{"paper_id":"164613e6-7352-4f2d-bd13-b1769f82ed15","body_text":"Deceptive pollination mechanisms and low natural fruit set in Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. 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Sw. (Orchidaceae) Biswajit Baishnab, Suman Paul, Badal Kumar Datta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4430497/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Floral biology and pollination mechanisms of Cymbidium aloifolium an epiphytic orchid were investigated in Tripura, India. The flowering period of C . aloifolium lasted for approximately 4 months from the late spring to the summer, with raceme inflorescence where flowers open acropetally. The flower longevity strictly depends on pollination, 3 to 5 days; otherwise, individual flowers commonly last for one month. The flowers are nectarless, so they have to attract pollinators by the deceptive mechanism for capsule production. Flowers are fully pollinator-dependent as they are self-compatible but cannot autonomously self-pollinate. The Indian honey bee, Apis cerana indica , exclusively pollinated the flowers in the field. Pollinarium attached with the insect's back thorax and head due to their movement through the labellum chamber and pollinated the flower while escaping from the same. Both the studied populations estimate the pollination success but the natural fruit set percentage was very low (13–16%) as the result of a lack of nectar, infrequent flower visits by worker's honey bees, specialized single pollinator, and tight packaging of pollen cap with column of flower. Cymbidium Apis food deception Fruit set Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The genus Cymbidium , commonly known as boat orchid is a sympodial evergreen herb with pseudobulbs. A total of 52 species of the genus Cymbidium Sw. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) are naturally distributed throughout Asia and Oceania (Du Puy and Cribb 2007). This genus has epiphytic, terrestrial and lithophytic species which are mostly autotrophic and rarely leafless saprophytes (Suetsugu 2015). They grow vigorously in a variety of habitats such as high-elevation grasslands, open Savannas, tropical rain forests and as well as semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests in lower tropical regions (Pridgeon et al. 2009). Cymbidium has three to twelve pairs of leaves arranged in pairs one over the others and leaves a sheath of base around the pseudobulb when they withered. The inflorescence arises from the base of pseudobulbs or rarely from the axil of the leaves with an unbranched floral rachis. Sepals and petals are always alike in size and shape but they are thin and slightly fleshy. Labellum remains significantly different from sepal and petal in size, shape and color. The labellum remains attached to the column and has three lobes. Cymbidium produces a glabrous capsule after pollination with millions of pale yellow colour seeds. Cymbidium has its natural hybrids in wilds and many hybrid cultivars developed in horticulture which are the most popular orchids in cultivation. They are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world (Royal Horticultural Society 2017). There are four main types of pollination known to date in Cymbidium . They are autonomous self-pollination, reward-based pollination, generalized food deception, and Batesian food-source mimicry. Autonomous self-pollination occurs due to a lack of rostellum in C . macrorhizon Lindl, C . aberrans (Finet) Schltr., C . nagifolium Masam (Suetsugu, 2015). The bee Trigona kockingsi collects viscid substances as a reward from C . mandidum Lindl. and proceeds the pollination (Macpherson and Rupp 1935). Generalized food deception approach is reported in C . lancifolium (Cheng et al. 2007), C . goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. (Tsuji and Kato 2010), and C . kanran Makino (Tsuji and Kato 2010). This species Cymbidium aloifolium is distributed in Asia, especially China, Bangladesh, eastern Himalayas, India and Andaman Islands, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Java and Sumatra and prefers elevation ranges from 0 to 1500 meters. In India, the species are distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharastra, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim and Tripura. Despite its wide range of distribution, sufficient information is lacking about the pollination strategy or reproductive success of this native orchid species for future conservation. The present study focuses on the pollination mechanisms and reproductive success of one epiphytic orchid species namely C . aloifolium in Tripura. The specific aims of this study were to investigate (a) Phenology and the functional floral morphology, (b) Effective pollinators and intra-floral activities, (c) Pollination mechanism, (d) Pollination type, (e) Pollen production, (f) Pollen viability with stigma receptivity from anthesis to senescence, and (f) Pollination or reproductive success as percentage fruit set against the several breeding system experiments. The findings of this study may contribute to our understanding of the reproductive strategies of this epiphytic orchid species which may help in its future conservation perspective. Materials and Methods Studied plant Species Different breeding experiments and pollination ecology of the orchid species Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) SW. were studied in natural population of the species in Tripura (Table 1 ). Table 1 Studied Orchid Species, Study Sites and Geographical Locations Species Population Study Site GPS Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) SW. A Sipahijala (Dakshin Charilam, Tripura) 23°38'44.9\"N 91°17'58.6\"E B Suryamaninagar (Pandabpur, Tripura west) 23°45'33.5\"N 91°15'14.7\"E Study Sites To study the reproductive biology of orchid species Cymbidium aloifolium , two healthy natural populations were found in natural habitats for field observation along with breeding experiments. So, two healthy populations of the studied species at natural habitat (Site A and Site B) near Tripura University for field observation and breeding experiments were tagged. Site A population was in Sepahijala district, adjacent to the Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary (Dakshin Charilam, 23°38'44.9\"N; 91°17'58.6\"E). Site B population was in West Tripura District at Suryamaninagar (Suryamaninagar, Pandabpur 23°45'33.5\"N 91°15'14.7\"E) near Tripura University campus (Table 1 ). At both sites sufficient adult individuals were present to perform a series of experiments for sexual reproduction and pollination ecology. In site A population, there were 15 individual clumps placed on 6 different host trees. These host plants were Mangifera indica L., Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn., Schima wallichii (DC.) Choisy, Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. and Ficus religiosa L. In site B population there were 12 clumps placed on 3 different host trees namely Mangifera indica L., Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers., and Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. For cross pollination, we collected flowers from a third population which was 15 km away from site A and 3 km away from site B. Populations with maximum mature individuals produced more flowers during the flowering season and attract floral visitors for pollination. Flowering phenology and functional morphology For the observation of flowering phenology, a total of twenty individual plants (n = 20) from the studied population of the orchid species were tagged. Selected plants were observed from the initiation of inflorescence stalk till the wilting of flowers or fruit set after pollination. Time in the means of day or hour was taken for initiation of flowering buds from inflorescence (n = 10 inflorescence stalk), and buds to mature were recorded carefully (n = > 20 buds of > 10 inflorescences). How many hours a mature bud takes to bloom into a fully open flower (n = 20 flowers of > 5 different inflorescences of > 5 different plants) was also observed. To ensure the flower opening time some buds were marked before the day of blooming and the opening times were recorded on the next day (n = > 20 flowers from separate individual plants). To examine flower longevity or life span, some individual floral buds were marked and kept open and some inflorescence with floral buds were marked and bagged and the opening and wilting dates for each were recorded (n = > 20 buds open and n = > 20 buds bagged). Some flowers were also marked during the day of hand pollination and were observed till ovary swelling and also to record other post-pollination changes and fruit maturity (n = 20 flowers of 5 inflorescences). For functional morphological traits, 20 fresh flowers of 5 inflorescences from 5 separate plants from at least two populations of species Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) SW. were collected and all the morphological and functional characters such as flower color and size, length and width of the perianth (sepal and petal) and labellum; length of spur cavity, foot and gynandrium; the position of the stigma and anther; distance from the labellum to stigma and stigma to anther sac; shape and color of pollinia, etc were measured and recorded. All the characters were measured with vernier calipers (0.01mm) or graph paper. Floral visitor observations and their behavior Flowering clumps of the selected population of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) SW. were monitored during their respective flowering season to observe floral visitors and their behavior. We visited and observed for 3 to 8 hrs per day between 6.00 am to 4.00 pm (6 hrs to 16 hrs), for 30 to 40 days during the flowering season of at least two years. Four stages of intra-floral behaviors of pollinators were noticed which consist of approaching, alighting, entering and exiting (Nilsson 1979). Insects were identified by the renounce entomologist of Tripura, Dr. Jaydeb Majumdar, Project Coordinator, JICA, department of Forest, the government of Tripura. Floral rewards Floral reward assessment was done to specify what type of pollination was carried out by the studied species. For this experiment, 5 to 10 inflorescences with 30 to 50 buds were bagged in plastic bags before the day of anthesis. Flowers were removed after anthesis to examine the nectar. The presence or absence of nectar was examined visually and also using an optical microscope. To measure the nectar volume the 5 µL SIGMA micro-cap calibrated capillary tubes (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) were used. Pollen productivity Pollen grains per anther (pollinia) were estimated by following the method of Cruden (1977). According to this method, we made 1 ml of pollen suspension for 1 pollinium with distilled water, colored with carmine and counted 0.5 ml of this suspension by observing (0.1×5 times) under a trinocular Olympus light microscope (4 × lense and 10 × eyepiece). A total of 5 pollinia from five fresh flowers of five different plants were observed to calculate the total pollen grain produced by an individual flower. Total pollen per pollinia was calculated from the data by a simple formula* and then multiplied by two to know the total pollen production of a flower. *Total volume of pollen suspension × number of pollen grain in the sampled suspension/volume of suspension was used for counting. Stigma receptivity and pollen maturity Stigma receptivity was determined for bud, 1 hr, 6 hr, 1st day to 6th day after flower anthesis as the maximum flower became pollinated or damaged by flower herbivores within 6 days of the species. Receptivity was tested by placing the stigma of 10 buds and 10 fresh flowers of each stage into a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide following the standard method (Dafni et al. 2005). Bubbles produced on the stigma surface represent the presence of peroxide enzyme which indicates receptive stigma. The numbers of receptive stigmas for buds or flowers were counted under the simple light microscope (Magnus MSZ-Bi). The percentage of viable pollen was also determined simultaneously with the stigma receptivity for bud, 1hr, 6 hr, 1st day to 6th day after flower anthesis to observe the relation between these two. The viability was determined through pollen germination using BK medium (Sucrose10%+Boric acid 100 ppm). Pollinator dependency A pollinator exclusion experiment was done to determine whether these species such as Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) SW. was autonomous self-pollinated or pollinator-dependent. For this, the following three treatments were done (i) Bagging with no hand pollination, (ii) Natural open with no manipulation as control, and (iii) Emasculated open treatment. We used to exclude the entire raceme from pollinators through bagging with a nylon mesh bag before anthesis. Breeding experiments Different types of breeding experiments were done to understand the breeding system of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) SW. For this, some fresh flowers of several inflorescences belonging to different plants