conditions and achieve experimental goals through personalized modification of the PDMS material surface. This primarily involves modifying the PDMS surface to transform it from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, and patterning PDMS with hydrophilic surfaces to alter material characteristics such as surface geometry, roughness, and hardness.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe hydrophilicity of the PDMS material surface has a short maintenance time, and it may react with the culture medium during cell cultivation, potentially affecting cell growth[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This study employs PDA chemical self-polymerization to modify PDMS surfaces. This method features mild reaction conditions, imposes no restrictions on material size, thickness, or composition, and does not compromise the material's inherent properties. In addition, this surface modification technique can be applied to metals, non-metals, and nanomaterials, demonstrating extensive applicability. PDA not only endows the material surface with PDA-dependent bionic properties, such as hydrophilicity, adhesiveness, biocompatibility, and antioxidant activity, but also provides an ideal platform for further functionalization due to its reactivity, enhancing the design flexibility of material surface functionalization.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Experimental results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eContact Angle of PDA-PDMS.\\u003c/b\\u003eContact angle measurement serves as a method to evaluate surface wettability and is also a key parameter for assessing biocompatibility. The average contact angle of PDMS material was 91.9\\u0026deg;,while that of PDA-PDMS materials showed a significant reduction. Among them, the 0.4% PDA-PDMS material showed the lowest contact angle, with an average value of 14.6\\u0026deg; (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). These results confirm successful surface modification of the PDA-PDMS materials, enabling their use in co-culture with L929.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Proliferation and Cell Viability.\\u003c/b\\u003eThe results showed increased absorbance in all experimental groups compared to the control group. Moreover, when the 0.05% and 0.2% PDA-PDMS materials were co-cultured with L929, indirectly indicating enhanced cell proliferation and viability at these concentrations(Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e[A]). Therefore, in subsequent experiments, the PDMS materials were surface-modified with 0.2% PDA.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAfter continuous culture for 72 h, the absorbance was measured. It was found that the absorbance gradually increased with the extension of time (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e[B1]). By calculating the cell survival rate using the formula (the calculation formula is as follows), it was found that the cell survival rate of the cells co-cultured with PDA-PDMS was significantly higher than that of the control group at 48 h and 72 h (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e[B2]).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\" width=\\\"565\\\" height=\\\"57\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Morphology.\\u003c/b\\u003eWhen PDA-PDMS was continuously co-cultured with L929, it was observed that the cells were uniformly distributed on the material and adhered well to the material. Moreover, the cell density increased over time. At 24 h, the cell density was about 30%. Most of the cells were in a long spindle shape, and only a very small number of cells were round. At 48 h, the cell density increased to about 50%. The cells were in a long spindle shape, and no round cells were observed. At 72 h, the cell density increased to about 70%, and the cell morphology remained unchanged (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e[C][D]).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWhen PDMS was co-cultured with L929, although the cells aggregated into clusters from 24 h to 48 h, the cells were floating and did not adhere to the wall. At 72 h, the cell clusters dispersed, forming single or several connected round cells. Under a 10-fold objective lens, a small number of adherent cells were observed, and the cell morphology changed from round to spindle-shaped. Compared to the experimental group, these cells exhibited delayed adhesion and poorer morphology (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e[A][B]).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Spreading.\\u003c/b\\u003eCompared to the former, PDA-PDMS co-culture exhibited increased cell numbers with elongated spindle-shaped morphology and well-defined edges. Nuclei were round with smooth edges, and the chromatin is evenly distributed. Several nucleoli in the form of punctate high-light regions can be seen. The cytoskeleton labeled with FITC shows a reticular fibrous structure. The fluorescence in the cytoplasmic region is evenly diffused, and filopodia can be seen radiating outward. When co-cultured with PDMS, it can be observed that the number of cells is small, the cells are round, and there are obstacles to the extension of cell pseudopodia (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Migration.\\u003c/b\\u003eUnmodified PDMS failed to promote cell adhesion, yielding negative results in the experiment. L929 cultured under standard conditions served as the control for comparison. After the cells were co-cultured with the PDA-PDMS material continuously for 36 h, the cell scratch was basically healed (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e[A]). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the cell migration rate compared with the control group (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e[B]), indicating that the PDA-PDMS material has no effect on cell migration.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eGene Expression.