were selected and treated with the following experiments (i) Natural pollination with no manipulation, only tagging, for control (ii) Applied self-pollination with one pollinia from the same flower, to check self-compatibility (iii) Geitonogamy with one pollinarium from the different flower of the same inflorescence, (iv) Xenogamy (cross-pollination) with pollinarium from the different inflorescence of the different plant, (v) Bagging with no manipulation for excluding the flowers from visitors or pollinators, for autogamy (vi) Emasculation open, (vii) Emasculation bagging for apomixes. All sets of experiments were observed till fruit formation or shading of flowers from the inflorescence stalk. This series of experiments was done in both the population for two seasons and fruit sets were recorded for each treatment. Data Analysis Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the reproductive outputs under different pollination treatments considering two different years and two different populations were performed using R statistical software program ver. 4.2.0 (R Development Core Team 2022). Results Flowering Phenology The flowering period of C . aloifolium lasted for approximately 4 months (March to June), from the late spring to the summer season, peak flowering occurs in April to May, and few inflorescences still bloomed with fewer flowers in June. Initiation of inflorescence shoots started in the first week of March when maximum and minimum temperature ranges from 26–35℃. Initiation of floral buds from inflorescence stalks started within 7 to 12 days (9.05 ± 1.57, n = 20). Immature floral buds take 10 to 15 days to transform into mature buds (12.27 ± 1.54, n = 56, in 2018; 12.7 ± 1.42, n = 47, in 2019). A mature bud takes 2.3 to 4.5 hours to bloom into a complete flower (3.32 ± 0.65, n = 20). Flowers open acropetally that is from the base to the apex of the raceme. Flower opens or anthesis during the early morning from 6.00 am to 8.30 am (7.09 ± 0.69, n = 51). Flowering starts in the third week of March and continues to the first or second week of June. Peak flowering continued for 55 to 65 days i.e. from the first week of April to the first week of June. In natural conditions, flower longevity is controlled by pollination, floral visitors or herbivores and natural calamities such as heavy rain, storms, etc. The longevity or life span of natural open flowers ranges from 3 to 6 days (Min 4, Max 6 days, n = 26, 2018; Min 3, Max 6 days, n = 21, 2019). But when the inflorescence with flowers was excluded from the natural environment by bagging, flowers remained alive for up to 21 to 34 days (min 22, max 33, 25.86 ± 3.41, n = 36, in 2018; min 21, max 34 days, 26.09 ± 4.65, n = 33, in 2019). The operculum remains tightly packed with the column when the flower blooms but becomes removable within 6 to 12 hours after the flower opens and thus insects can easily carry out the pollinaria for pollination. After pollination, successful ovary swelling occurs within 16 to 36 hours (min 18, max 36 hrs, n = 20, during 2018; min 20, max 34 hrs, n = 20, during 2019). After 10 to 11 months fruit becomes fully mature and after 11 to 12 months just before the next flowering session, the capsule ripe and turns a golden yellow color and dehisced longitudinally as per the locules of the capsule and seeds dispersal takes place through wind and rainwater (Table 2 ). Table 2 Different phenological events of Cymbidium aloifolium studied during two different flowering seasons of the study year Phenoevent Study Year (n) Min Max Initiation of floral buds from Inflorescence stalk (Days) 2018 20 7 12 Buds to mature bud for blooming (Days) 2018 56 10 15 2019 47 11 15 Mature Buds to complete flower open (Hrs) 2019 20 2.3 4.5 Time of flower anthesis (Hrs) 2019 51 6 8.3 Longevity of open flower (Day) 2018 26 4 6 2019 21 3 6 Longevity of bagged flower (Day) 2018 36 22 33 2019 33 21 34 Ovary swelling after pollination (hrs) 2018 20 18 36 2019 20 16 34 (Note: n = number of sample, Min = minimum, Max = Maximum) Table 2 Different phenological events of Cymbidium aloifolium studied during two different flowering seasons Phenoevent Season (n) Min Max Initiation of floral buds from Inflorescence stalk (Days) 2018 20 7 12 Buds to mature bud for blooming (Days) 2018 56 10 15 2019 47 11 15 Mature Buds to complete flower open (hrs) 2019 20 2.3 4.5 Time of flower anthesis (Day duration-am) 2019 51 6 8.3 Longevity of open flower (Day) 2018 26 4 6 2019 21 3 6 Longevity of bagged flower (Day) 2018 36 22 33 2019 33 21 34 Ovary swelling after pollination (hrs) 2018 20 18 36 2019 20 16 34 (Note: n = number of sample, Min = minimum, Max = Maximum) Functional Morphology Each clump of the species produced 10 to 33 racemes (22 to 33, 24.85 ± 11.29, n = 20, Site A population; 10 to 31, 22.65 ± 10.64, n = 20, Site B population). The length of the inflorescences ranges from 21 to 65 cm. Inflorescence arose from the sheaths of the pseudobulbs. Each inflorescence contains an average of 31 to 35 flowers. The average size of a flower was 4.22×2.23 cm (n = 40). The color of the flower was reddish yellow with maroon striation on the sepal and petal. Sepal and petal are equal in size with a deep red longitudinal line. The size of the labellum is 1.68–1.7×1.26–1.27 cm and consists of 3 lobes, 2 side lobes and one mid. Two side lobes erect and acute that are loosely clasp the column forming a labellum chamber but the mid lobe remains curved downwards. The labellum chamber is the pathway through which the pollinator enters the flower. The inner surface of the labellum was deep red with a center yellow mark and several white striations. The average size of the column is 1.15–1.16×0.27–0.28 cm (n = 40). The column was slightly shorter than the side lobe of the labellum. The arcuate column was deeply red with a yellow color operculum at its apex which covers the anthers. Two yellow color pollinia remain attached with sticky viscidium. The concave stigma situated behind the anther and its upper margin extension produces rostellum. Rostellum separates the anther from the stigma and checks the autonomous pollination (Fig. 1 ) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Floral Morphological data of Cymbidium aloifolium of two different populations of two different sites, Population A (Sepahijala) and population B (Suryamaninagar) of Tripura Trait Population A Population B Min Mean SD Max CV Min Mean SD Max CV No. of inflorescence per plant (clump) 12 24.85 11.29 33 0.45 10 22.65 10.64 31 0.47 Length of inflorescence (cm) 25 42.31 9.87 60 0.23 21 41.76 10.1 57 0.24 No. of flower per inflorescence 25 31.23 4.98 40 0.16 20 29.23 4.45 35 0.15 Pedicel length (cm) 2 2.2 0.14 2.4 0.06 2 2.23 0.15 2.5 0.07 Flower length (cm) 4 4.22 0.16 4.5 0.04 4 4.23 0.15 4.5 0.03 Flower width (cm) 3 3.23 0.16 3.5 0.05 3 3.23 0.15 3.5 0.05 Upper sepal length (cm) 1.5 1.67 0.21 2 0.12 1.5 1.68 0.19 2 0.11 Upper sepal width (cm) 0.4 0.52 0.09 0.7 0.17 0.4 0.52 0.1 0.7 0.19 Lateral Right sepal length (cm) 1.6 1.82 0.17 2.1 0.09 1.6 1.82 0.17 2.1 0.09 Lateral Right sepal width (cm) 0.5 0.55 0.05 0.6 0.09 0.5 0.56 0.05 0.6 0.09 Lateral left sepal length (cm) 1.6 1.87 0.19 2.1 0.10 1.6 1.88 0.2 2.1 0.11 Lateral left sepal width(cm) 0.5 0.62 0.07 0.7 0.11 0.5 0.62 0.08 0.7 0.13 Right Petal length (cm) 1.6 1.87 0.14 2.1 0.07 1.6 1.88 0.15 2.1 0.08 Right Petal width (cm) 0.5 0.65 0.06 0.7 0.09 0.5 0.64 0.07 0.7 0.11 Left petal length (cm) 1.8 1.94 0.1 2.1 0.05 1.8 1.95 0.1 2.1 0.05 Left petal width (cm) 0.5 0.7 0.63 0.06 0.90 0.5 0.64 0.07 0.7 0.11 Labellum length (cm) 1.5 1.68 0.11 1.8 0.06 1.5 1.7 0.11 1.8 0.06 Labellum width (cm) 1.2 1.26 0.06 1.4 0.05 1.2 1.27 0.06 1.4 0.05 Column length (cm) 1 1.15 0.08 1.3 0.07 1 1.16 0.1 1.4 0.08 Column width (cm) 0.2 0.27 0.06 0.4 0.22 0.2 0.28 0.07 0.4 0.25 Rostellum length (cm) 0.1 0.12 0.04 0.2 0.33 0.1 0.13 0.04 0.2 0.31 Operculum length (cm) 0.2 0.23 0.04 0.3 0.17 0.2 0.23 0.04 0.3 0.17 Operculum width (cm) 0.2 0.23 0.04 0.3 0.17 0.2 0.23 0.04 0.3 0.17 Stigma diameter (cm) 0.2 0.22 0.03 0.3 0.14 0.2 0.23 0.04 0.3 0.17 Stigma to anther distance (cm) 0.1 0.13 0.04 0.2 0.31 0.1 0.13 0.05 0.2 0.38 (Note = Min = Minimum, SD = Standard deviation, Max = Maximum, CV = Cumulative variance). Floral Visitor Observations and Their Behavior At both the study populations (Population A and B), a total of 5 types of floral visitors were observed for C. aloifolium . All the biotic visitors were insects, red ant ( Componotus sp) belonging to the family Formicidae; wasp ( Eumenes fraternus ) belonging to Vespidae; honey bee ( Apis cerana indica ) belonging to order Hymenoptera and family Apidae; fly ( Musca domestica ) belong to Muscidae and one Spider ( Telamonia dimidata ) belonging to Saticidae. Among them flies and spiders were observed only in the Sepahijala population (Table 4 ). Table 4 Floral visitors of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) SW and their foraging activity English Name Scientific Name Family Total Visit Alighted Enters Into Flowers Pollinia Removed Pollinia Carried to the Stigma Red ant Componotus spp. Formicidae - 0 0 0 0 Wasp Eumenes fraternus Vespidae 32 0 0 0 0 Honey bee Apis cerana indica Apidae 192 159 138 58 28 Fly Musca domestica Muscidae 7 0 0 0 0 Spider Telamonia dimidata Saticidae - 0 0 0 0 Red ants were found hovering on the whole inflorescence from the beginning of inflorescence emergence and moved continuously throughout the flower of inflorescence in search of food (sugar) but failed to contact with viscidium or to carry pollinia. The wasp Eumenes fraternus visited the flower for 1 to 3 seconds but did not enter the labellum chamber. The house fly very rarely flew around the flower and set for a while, 1 or 2 seconds on the sepal, petal or lip and flew away. Spider also moved along the inflorescence and occasionally entered the labellum chamber but did not reach the columnar portion of the flower. It was Apis cerana indica that fulfilled all four stages of intrafloral behavior according to Nilsson (1979) which included approaching, alighting, entering and exiting. During the observation period of 37 days, in the year 2018 and 2019 flowering seasons of C . aloifoilium at both sites for a total of 200 hours, a total of 192 visits of this honey bee were recorded. Out of 192, the honey bees alighted the labellum of flower in 159 times of visits, of which during 138 visits the bee entered into the labellum chamber for searching of food or any rewards. They often avoided entering the flowers of 2 or 3 days older and always selected the freshly open flowers of the day. Honey bees visited freshly open flowers (1st day of anthesis) for 7 to 21 seconds (13.25 ± 3.75, n = 20). Though the bee entered the flower 138 times only 58 times could successfully remove pollinaria (58/138). Only 28 times out of 138 they were able to place pollinia to the stigma for pollination (Fig. 2 ). Pollination Mechanism Apis cerana indica consistently visited the C . aloifolium flowers during the full reproductive season among all five floral visitors. Only the bee could contact with the stigma and anther of the flower. The yellow color flower with its reddish striation on the perianth and its sweet cues attracted bees and other visitors. The insect approached the flower and alighted on the curved labellum by slowing down its flight speed, then entered the labellum chamber of the flower for nectar. After spending a few seconds, came out from the flower by moving backward with its hind legs. During backing, the bee's body made such a posture that its abdomen remained downward with the curved portion of the labellum and its head and the back thorax was kept horizontally with the column. Retreating connected the scutellum of the bee with stigma and viscidium within the rostellum of the column, which pushed out the entire pollinarium with anther cap and adhered to the bee’s back thorax due to sticky viscidium. In this way, pollinarium removal occurred. Bee with loaded pollinia felt uneasy to fly and wanted to remove it from the body. While revisiting other flowers, pollinia on the bee thorax were easily attached to the stigma of the flower, located opposite to the labellum due to the bee’s movements. Stigma with sticky substances captured the pollinia and completed the pollination (Fig. 3 ). Floral Rewards No nectar was observed visually or by using an optical microscope in the examined flowers of C . aloifolium . The capillary tube also did not fill with any volume of nectar of flowers during the experiment. But the pollinator's visit to flowers might be due to color, cues or sweet scent and also to unload the preloaded pollinia onto the stigma. Thus, pollination can be defined as rewardless or deceptive. Pollen Productivity The total number of pollinia per flower was two. The number of pollen counted for the flower ranges from 297521 to 331543 and the average number of pollen produced per flower was 313854.2 ± 14770.32, n = 5 flower buds (10 pollinia). Stigma Receptivity and Pollen Fertility The stigma receptivity was observed at different stages (bud, 1hr, 6 hr, 1st day, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 6th day) before and after the anthesis of the flower throughout the