\\u003c/b\\u003eAfter 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h of co-culture, qPCR was used to detect the relative gene expression of TGF-β1, COL3A1, COL1A1, and α-SMA. The experimental results showed that the relative expression of all genes increased from 24 h to 36 h. At 48 h, the relative expression of other genes except α-SMA decreased. The author speculated that the decrease of these genes might be due to the inhibition of cell growth caused by excessive cell density, which in turn affected cell proliferation. The expression of TGF-β1 in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 24 h and 36 h (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e[A1-2]), which also indicated that the PDA-PDMS material could promote the secretion of TGF-β1 by fibroblasts to some extent. The relative gene expression of COL3A1 and COL1A1 increased after 24 h and 36 h of co-culture (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e [B1-2, C1-2]), indicating that the PDA-PDMS material affected the collagen synthesis of fibroblasts. The expression of α-SMA increased at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, and there was a significant difference in the increase at 48 h (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e[D1-3]), indicating that the PDA-PDMS material affected the activation of fibroblasts.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSince the discovery of polydopamine in 2007[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e], it has received great attention in the field of material surface modification. When conducting experiments on mussels, it was found that their extremely strong adhesion ability mainly relies on the mussel adhesive proteins they contain. Mussel adhesive proteins contain a large number of molecular structures of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, DOPA) and lysine. Among them, the catechol and amino groups form strong interactions with the adhesion substrate through multiple covalent and non-covalent interactions[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Due to the rich molecular structures in mussel adhesive proteins, Haeshin Lee, Phillip B. Messersmith and others from Northwestern University in the United States used small-molecule dopamine, which also contains catechol and amino groups, to mimic mussel adhesive proteins and served as a reaction precursor. Dopamine forms polydopamine through an oxidative self-polymerization reaction[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e]. It has the advantages of simple operation, wide applicability, good reactivity and certain antibacterial properties[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]. It can improve cell adhesion and cell proliferation ability, so it is widely used in the surface modification of materials such as medical device materials, sensor materials, and drug delivery materials. Among them, the experimental prospects for the surface modification of medical device materials are particularly broad. At present, polydopamine has been applied in the modification of bone repair and bone graft materials[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e], the modification of dental implants and dental restoration materials[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e], and the modification of artificial blood vessels, artificial ligament materials and medical membrane materials[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In this experiment, PDMS materials were modified with polydopamine to improve their surface hydrophobicity, enhance their cell proliferation ability, cell survival rate, cell adhesion ability, cell migration ability and the expression of related cytokines, with the hope of providing application prospects in the direction of wound-healing dressings.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn this experiment, the surface of the material was modified with a single coating to improve its severe surface hydrophobicity, thereby improving the cell adhesion ability, cell proliferation ability, cell survival rate, cell migration ability and the expression of related cytokines during the co-culture of cells and the material. When the contact angle is \\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;90\\u0026deg;, the material shows hydrophilicity, which is beneficial to cell adhesion; when it is \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;90\\u0026deg;, it inhibits non-specific protein adsorption[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. After the PDA surface modification of the PDMS material, the contact angle of PDMS decreased from 91.9\\u0026deg; before modification to 14.6\\u0026deg;, and a single-coated PDMS with a significantly reduced contact angle was obtained. Co-culture with L929 proved that PDA-PDMS has high cell adhesion ability, which is similar to the high adhesion ability of mussels. It also proved the good biocompatibility of this material, which has a certain promoting effect on cell proliferation, cell survival rate, cell spreading and cell migration. This experiment speculates that although there is no obvious cell attachment and the cell morphology is not good during the co-culture of cells and PDMS, it does not affect the growth of cells on PDMS, indicating that PDMS may have a certain biocompatibility. The co-culture of PDA-PDMS and cells allows cells to adhere to the material surface, maintain their morphology and increase cell density, indicating that PDA-PDMS has better biocompatibility than PDMS. The results of this experiment show that compared with PDMS, PDA-PDMS enables cells to have better healthy activity during co-culture, provides a more suitable growth environment for cells, and may have a certain promoting effect on cell migration. Pseudopodia, as an indicator of cell status, are a sign of cell healthy activity. When pseudopodia (filopodia/lamellipodia) extend, it indicates that the cells are in an active migration or environmental exploration state, which is a typical behavior of L929 under suitable culture conditions[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn addition, this experiment explored the expression of cytokines by fibroblasts during wound healing on this material. Wound healing can be divided into four stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Fibroblasts are indispensable cells in wound healing. They mainly play a role in the proliferation and remodeling stages of wound healing. A large number of fibroblasts proliferate, leading to the accumulation of a large amount of collagen, promoting angiogenesis, forming new granulation tissue, and secreting extracellular matrix to provide a scaffold for the migration and proliferation of other cells[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In addition, after activation, fibroblasts are transformed into myofibroblasts, which help wound contraction and promote wound healing[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. During the remodeling stage, the activity of fibroblasts decreases, and the synthesis and decomposition of collagen reach a balance. During this period, fibroblasts participate in the complex process of wound healing by releasing cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, TGF-β1, MMP-1\\\\3\\\\9, TIMP-1, FGF-2\\\\-7\\\\-10, bFGF, VEGF, HGF, etc.[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In this experiment, qPCR was used to detect TGF-β1, COL3A1, COL1A1, and α-SMA. It was found that after the co-culture of PDA-PDMS materials and L929, the relative expression of all four genes increased. This indicates that PDA-PDMS materials can induce the production of TGF-β1, which has a certain promoting effect on cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. TGF-β1 is a multifunctional cytokine. Fibroblasts can autonomously induce the production of TGF-β1, and under its action, it promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts, induces their differentiation into myofibroblasts and stimulates the production of collagen. In the process of wound healing, the production of ECM components is important. Therefore, activated fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production and remodeling of ECM during the wound-repair process. Fibronectin, type I collagen, and type III collagen are key components of the extracellular matrix[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In this experiment, after co-culturing PDA-PDMS materials with cells for 24 h and 36 h, the increase in COL3A1 indicated that the PDA-PDMS materials promoted the formation of the extracellular matrix, thereby enhancing the cell migration ability. An increase in cell volume, high expression of α-SMA, and the presence of microfilaments that support cell contraction are typical characteristics of myofibroblasts[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The relative expression of α-SMA increased at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, with a significant increase at 48 h, suggesting that the PDA-PDMS materials promoted cell differentiation. In addition, although the relative expression of COL1A1 increased, there was no significant difference. The authors speculated that since myofibroblasts mainly produce type I A1 collagen (COL1A1)[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e], its relative expression at 24 h and 36 h was consistent with that of α-SMA at the corresponding time points. However, since this experiment did not conduct quantitative analysis and detection of MMPs and TIMPs, the exact reason could not be determined. Moreover, an excessive amount of COL1A1 is a characteristic of fibrotic tissue[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e], which also indicates that the PDA-PDMS materials may promote scar-free wound healing.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis experiment enhances the biocompatibility, cell proliferation capacity, and cytokine expression of PDMS materials through PDA surface modification, offering promising prospects for future wound healing dressings.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePreparation of PDMS Materials.\\u003c/b\\u003eProvided by the Microanalysis Laboratory of Dalian University.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePreparation of PDA.\\u003c/b\\u003eAdd 1 mol/L HCl to 10 mM Tris buffer solution to maintain a pH of approximately 8.5. Dissolve 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of hydrochloride dopamine in 100 mL Tris-HCl solution respectively to prepare PDA solutions with mass-volume ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% respectively.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSurface Modification of PDA.\\u003c/b\\u003ePlace the clean PDMS material in an ozone cleaning chamber for 30 minutes, immersed in PDA solutions of different concentrations for 24 hours, wash it three times, and air-dried to obtain PDA-modified PDMS material (hereafter referred to as PDA-PDMS).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eContact Angle Measurement.\\u003c/b\\u003eMeasure the contact angle of the PDMS material with a contact angle measuring instrument, and analyze the contact angle using the tangent method. Three points are randomly measured for each sample.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eL929 Fibroblast Culture.\\u003c/b\\u003eThe mouse fibroblast cell line L929 was purchased from Star Biotech(catalog number: TCM-C749). Cells were cultured in MEM medium supplemented with 10% horse serum (HS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37\\u0026deg;C and 5% CO₂. Use the L929 of the 3-5th passages for the experiment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Proliferation and Cell Viability.\\u003c/b\\u003eSimilarly, L929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 8 \\u0026times; 10\\u0026sup3; cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37\\u0026deg;C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Aspirate the medium, add MEM medium containing 10% CCK8 reagent, and incubate at 37\\u0026deg;C in the dark for 2 hours. Measure the optical density(OD)at 450 nm and calculate the cell survival rate.