longevity. Stigma of 10 flowers was observed for each stage by hydrogen peroxide test. At the same time, pollen viability of each stage of the flower was also determined using (Sucrose 10% + Boric acid 100 ppm). Very few stigmas (2/10) were receptive at the floral bud stage while 61.30 ± 7.14% of the pollen germinated. This indicated that the anther matured earlier than the stigma. However, after anthesis, the stigma became receptive due to the secretion of sticky viscous substances in the stigma surface (at 1 hr of anthesis). Higher (6 hr of anthesis) to highest (1st day to 6th day) stigma receptivity was observed due to a gradual increase in the deposition of stigma substance. Pollen germination percentage also gradually increased and remained almost similar up to the 6th -day stage. Up to 6th day of flower anthesis, the stigma remained receptive and pollinia remained viable to support any possible way of pollination. Within those days pollinator interaction occurred and terminated flower lives (Table 5 ). Table 5 Study of stigma receptivity and percentage pollen viability of C . aloifolium flower Stages of Flower Stigma Receptivity Pollen Viability (%) Bud -/+ 61.30 ± 7.14 1 hr + 76.17 ± 6.05 6 hr ++ 81.30 ± 6.17 1 Day +++ 89.67 ± 2.03 2 Days +++ 90.57 ± 3.37 3 Days +++ 91.63 ± 3.58 4 Days +++ 93.09 ± 2.33 5 Days +++ 90.02 ± 4.72 6 Days +++ 91.64 ± 3.40 Note: data presented here as mean ± SD. -/+ indicates that some stigmas were receptive and some do not. + indicated that stigma was receptive; ++ indicated stigma with higher receptivity; +++ indicate that stigma exhibited the highest receptivity. Pollinator Dependency No fruit sets were observed for bagged flowers in the species C . aloifolium , in population A and B. However successful natural fruit set (13.37 ± 9.73%, n = 167, Site Sepahijala; 16.42 ± 3.34%, n = 182, Site Suryamaninagar, (during the 2018 Season), (15.43 ± 4.67%, n = 167, Site Sepahijala; 13.96 ± 5.28%, n = 184, Site Suryamaninagar, (during 2019 Season) occurred in both the population for both the studied season. Fruit set also occurred in emasculation open treatment (15.91 ± 5.83%, n = 71flower, Population A; 12.26 ± 4.21%, n = 90 flower, population B, during 2019 season). This finding suggests that the species C . aloifolium is dependent on pollinators for sexual reproduction (Table 6 ). Table 6 Mean fruit set percentage of C . aloifolium with different breeding treatments in two populations at two different sites of two study years Treatment Sepahijala Suryamaninagar (Population A) (Population B) Year Flowers Fruits Fruit set (%) Flowers Fruits Fruit set (%) Natural 2018 167 24 13.37 ± 9.73 d 182 30 16.42 ± 3.34 d 2019 167 27 15.43 ± 4.67 d 184 24 13.96 ± 5.28 d Applied Self Pollination 2018 105 65 61.95 ± 3.27 abc 106 71 67.28 ± 2.82 abc 2019 77 49 64.29 ± 5.16 abc 84 61 73.70 ± 11.62 a Bagging 2018 83 0 0 ± 0 e 139 0 0 ± 0 e 2019 116 0 0 ± 0 e 113 0 0 ± 0 e Geitonogamy 2018 104 60 57.53 ± 4.83 bc 88 50 57.34 ± 4.36 bc 2019 99 57 57.75 ± 5.66 bc 79 42 54.21 ± 8.15 c Xenogamy 2018 108 59 54.65 ± 1.71 bc 99 63 63.20 ± 7.64 abc 2019 114 65 57.52 ± 5.68 bc 87 58 67.98 ± 10.44 ab Emasculation Open 2019 71 11 15.91 ± 5.83 90 11 12.26 ± 4.21 Note: Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05. Post pollination Changes After successful pollination, it has been observed that the column started swelling due to proliferation of the tissue of the column and covered the receptive surface of the stigma within one or two days to avoid further attachment of pollinia. The color of the flower also became pale yellow and the labellum became faded and bent backward to avoid the visit of any more pollinators and withered first than the sepal and petal. The color of the stigma became black-brown, the length decreased and formed a stout structure and thus indicating the complete pollination in a flower. After 3–4 days swollen ovary became visible and all the withered floral parts were attached to its tip. The ovary became mature to develop fruit i.e. capsule and became mature after 5-7months with millions of minute seeds. Reproductive Success Reproductive success strictly depends on the flower and pollinator interaction and pollinator efficiency. The natural fruit set in C . aloifolium ranges from 13.37 ± 9.73 to 16.42 ± 3.34% during the study periods of 2018 and 2019 flowering seasons, considering both the studied population. There was no fruit set observed for bagged flowers in any of the populations. Maximum fruit set occurred in applied self-pollination treatment- 61.95 ± 3.27% to 73.70 ± 11.62%. Flowers with applied xenogamy also produced 54.65 ± 1.71% to 67.98 ± 10.44% of the fruit set. No significant differences in mean (5%, p < 0.05) fruit set percentage were observed between the same treatments performed in two different years at the Sepahijala population. But in the Suryamaninagar population, significant differences were found in the fruit set of the same treatment in different years such as in applied self-pollination (67.28 ± 2.82%, in year 2018; 73.10 ± 11.62%, in year 2019), geitonogamy (57.34 ± 4.36% in 2018; 54.21 ± 8.15 in 2019) and also in xenogamy (63.20 ± 7.64 in 2018; 67.98 ± 10.44% in 2019) (Table 6 and Fig. 4 ). Generalized Linear Model (GLM) Analysis The generalized linear model shows that the sites and treatments independently have significant effects on the percentage fruit set of C. aloifolium whereas the year does not have any significant effect on fruit set percentage. The combined effects of the variables sites and treatments also have a significant effect on the percentage of fruit set but there are no significant effects found in the combination of other variables (Table 7 ). Table 7 Generalized linear model analysis (GLM) to explain the effects of Sites, Treatments and Year and also their combination on percentage fruit set of C. aloifolium Variables Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value P value Sites 1 353 353 10.524 0.00165** Treatments 4 82071 20518 611.325 < 0.001*** Year 1 40 40 1.178 0.28054 Sites: Treatments 4 510 127 3.797 0.00669** Sites: Year 1 3 3 0.086 0.77062 Treatments: Year 4 142 36 1.06 0.38095 Sites: Treatments: Year 4 72 18 0.538 0.70839 Residuals 91 3054 34 Significant differences at p value < 0.05 are in bold. Significant Codes: ‘***’ <0.001 ‘**’ <0.01 ‘*’< 0.05 ‘.’ <0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Discussion Flowering of the studied orchid species Cymbidium aloifolium occurs during the day of March to June but the peak flowering remains for 55 to 65 days. The life span of flowers is controlled by pollinators and ranges from 3 to 6 days naturally but can survive for 21 to 34 days when bagged. Flowers longevity of 51 days and the role of pollinators in the shortening of floral life span are also reported in Cymbidium dyanum (Matsuda and Sugiura, 2018). The long inflorescence with above 30 flowers, flower size, tepal, labellum and showy color of Cymbidium aloifolium helps in attracting pollinators and also increases the frequency of pollinator visitations (Klinkhamer et al. 1989; Corner and Rush 1996) and hence increase the fruit set. The studied orchid species was effectively pollinated by the native honey bee Apis cerana indica and several studies also reported that other species of the genus Cymbidium like Cymbidium pendulum (Sw.) Roxb., Cymbidium dayanum , Cymbidium lancifolium , Cymbidium goeringii are also pollinated by honey bees (Yu et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2007; Matsuda and Sugiura, 2019; Attri and Kant 2018). Flowers of the orchid Cymbidium aloifolium produce no sugar and hence provide no rewards to the pollinators. So, the plant is rewardless and performs food deception pollination mechanisms like Cymbidium lancifolium (Cheng et al. 2007). The honey bee Apis cerana indica was found as the only effective pollinator for the species despite having a long flowering period of the plant. The insects visit the flower and receive pollinarium on their back thorax while they exit the flower and place full pollinarium or its parts to the stigma during the revisit or visit to the same flower or another flower. Honey bees such as Apis cerana cerana , Apis cerana japonica , Apis mellifera also pollinated the flowers of Cymbidium pendulum (Sw.) Roxb., Cymbidium dayanum , Cymbidium lancifolium , Cymbidium goeringii in a similar way (Yu et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2007; Matsuda and Sugiura, 2018; Attri and Kant, 2018). The species Cymbidium aloifolium was fully dependent on insect pollinators for its reproductive success or fruit set as other Cymbidium species (Cheng et al. 2007; Sasaki et al. 1991). The reproductive success of the species at two population levels in natural conditions was generally low and ranged from 13.37–16.42% and 13.96–15.43% in the year 2018 and 2019 which was much more similar to the natural fruit set of Cymbidium lancifolium (Cheng et al. 2007). Despite having plenty of inflorescence and flowers per inflorescence in Cymbidium aloifolium , the percentage of fruit set was very low and may be due to flower-specific single pollinators and infrequent flower visits by the honeybee. Similar kinds of information about the low fruit-set ratio was also shared by Matsuda and Sugiura (2018) for the species Cymbidium dyanum specialized pollination. The flowers were nectarless and the breeding system experiment showed that flowers were self-compatible but could not be able to perform spontaneous or autonomous self-pollination like Cymbidium dayanum , Cymbidium goeringii (Yu et al. 2008; Matsuda and Sugiura 2018). Hand pollination resulted in 61–73% of fruit set by applied or induced self-pollination, 54–57% of fruit set by geitonogamy and 54–68% of fruit set by xenogamy in Cymbidium aloifoloium during the two study years at two different population levels in Tripura. Comparatively higher fruit-set in induced self-pollination, geitonogamy and xenogamy were also reported in Cymbidium goeringii , C . floribundum , C . suavissimum and C . atropurpureum (Yu et al. 2008; Sugahara et al. 2013; Sugahara. 2006; Verma et al. 2012). The density of the Apis Cerana Indica honeybee and their pollination frequency can determine the fruit-set and reproductive success of the studied species C . aloifolium in natural forest conditions. As the insect Apis Cerana Indica is very important for the fruit set of C . aloifolium , protection of this native honeybee population is required for the conservation of this orchid population in natural habitats. Conclusion Plant population stability depends on the reproductive success or fruit set percentage of the species. Fruit set in the studied orchid species depends on the adaptation to pollinator interactions. The species C . aloifolium adapted the insect Apis cerana indica as a pollinator to perform pollination by deception. The structure and colour of the flower play an important role in the attraction of bees as well as the pollination process. However, the single bee pollinator and deceptive pollination mechanism leads to a low natural fruit set in the natural population of C. aloifolium in Tripura. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to Mr. Jaydeb Majumdar for the identification of Insects. The authors are thankful to the Head of the Department of Botany, Tripura University for providing the necessary research facilities. The authors are also thankful to Mrs. Antima Baidya, LDC, Tripura Forest Department (Head Quarter) for the correction of the language of the manuscript. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Attri LK, & Kant R (2011) Orchid pollination: An Observation on Pollination-Pollinator Interaction in Cymbidium pendulum (Sw.) Roxb. Current Botany 2(7): 5–8. Cheng J, Liu S, He R, Wei X, Luo Y (2007) Food-Deceptive Pollination in Cymbidium lancifolium (Orchidaceae) in Guangxi, China. Biodiversity Science 15: 608–617. https://doi.org/10.1360/biodiv.070091 Conner JK, Rush S (1996) Effects of Flower Size and Number of Pollinator Visitation to Wild Radish Raphanus raphanistrum . Oecologia 105: 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00330014 Cruden RW (1977) Pollen-Ovule Ratios: A Conservative Indicator of Breeding Systems in Flowering Plants. Evolution 31: 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb00979.x Dafni A, Keavan PG, Husband BC (2005) Practical Pollination Biology . Enviroquest, Cambridge Du Puy D, Cribb P (2007) The Genus Cymbidium . Kew, England Royal Botanic Gardens. Klinkhamer PGL, de Jong TJ, de Bruyn GJ (1989) Plant Size and Pollinator Visitation in Cynoglossum officinale . Oikos 54: 201–204. https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/3565267 Macpherson K, Rupp HMR (1935) The Pollination of Cymbidium iridifolium Cunn. North Qld. Nat. 3: 26. Matsuda Y, Sugiura N (2019) Specialized Pollination by Honeybees in Cymbidium dayanum , a Fall–Winter Flowering Orchid. Plant Species Biol. 34: 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12231 Nilsson LA (1979) Anthecological Studies on the Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium calceolus (Orchidaceae). Bot. not. 132: 329–347. Pridgeon AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (2009) Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 5, Epidendroideae (part two). New York, Oxford University Press. R Core Team (2022) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Foundation for Statistical Computing. Royal Horticultural Society (2017) Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names. Retrieved from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf. Accessed on 21 July 2023. Sasaki M, Ono M, Yoshida T (1991) Oriental Orchid ( Cymbidium pumilum ) Attracts Drones of the Japanese Honeybee ( Apis cerana japonica ) as Pollinators. Experientia 47: 1229–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01918392 Suetsugu K (2015) Autonomous Self-Pollination and Insect Visitors in Partially and Fully Mycohetero trophic Species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae). J. Plant Res. 128: 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0669-4 Sugahara M (2006) Cymbidium devonianum and Cymbidium suavissimum as Well as Cymbidium floribundum Attracts Japanese honey bees ( Apis cerana japonica ). Zool Sci. 23: 1225. Sugahara M, Izutsu K, Nishimura Y, Sakamoto F (2013) Oriental Orchid ( Cymbidium floribundum ) Attracts the Japanese honeybee ( Apis cerana japonica ) with a Mixture of 3-Hydroxyoctanoic Acid and 10-Hydroxy-(E)-2-Decenoic Acid. Zool Sci. 30: 99–104. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.30.99 Tsuji K, Kato M (2010) Odor-Guided Bee Pollinators of Two Endangered Winter/Early Spring Blooming Orchids, Cymbidium kanran and Cymbidium goeringii , in Japan. Plant Species Biol 25: 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00294.x Verma D, Barbhuiya HA, Lavania S (2014) Bulbophyllum cherrapunjeensis (Orchidaceae), A New Species from Meghalaya, India. Phytotaxa 156 (5): 298-300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.156.5.6 Yu XH, Luo YB, Dong M (2008) Pollination Biology of Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) in China. JSE 46(2):163–174. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.06203 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4430497\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":307290011,\"identity\":\"624d25f7-13db-441f-81fd-7d1d807be333\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Biswajit Baishnab\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,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\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tripura University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Biswajit\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Baishnab\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":307290012,\"identity\":\"81806cc9-fb9e-4af1-a528-d180e3fa373d\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Suman Paul\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tripura University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Suman\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Paul\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":307290013,\"identity\":\"3bbd9699-021b-4cb5-b62e-758253bfdf86\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Badal Kumar Datta\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Tripura University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Badal\",\"middleName\":\"Kumar\",\"lastName\":\"Datta\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-05-16 10:39:07\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4430497/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4430497/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":57519155,\"identity\":\"f6842fc2-afd4-484f-a4d0-3cd32d3f6d50\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-05-31 20:39:00\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1758490,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFloral morphology of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e,\\u003cstrong\\u003e a. \\u003c/strong\\u003ePlant\\u003cstrong\\u003e, b. \\u003c/strong\\u003eInflorescences\\u003cstrong\\u003e, c. \\u003c/strong\\u003eSingle Inflorescence with open flower\\u003cstrong\\u003e, d. \\u003c/strong\\u003ePart of inflorescence\\u003cstrong\\u003e, e. \\u003c/strong\\u003eFlower\\u003cstrong\\u003e, f. \\u003c/strong\\u003eFlower with pollinator\\u003cstrong\\u003e, g. \\u003c/strong\\u003eDissected sepal and petal with lip\\u003cstrong\\u003e, h. \\u003c/strong\\u003ePedicel ovary and column\\u003cstrong\\u003e, i. \\u003c/strong\\u003eLip\\u003cstrong\\u003e, k. \\u003c/strong\\u003eCapsule.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure1.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4430497/v1/078508c32418c58aee58ce93.jpg\"},{\"id\":57519152,\"identity\":\"b9923f95-44bd-4e7a-8a93-a9627d738781\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-05-31 20:39:00\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":529271,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFloral visitation frequency of \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e at different time intervals (morning 6:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.) of the days at two different populations of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure2.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4430497/v1/a7ed5d6d8ccc5508b2f77d0a.jpg\"},{\"id\":57519150,\"identity\":\"4f5368e7-8309-4506-92ab-3c6f0205e048\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-05-31 20:39:00\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1855865,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEffective Pollinator of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e, recorded during pollinator study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure3.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4430497/v1/683e1dce269545fb5c2811a4.jpg\"},{\"id\":57519144,\"identity\":\"9405a255-c815-4f26-a080-a0a370ff3c79\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-05-31 20:38:57\",\"extension\":\"jpg\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":594765,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eMean Differences of percentage fruit set found in Population \\u003cstrong\\u003eA\\u003c/strong\\u003e (Sepahijala) and \\u003cstrong\\u003eB\\u003c/strong\\u003e (Suryamaninagar) during the two study years of the Breeding System of \\u003cem\\u003eC. aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Figure4.jpg\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4430497/v1/fffe50f97adba95c88f54dc3.jpg\"},{\"id\":59004093,\"identity\":\"bb0fe589-ea3b-4677-9e01-3677836f2748\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-06-25 07:41:09\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":5813873,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4430497/v1/fd7c518a-067b-48b2-b412-65425be3f498.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Deceptive pollination mechanisms and low natural fruit set in Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae)\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe genus \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e, commonly known as boat orchid is a sympodial evergreen herb with pseudobulbs. A total of 52 species of the genus \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e Sw. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) are naturally distributed throughout Asia and Oceania (Du Puy and Cribb 2007). This genus has epiphytic, terrestrial and lithophytic species which are mostly autotrophic and rarely leafless saprophytes (Suetsugu 2015). They grow vigorously in a variety of habitats such as high-elevation grasslands, open Savannas, tropical rain forests and as well as semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests in lower tropical regions (Pridgeon et al. 2009). \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e has three to twelve pairs of leaves arranged in pairs one over the others and leaves a sheath of base around the pseudobulb when they withered. The inflorescence arises from the base of pseudobulbs or rarely from the axil of the leaves with an unbranched floral rachis. Sepals and petals are always alike in size and shape but they are thin and slightly fleshy. Labellum remains significantly different from sepal and petal in size, shape and color. The labellum remains attached to the column and has three lobes. \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e produces a glabrous capsule after pollination with millions of pale yellow colour seeds. \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e has its natural hybrids in wilds and many hybrid cultivars developed in horticulture which are the most popular orchids in cultivation. They are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world (Royal Horticultural Society 2017). There are four main types of pollination known to date in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e. They are autonomous self-pollination, reward-based pollination, generalized food deception, and Batesian food-source mimicry. Autonomous self-pollination occurs due to a lack of rostellum in \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003emacrorhizon\\u003c/em\\u003e Lindl, \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eaberrans\\u003c/em\\u003e (Finet) Schltr., \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003enagifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e Masam (Suetsugu, 2015). The bee \\u003cem\\u003eTrigona kockingsi\\u003c/em\\u003e collects viscid substances as a reward from \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003emandidum\\u003c/em\\u003e Lindl. and proceeds the pollination (Macpherson and Rupp 1935). Generalized food deception approach is reported in \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003elancifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (Cheng et al. 2007), \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003egoeringii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. (Tsuji and Kato 2010), and \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ekanran\\u003c/em\\u003e Makino (Tsuji and Kato 2010). This species \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e is distributed in Asia, especially China, Bangladesh, eastern Himalayas, India and Andaman Islands, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Java and Sumatra and prefers elevation ranges from 0 to 1500 meters. In India, the species are distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharastra, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim and Tripura. Despite its wide range of distribution, sufficient information is lacking about the pollination strategy or reproductive success of this native orchid species for future conservation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe present study focuses on the pollination mechanisms and reproductive success of one epiphytic orchid species namely \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e in Tripura. The specific aims of this study were to investigate (a) Phenology and the functional floral morphology, (b) Effective pollinators and intra-floral activities, (c) Pollination mechanism, (d) Pollination type, (e) Pollen production, (f) Pollen viability with stigma receptivity from anthesis to senescence, and (f) Pollination or reproductive success as percentage fruit set against the several breeding system experiments. The findings of this study may contribute to our understanding of the reproductive strategies of this epiphytic orchid species which may help in its future conservation perspective.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStudied plant Species\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDifferent breeding experiments and pollination ecology of the orchid species \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW. were studied in natural population of the species in Tripura (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStudied Orchid Species, Study Sites and Geographical Locations\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStudy Site\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGPS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSipahijala (Dakshin Charilam, Tripura)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u0026deg;38'44.9\\\"N 91\\u0026deg;17'58.6\\\"E\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSuryamaninagar (Pandabpur, Tripura west)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23\\u0026deg;45'33.5\\\"N 91\\u0026deg;15'14.7\\\"E\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStudy Sites\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo study the reproductive biology of orchid species \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e, two healthy natural populations were found in natural habitats for field observation along with breeding experiments. So, two healthy populations of the studied species at natural habitat (Site A and Site B) near Tripura University for field observation and breeding experiments were tagged. Site A population was in Sepahijala district, adjacent to the Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary (Dakshin Charilam, 23\\u0026deg;38'44.9\\\"N; 91\\u0026deg;17'58.6\\\"E). Site B population was in West Tripura District at Suryamaninagar (Suryamaninagar, Pandabpur 23\\u0026deg;45'33.5\\\"N 91\\u0026deg;15'14.7\\\"E) near Tripura University campus (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). At both sites sufficient adult individuals were present to perform a series of experiments for sexual reproduction and pollination ecology. In site A population, there were 15 individual clumps placed on 6 different host trees. These host plants were \\u003cem\\u003eMangifera indica\\u003c/em\\u003e L., \\u003cem\\u003eShorea robusta\\u003c/em\\u003e C.F.Gaertn., \\u003cem\\u003eSchima wallichii\\u003c/em\\u003e (DC.) Choisy, \\u003cem\\u003eSamanea saman\\u003c/em\\u003e (Jacq.) Merr., \\u003cem\\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\\u003c/em\\u003e Lam. and \\u003cem\\u003eFicus religiosa\\u003c/em\\u003e L. In site B population there were 12 clumps placed on 3 different host trees namely \\u003cem\\u003eMangifera indica\\u003c/em\\u003e L., \\u003cem\\u003eLagerstroemia speciosa\\u003c/em\\u003e Pers., and \\u003cem\\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\\u003c/em\\u003e Lam. For cross pollination, we collected flowers from a third population which was 15 km away from site A and 3 km away from site B. Populations with maximum mature individuals produced more flowers during the flowering season and attract floral visitors for pollination.