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Morphology.\\u003c/b\\u003eL929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 4 \\u0026times; 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37\\u0026deg;C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, and observe the cell morphology.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Spreading.\\u003c/b\\u003eL929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 4 \\u0026times; 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37\\u0026deg;C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours. Aspirate the medium, wash with 1\\u0026times;PBS twice for 10 seconds each time, fix with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes and then wash twice, permeabilize with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes and then wash twice. Incubate with FITC solution in the dark for 60 minutes and then wash twice, incubate with DAPI solution in the dark for 5 minutes and then wash twice. Observe the cell spreading situation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Migration.\\u003c/b\\u003eL929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 60 \\u0026times; 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37\\u0026deg;C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours. After scratching, culture in low-serum medium (2% HS\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;MEM). Observe the cell migration situation at 0,18, and 36 hours.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCell Gene Expression.\\u003c/b\\u003eL929 were seeded onto PDA-PDMS materials at a density of 60 \\u0026times; 10⁴ cells/well, with unmodified PDMS as the control. Three replicate wells were set for each group, and culture at 37\\u0026deg;C and 5% CO₂ for 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48 hours. Extract total RNA and detect RNA quality. After synthesizing cDNA, perform qRT-PCR analysis and determination (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) served as the internal control.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSpecific Primers\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePrimers Name\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePrimers Sequence(5'to3')\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGAPDH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eForward Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGGTGAAAGGTCGGTGTGAACG\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eReverse Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTG\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTGF-β1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eForward Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGCATTGGCAAAGGTCGGTTT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eReverse Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTGCCTCTCGGAACCATGAAC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCOL3A1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eForward Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTGACTGTCCCACGTAAGCAC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eReverse Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAGGAAGATCAGGAGGGCCAT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCOL1A1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eForward Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCCCAGTGGCGGTTATGACTT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eReverse Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCTCAAGGTCACGGTCACGAA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eα-SMA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eForward Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGTCCCAGACATCAGGGAGTAA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eReverse Primer\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTCGGATACTTCAGCGTCAGGA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eStatistical Analysis.\\u003c/b\\u003eThe data were analyzed and processed using the SPSS 24.0 statistical software. One-way analysis of variance and t-test were performed. A difference was considered statistically significant when P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eConflicts of interest\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThere are no conflicts to declare.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eFunding\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis work was supported as followed.First is Study on the Effects of PPDO Implantable Sutures on Subcutaneous Fat in Pigs(in Chinese) ,project number ZMK-YXB-202005003.Second is A Novel Precision Treatment Model for Dynamic Risk Assessment and Repair Optimization of Geriatric Skin Tumors Supported by Terahertz Wave Technology (in Chinese),project number DLUXK-2025-QNYX-017.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTXL:writing\\u0026ndash;original draft,investigation,method-ology, data curation,formal analysis;CZ:supervision,writing\\u0026ndash;review \\u0026amp; editing;DYS:supervision,writing\\u0026ndash;review \\u0026amp; editing;JQW:conceptualization,supervision,writing\\u0026ndash;review \\u0026amp; editing,funding acquisition,project administration, conceptualization.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eData Availability\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAll data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSrivatsan, K. et al. 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Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing[J].Wound repair and regeneration:official publication of the Wound Healing Society[and]the European Tissue Repair Society,2008,\\u003cb\\u003e16\\u003c/b\\u003e(5):585\\u0026ndash;601 .\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eN R G,Filipa \\u0026amp; M,S D N.Author Correction:The bright side of fibroblasts:molecular signature and regenerative cues in major organs[J].NPJ Regenerative medicine,2023,8(1):42\\u0026ndash;42.