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFlowering phenology and functional morphology\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFor the observation of flowering phenology, a total of twenty individual plants (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20) from the studied population of the orchid species were tagged. Selected plants were observed from the initiation of inflorescence stalk till the wilting of flowers or fruit set after pollination. Time in the means of day or hour was taken for initiation of flowering buds from inflorescence (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;10 inflorescence stalk), and buds to mature were recorded carefully (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;20 buds of \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;10 inflorescences). How many hours a mature bud takes to bloom into a fully open flower (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20 flowers of \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;5 different inflorescences of \\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;5 different plants) was also observed. To ensure the flower opening time some buds were marked before the day of blooming and the opening times were recorded on the next day (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;20 flowers from separate individual plants). To examine flower longevity or life span, some individual floral buds were marked and kept open and some inflorescence with floral buds were marked and bagged and the opening and wilting dates for each were recorded (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;20 buds open and n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;20 buds bagged). Some flowers were also marked during the day of hand pollination and were observed till ovary swelling and also to record other post-pollination changes and fruit maturity (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20 flowers of 5 inflorescences). For functional morphological traits, 20 fresh flowers of 5 inflorescences from 5 separate plants from at least two populations of species \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW. were collected and all the morphological and functional characters such as flower color and size, length and width of the perianth (sepal and petal) and labellum; length of spur cavity, foot and gynandrium; the position of the stigma and anther; distance from the labellum to stigma and stigma to anther sac; shape and color of pollinia, etc were measured and recorded. All the characters were measured with vernier calipers (0.01mm) or graph paper.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFloral visitor observations and their behavior\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFlowering clumps of the selected population of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW. were monitored during their respective flowering season to observe floral visitors and their behavior. We visited and observed for 3 to 8 hrs per day between 6.00 am to 4.00 pm (6 hrs to 16 hrs), for 30 to 40 days during the flowering season of at least two years. Four stages of intra-floral behaviors of pollinators were noticed which consist of approaching, alighting, entering and exiting (Nilsson 1979). Insects were identified by the renounce entomologist of Tripura, Dr. Jaydeb Majumdar, Project Coordinator, JICA, department of Forest, the government of Tripura.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFloral rewards\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFloral reward assessment was done to specify what type of pollination was carried out by the studied species. For this experiment, 5 to 10 inflorescences with 30 to 50 buds were bagged in plastic bags before the day of anthesis. Flowers were removed after anthesis to examine the nectar. The presence or absence of nectar was examined visually and also using an optical microscope. To measure the nectar volume the 5 \\u0026micro;L SIGMA micro-cap calibrated capillary tubes (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) were used.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePollen productivity\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePollen grains per anther (pollinia) were estimated by following the method of Cruden (1977). According to this method, we made 1 ml of pollen suspension for 1 pollinium with distilled water, colored with carmine and counted 0.5 ml of this suspension by observing (0.1\\u0026times;5 times) under a trinocular Olympus light microscope (4 \\u0026times; lense and 10 \\u0026times; eyepiece). A total of 5 pollinia from five fresh flowers of five different plants were observed to calculate the total pollen grain produced by an individual flower. Total pollen per pollinia was calculated from the data by a simple formula* and then multiplied by two to know the total pollen production of a flower.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*Total volume of pollen suspension \\u0026times; number of pollen grain in the sampled suspension/volume of suspension was used for counting.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStigma receptivity and pollen maturity\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStigma receptivity was determined for bud, 1 hr, 6 hr, 1st day to 6th day after flower anthesis as the maximum flower became pollinated or damaged by flower herbivores within 6 days of the species. Receptivity was tested by placing the stigma of 10 buds and 10 fresh flowers of each stage into a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide following the standard method (Dafni et al. 2005). Bubbles produced on the stigma surface represent the presence of peroxide enzyme which indicates receptive stigma. The numbers of receptive stigmas for buds or flowers were counted under the simple light microscope (Magnus MSZ-Bi).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe percentage of viable pollen was also determined simultaneously with the stigma receptivity for bud, 1hr, 6 hr, 1st day to 6th day after flower anthesis to observe the relation between these two. The viability was determined through pollen germination using BK medium (Sucrose10%+Boric acid 100 ppm).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePollinator dependency\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA pollinator exclusion experiment was done to determine whether these species such as \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW. was autonomous self-pollinated or pollinator-dependent. For this, the following three treatments were done (i) Bagging with no hand pollination, (ii) Natural open with no manipulation as control, and (iii) Emasculated open treatment. We used to exclude the entire raceme from pollinators through bagging with a nylon mesh bag before anthesis.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eBreeding experiments\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDifferent types of breeding experiments were done to understand the breeding system of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW. For this, some fresh flowers of several inflorescences belonging to different plants were selected and treated with the following experiments (i) Natural pollination with no manipulation, only tagging, for control (ii) Applied self-pollination with one pollinia from the same flower, to check self-compatibility (iii) Geitonogamy with one pollinarium from the different flower of the same inflorescence, (iv) Xenogamy (cross-pollination) with pollinarium from the different inflorescence of the different plant, (v) Bagging with no manipulation for excluding the flowers from visitors or pollinators, for autogamy (vi) Emasculation open, (vii) Emasculation bagging for apomixes. All sets of experiments were observed till fruit formation or shading of flowers from the inflorescence stalk. This series of experiments was done in both the population for two seasons and fruit sets were recorded for each treatment.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eData Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the reproductive outputs under different pollination treatments considering two different years and two different populations were performed using R statistical software program ver. 4.2.0 (R Development Core Team 2022).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFlowering Phenology\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe flowering period of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e lasted for approximately 4 months (March to June), from the late spring to the summer season, peak flowering occurs in April to May, and few inflorescences still bloomed with fewer flowers in June. Initiation of inflorescence shoots started in the first week of March when maximum and minimum temperature ranges from 26\\u0026ndash;35℃. Initiation of floral buds from inflorescence stalks started within 7 to 12 days (9.05\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.57, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20). Immature floral buds take 10 to 15 days to transform into mature buds (12.27\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.54, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;56, in 2018; 12.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.42, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;47, in 2019). A mature bud takes 2.3 to 4.5 hours to bloom into a complete flower (3.32\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.65, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20). Flowers open acropetally that is from the base to the apex of the raceme. Flower opens or anthesis during the early morning from 6.00 am to 8.30 am (7.09\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.69, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;51). Flowering starts in the third week of March and continues to the first or second week of June. Peak flowering continued for 55 to 65 days i.e. from the first week of April to the first week of June. In natural conditions, flower longevity is controlled by pollination, floral visitors or herbivores and natural calamities such as heavy rain, storms, etc. The longevity or life span of natural open flowers ranges from 3 to 6 days (Min 4, Max 6 days, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;26, 2018; Min 3, Max 6 days, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;21, 2019). But when the inflorescence with flowers was excluded from the natural environment by bagging, flowers remained alive for up to 21 to 34 days (min 22, max 33, 25.86\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.41, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;36, in 2018; min 21, max 34 days, 26.09\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.65, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;33, in 2019). The operculum remains tightly packed with the column when the flower blooms but becomes removable within 6 to 12 hours after the flower opens and thus insects can easily carry out the pollinaria for pollination. After pollination, successful ovary swelling occurs within 16 to 36 hours (min 18, max 36 hrs, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20, during 2018; min 20, max 34 hrs, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20, during 2019). After 10 to 11 months fruit becomes fully mature and after 11 to 12 months just before the next flowering session, the capsule ripe and turns a golden yellow color and dehisced longitudinally as per the locules of the capsule and seeds dispersal takes place through wind and rainwater (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDifferent phenological events of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e studied during two different flowering seasons of the study year\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePhenoevent\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStudy Year\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(n)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMax\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInitiation of floral buds from Inflorescence stalk (Days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuds to mature bud for blooming (Days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMature Buds to complete flower open (Hrs)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTime of flower anthesis (Hrs)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity of open flower (Day)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity of bagged flower (Day)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOvary swelling after pollination (hrs)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e(Note: n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;number of sample, Min\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;minimum, Max\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Maximum)\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDifferent phenological events of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e studied during two different flowering seasons\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePhenoevent\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeason\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(n)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMax\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInitiation of floral buds from Inflorescence stalk (Days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBuds to mature bud for blooming (Days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMature Buds to complete flower open (hrs)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTime of flower anthesis (Day duration-am)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity of open flower (Day)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLongevity of bagged flower (Day)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOvary swelling after pollination (hrs)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e(Note: n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;number of sample, Min\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;minimum, Max\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Maximum)\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFunctional Morphology\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEach clump of the species produced 10 to 33 racemes (22 to 33, 24.85\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.29, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20, Site A population; 10 to 31, 22.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.64, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20, Site B population). The length of the inflorescences ranges from 21 to 65 cm. Inflorescence arose from the sheaths of the pseudobulbs. Each inflorescence contains an average of 31 to 35 flowers. The average size of a flower was 4.22\\u0026times;2.23 cm (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;40). The color of the flower was reddish yellow with maroon striation on the sepal and petal. Sepal and petal are equal in size with a deep red longitudinal line. The size of the labellum is 1.68\\u0026ndash;1.7\\u0026times;1.26\\u0026ndash;1.27 cm and consists of 3 lobes, 2 side lobes and one mid. Two side lobes erect and acute that are loosely clasp the column forming a labellum chamber but the mid lobe remains curved downwards. The labellum chamber is the pathway through which the pollinator enters the flower. The inner surface of the labellum was deep red with a center yellow mark and several white striations. The average size of the column is 1.15\\u0026ndash;1.16\\u0026times;0.27\\u0026ndash;0.28 cm (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;40). The column was slightly shorter than the side lobe of the labellum. The arcuate column was deeply red with a yellow color operculum at its apex which covers the anthers. Two yellow color pollinia remain attached with sticky viscidium. The concave stigma situated behind the anther and its upper margin extension produces rostellum. Rostellum separates the anther from the stigma and checks the autonomous pollination (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFloral Morphological data of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e of two different populations of two different sites, Population A (Sepahijala) and population B (Suryamaninagar) of Tripura\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTrait\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation A\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c10\\\" namest=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation B\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSD\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMax\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCV\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMin\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSD\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMax\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCV\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of inflorescence per plant (clump)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.29\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.47\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength of inflorescence (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.87\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e41.76\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo. of flower per inflorescence\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.98\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePedicel length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFlower length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFlower width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUpper sepal length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.67\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUpper sepal width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.52\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral Right sepal length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral Right sepal width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral left sepal length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.87\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral left sepal width(cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRight Petal length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.87\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRight Petal width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeft petal length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.94\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.95\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeft petal width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLabellum length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.68\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLabellum width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.26\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eColumn length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eColumn width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.07\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRostellum length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOperculum length (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOperculum width (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStigma diameter (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStigma to anther distance (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.38\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e(Note\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Min\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Minimum, SD\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation, Max\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Maximum, CV\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Cumulative variance).\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFloral Visitor Observations and Their Behavior\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt both the study populations (Population A and B), a total of 5 types of floral visitors were observed for \\u003cem\\u003eC. aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e. All the biotic visitors were insects, red ant (\\u003cem\\u003eComponotus\\u003c/em\\u003e sp) belonging to the family Formicidae; wasp (\\u003cem\\u003eEumenes fraternus\\u003c/em\\u003e) belonging to Vespidae; honey bee (\\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e) belonging to order Hymenoptera and family Apidae; fly (\\u003cem\\u003eMusca domestica\\u003c/em\\u003e) belong to Muscidae and one Spider (\\u003cem\\u003eTelamonia dimidata\\u003c/em\\u003e) belonging to Saticidae. Among them flies and spiders were observed only in the Sepahijala population (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFloral visitors of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (L.) SW and their foraging activity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEnglish Name\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScientific\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eName\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFamily\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTotal Visit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAlighted\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEnters Into Flowers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePollinia Removed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePollinia Carried to the Stigma\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRed ant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eComponotus\\u003c/em\\u003e spp.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFormicidae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWasp\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEumenes fraternus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVespidae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHoney bee\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eApidae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e192\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e159\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e138\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFly\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMusca domestica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMuscidae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpider\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTelamonia dimidata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSaticidae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRed ants were found hovering on the whole inflorescence from the beginning of inflorescence emergence and moved continuously throughout the flower of inflorescence in search of food (sugar) but failed to contact with viscidium or to carry pollinia. The wasp \\u003cem\\u003eEumenes fraternus\\u003c/em\\u003e visited the flower for 1 to 3 seconds but did not enter the labellum chamber. The house fly very rarely flew around the flower and set for a while, 1 or 2 seconds on the sepal, petal or lip and flew away. Spider also moved along the inflorescence and occasionally entered the labellum chamber but did not reach the columnar portion of the flower. It was \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e that fulfilled all four stages of intrafloral behavior according to Nilsson (1979) which included approaching, alighting, entering and exiting. During the observation period of 37 days, in the year 2018 and 2019 flowering seasons of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifoilium\\u003c/em\\u003e at both sites for a total of 200 hours, a total of 192 visits of this honey bee were recorded. Out of 192, the honey bees alighted the labellum of flower in 159 times of visits, of which during 138 visits the bee entered into the labellum chamber for searching of food or any rewards. They often avoided entering the flowers of 2 or 3 days older and always selected the freshly open flowers of the day. Honey bees visited freshly open flowers (1st day of anthesis) for 7 to 21 seconds (13.25\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.75, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;20). Though the bee entered the flower 138 times only 58 times could successfully remove pollinaria (58/138). Only 28 times out of 138 they were able to place pollinia to the stigma for pollination (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePollination Mechanism\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e consistently visited the \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e flowers during the full reproductive season among all five floral visitors. Only the bee could contact with the stigma and anther of the flower. The yellow color flower with its reddish striation on the perianth and its sweet cues attracted bees and other visitors. The insect approached the flower and alighted on the curved labellum by slowing down its flight speed, then entered the labellum chamber of the flower for nectar. After spending a few seconds, came out from the flower by moving backward with its hind legs. During backing, the bee's body made such a posture that its abdomen remained downward with the curved portion of the labellum and its head and the back thorax was kept horizontally with the column. Retreating connected the scutellum of the bee with stigma and viscidium within the rostellum of the column, which pushed out the entire pollinarium with anther cap and adhered to the bee\\u0026rsquo;s back thorax due to sticky viscidium. In this way, pollinarium removal occurred. Bee with loaded pollinia felt uneasy to fly and wanted to remove it from the body. While revisiting other flowers, pollinia on the bee thorax were easily attached to the stigma of the flower, located opposite to the labellum due to the bee\\u0026rsquo;s movements. Stigma with sticky substances captured the pollinia and completed the pollination (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFloral Rewards\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo nectar was observed visually or by using an optical microscope in the examined flowers of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e. The capillary tube also did not fill with any volume of nectar of flowers during the experiment. But the pollinator's visit to flowers might be due to color, cues or sweet scent and also to unload the preloaded pollinia onto the stigma. Thus, pollination can be defined as rewardless or deceptive.