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGansevoort, M. et al. Next-Generation Biomaterials for Wound Healing:Development and Evaluation of Collagen Scaffolds Functionalized with a Heparan Sulfate Mimic and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2[J]. \\u003cem\\u003eJ. Funct. Biomaterials 2025\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cb\\u003e16\\u003c/b\\u003e(2):51\\u0026ndash;51 .\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Polydopamine (PDA), Cell culture, Surface modification, Biocompatibility\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7832120/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7832120/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eObjective\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used across various fields due to its biocompatibility and chemical inertness. However, its surface hydrophobicity limits its application in cell culture. This study modifies PDMS surfaces with polydopamine (PDA) to mitigate hydrophobicity, evaluates fibroblast biocompatibility on modified substrates, and explores its potential for wound healing applications.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMethods\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePDA-modified PDMS surfaces (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4, and 0.5% PDA to modify PDMS surfaces and measured contact angles. Mouse L929 fibroblasts were co-cultured on these surfaces. The optimal PDA concentration for cell proliferation was determined using the CCK8 assay. Cell spreading, migration, and related gene expression were evaluated via FITC and DAPI staining, cell scratch assays, and qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA and t-tests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eResults\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAll PDA concentrations significantly reduced material contact angles (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.01). At 48 h of composite culture, the 0.2% PDA-PDMS mixture exhibited the highest absorbance in CCK-8 assays, with significantly increased cell viability observed at 48 and 72 h (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). The cell scratch assay showed that L929 had largely recovered by 36 hours post-scratch, with no significant difference compared to cells cultured on non-composite materials (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). qRT-PCR analysis revealed relatively high expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen α-1 (III) chain (COL3A1) at 24 and 36 hours post-cultivation (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05), while α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) showed elevated relative expression at 48 hours (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePDA significantly improved the hydrophobicity of the PDMS surface and enhanced its wettability. PDA-modified PDMS at different concentrations generally exhibited varying cell proliferation capacities, with 0.2% PDA demonstrating the highest cell proliferation and good cell viability. PDA surface modification also enhanced cell migration ability, improved cell morphology and spreading, and increased the expression of related genes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Experimental study on the influence of PDA-modified PDMS on the biological behavior of mouse fibroblasts\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-10-31 07:35:56\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7832120/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2025-11-10T12:06:08+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-11-07T16:55:40+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-11-02T09:15:09+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-22T08:23:37+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"471520712371502848954639432771888518\",\"date\":\"2025-10-21T19:19:16+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-21T15:34:51+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"327035584843742104354389778638438175295\",\"date\":\"2025-10-21T13:23:44+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"119070830154503075303254459212351252456\",\"date\":\"2025-10-21T11:28:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"214217288853758796717479889189584773201\",\"date\":\"2025-10-21T08:51:50+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-21T06:07:35+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-16T04:48:43+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-13T07:52:02+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-13T07:50:27+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2025-10-11T05:54:37+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"b33c36b8-0e8a-45b3-b4be-d6e977ffca78\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"October 31st, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":56769405,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Biological techniques\"},{\"id\":56769406,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Biotechnology\"},{\"id\":56769407,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Cell biology\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-01-12T16:04:11+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-7832120\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34457-7\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-01-08 15:58:30\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"January 8th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-10-31 07:35:56\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1038/s41598-025-34457-7\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34457-7\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7832120\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7832120\",\"identity\":\"rs-7832120\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}