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec19\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePollen Productivity\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe total number of pollinia per flower was two. The number of pollen counted for the flower ranges from 297521 to 331543 and the average number of pollen produced per flower was 313854.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;14770.32, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5 flower buds (10 pollinia).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStigma Receptivity and Pollen Fertility\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe stigma receptivity was observed at different stages (bud, 1hr, 6 hr, 1st day, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 6th day) before and after the anthesis of the flower throughout the longevity. Stigma of 10 flowers was observed for each stage by hydrogen peroxide test. At the same time, pollen viability of each stage of the flower was also determined using (Sucrose 10% + Boric acid 100 ppm). Very few stigmas (2/10) were receptive at the floral bud stage while 61.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.14% of the pollen germinated. This indicated that the anther matured earlier than the stigma. However, after anthesis, the stigma became receptive due to the secretion of sticky viscous substances in the stigma surface (at 1 hr of anthesis). Higher (6 hr of anthesis) to highest (1st day to 6th day) stigma receptivity was observed due to a gradual increase in the deposition of stigma substance. Pollen germination percentage also gradually increased and remained almost similar up to the 6th -day stage. Up to 6th day of flower anthesis, the stigma remained receptive and pollinia remained viable to support any possible way of pollination. Within those days pollinator interaction occurred and terminated flower lives (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab6\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStudy of stigma receptivity and percentage pollen viability of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e flower\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStages of Flower\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStigma Receptivity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePollen Viability (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBud\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-/+\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 hr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.17\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6 hr\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e++\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.30\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;6.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1 Day\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+++\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.67\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2 Days\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+++\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e90.57\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3 Days\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+++\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e91.63\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4 Days\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+++\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.09\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5 Days\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+++\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e90.02\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6 Days\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+++\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e91.64\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003eNote: data presented here as mean\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SD. -/+ indicates that some stigmas were receptive and some do not. + indicated that stigma was receptive; ++ indicated stigma with higher receptivity; +++ indicate that stigma exhibited the highest receptivity.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec21\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePollinator Dependency\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo fruit sets were observed for bagged flowers in the species \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e, in population A and B. However successful natural fruit set (13.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.73%, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;167, Site Sepahijala; 16.42\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.34%, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;182, Site Suryamaninagar, (during the 2018 Season), (15.43\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.67%, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;167, Site Sepahijala; 13.96\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.28%, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;184, Site Suryamaninagar, (during 2019 Season) occurred in both the population for both the studied season. Fruit set also occurred in emasculation open treatment (15.91\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.83%, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;71flower, Population A; 12.26\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.21%, n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;90 flower, population B, during 2019 season). This finding suggests that the species \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e is dependent on pollinators for sexual reproduction (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab7\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean fruit set percentage of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e with different breeding treatments in two populations at two different sites of two study years\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTreatment\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSepahijala\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSuryamaninagar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e(Population A)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e(Population B)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eYear\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFlowers\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFruits\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFruit set (%)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFlowers\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFruits\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFruit set (%)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNatural\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e167\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.73\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e182\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.42\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.34\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e167\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.43\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.67\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e184\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.96\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.28\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eApplied Self Pollination\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e105\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.27\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e106\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.82\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e49\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e64.29\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.16\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e84\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e73.70\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.62\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBagging\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e83\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e139\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e116\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e113\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGeitonogamy\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e104\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57.53\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.83\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57.34\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.36\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57.75\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.66\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.15\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eXenogamy\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e108\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.71\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e99\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e63\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e63.20\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.64\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e114\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57.52\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.68\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67.98\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.44\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEmasculation Open\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.91\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.83\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.26\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"8\\\"\\u003eNote: Different letters indicate significant differences at p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05.\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec22\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePost pollination Changes\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAfter successful pollination, it has been observed that the column started swelling due to proliferation of the tissue of the column and covered the receptive surface of the stigma within one or two days to avoid further attachment of pollinia. The color of the flower also became pale yellow and the labellum became faded and bent backward to avoid the visit of any more pollinators and withered first than the sepal and petal. The color of the stigma became black-brown, the length decreased and formed a stout structure and thus indicating the complete pollination in a flower. After 3\\u0026ndash;4 days swollen ovary became visible and all the withered floral parts were attached to its tip. The ovary became mature to develop fruit i.e. capsule and became mature after 5-7months with millions of minute seeds.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec23\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eReproductive Success\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReproductive success strictly depends on the flower and pollinator interaction and pollinator efficiency. The natural fruit set in \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e ranges from 13.37\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;9.73 to 16.42\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.34% during the study periods of 2018 and 2019 flowering seasons, considering both the studied population. There was no fruit set observed for bagged flowers in any of the populations. Maximum fruit set occurred in applied self-pollination treatment- 61.95\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;3.27% to 73.70\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.62%. Flowers with applied xenogamy also produced 54.65\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.71% to 67.98\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.44% of the fruit set. No significant differences in mean (5%, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) fruit set percentage were observed between the same treatments performed in two different years at the Sepahijala population. But in the Suryamaninagar population, significant differences were found in the fruit set of the same treatment in different years such as in applied self-pollination (67.28\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.82%, in year 2018; 73.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;11.62%, in year 2019), geitonogamy (57.34\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.36% in 2018; 54.21\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.15 in 2019) and also in xenogamy (63.20\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;7.64 in 2018; 67.98\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;10.44% in 2019) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e and Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGeneralized \\u003cb\\u003eLinear Model (GLM) Analysis\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe generalized linear model shows that the sites and treatments independently have significant effects on the percentage fruit set of \\u003cem\\u003eC. aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e whereas the year does not have any significant effect on fruit set percentage. The combined effects of the variables sites and treatments also have a significant effect on the percentage of fruit set but there are no significant effects found in the combination of other variables (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab8\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 7\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eGeneralized linear model analysis (GLM) to explain the effects of Sites, Treatments and Year and also their combination on percentage fruit set of\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eC. aloifolium\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDf\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSum Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean Sq\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eF value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eP value\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e353\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e353\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.524\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.00165**\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTreatments\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82071\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20518\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e611.325\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cb\\u003e0.001***\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYear\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.178\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.28054\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSites: Treatments\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e510\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e127\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.797\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.00669**\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSites: Year\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.086\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.77062\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTreatments: Year\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e142\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.38095\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSites: Treatments: Year\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.538\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.70839\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResiduals\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e91\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3054\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003eSignificant differences at \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e value\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 are in bold. Significant Codes: \\u0026lsquo;***\\u0026rsquo; \\u0026lt;0.001 \\u0026lsquo;**\\u0026rsquo; \\u0026lt;0.01 \\u0026lsquo;*\\u0026rsquo;\\u0026lt; 0.05 \\u0026lsquo;.\\u0026rsquo; \\u0026lt;0.1 \\u0026lsquo; \\u0026rsquo; 1\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFlowering of the studied orchid species \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e occurs during the day of March to June but the peak flowering remains for 55 to 65 days. The life span of flowers is controlled by pollinators and ranges from 3 to 6 days naturally but can survive for 21 to 34 days when bagged. Flowers longevity of 51 days and the role of pollinators in the shortening of floral life span are also reported in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium dyanum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Matsuda and Sugiura, 2018). The long inflorescence with above 30 flowers, flower size, tepal, labellum and showy color of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e helps in attracting pollinators and also increases the frequency of pollinator visitations (Klinkhamer et al. 1989; Corner and Rush 1996) and hence increase the fruit set. The studied orchid species was effectively pollinated by the native honey bee \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e and several studies also reported that other species of the genus \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e like \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium pendulum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Sw.) Roxb., \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium dayanum\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium lancifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium goeringii\\u003c/em\\u003e are also pollinated by honey bees (Yu et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2007; Matsuda and Sugiura, 2019; Attri and Kant 2018). Flowers of the orchid \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e produce no sugar and hence provide no rewards to the pollinators. So, the plant is rewardless and performs food deception pollination mechanisms like \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium lancifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (Cheng et al. 2007). The honey bee \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e was found as the only effective pollinator for the species despite having a long flowering period of the plant. The insects visit the flower and receive pollinarium on their back thorax while they exit the flower and place full pollinarium or its parts to the stigma during the revisit or visit to the same flower or another flower. Honey bees such as \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana cerana\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana japonica\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eApis mellifera\\u003c/em\\u003e also pollinated the flowers of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium pendulum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Sw.) Roxb., \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium dayanum\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium lancifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium goeringii\\u003c/em\\u003e in a similar way (Yu et al. 2008; Cheng et al. 2007; Matsuda and Sugiura, 2018; Attri and Kant, 2018). The species \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e was fully dependent on insect pollinators for its reproductive success or fruit set as other \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e species (Cheng et al. 2007; Sasaki et al. 1991). The reproductive success of the species at two population levels in natural conditions was generally low and ranged from 13.37\\u0026ndash;16.42% and 13.96\\u0026ndash;15.43% in the year 2018 and 2019 which was much more similar to the natural fruit set of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium lancifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (Cheng et al. 2007). Despite having plenty of inflorescence and flowers per inflorescence in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e, the percentage of fruit set was very low and may be due to flower-specific single pollinators and infrequent flower visits by the honeybee. Similar kinds of information about the low fruit-set ratio was also shared by Matsuda and Sugiura (2018) for the species \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium dyanum\\u003c/em\\u003e specialized pollination. The flowers were nectarless and the breeding system experiment showed that flowers were self-compatible but could not be able to perform spontaneous or autonomous self-pollination like \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium dayanum\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium goeringii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Yu et al. 2008; Matsuda and Sugiura 2018). Hand pollination resulted in 61\\u0026ndash;73% of fruit set by applied or induced self-pollination, 54\\u0026ndash;57% of fruit set by geitonogamy and 54\\u0026ndash;68% of fruit set by xenogamy in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifoloium\\u003c/em\\u003e during the two study years at two different population levels in Tripura. Comparatively higher fruit-set in induced self-pollination, geitonogamy and xenogamy were also reported in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium goeringii\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003efloribundum\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003esuavissimum\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eatropurpureum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Yu et al. 2008; Sugahara et al. 2013; Sugahara. 2006; Verma et al. 2012). The density of the \\u003cem\\u003eApis Cerana Indica\\u003c/em\\u003e honeybee and their pollination frequency can determine the fruit-set and reproductive success of the studied species \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e in natural forest conditions. As the insect \\u003cem\\u003eApis Cerana Indica\\u003c/em\\u003e is very important for the fruit set of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e, protection of this native honeybee population is required for the conservation of this orchid population in natural habitats.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePlant population stability depends on the reproductive success or fruit set percentage of the species. Fruit set in the studied orchid species depends on the adaptation to pollinator interactions. The species \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e adapted the insect \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e as a pollinator to perform pollination by deception. The structure and colour of the flower play an important role in the attraction of bees as well as the pollination process. However, the single bee pollinator and deceptive pollination mechanism leads to a low natural fruit set in the natural population of \\u003cem\\u003eC. aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e in Tripura.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgments\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors are thankful to Mr. Jaydeb Majumdar for the identification of Insects. The authors are thankful to the Head of the Department of Botany, Tripura University for providing the necessary research facilities. The authors are also thankful to Mrs. Antima Baidya, LDC, Tripura Forest Department (Head Quarter) for the correction of the language of the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAttri LK, \\u0026amp; Kant R (2011) Orchid pollination: An Observation on Pollination-Pollinator Interaction in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium pendulum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Sw.) Roxb. Current Botany 2(7): 5\\u0026ndash;8.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eCheng J, Liu S, He R, Wei X, Luo Y (2007) Food-Deceptive Pollination in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium lancifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e (Orchidaceae) in Guangxi, China. Biodiversity Science 15: 608\\u0026ndash;617. https://doi.org/10.1360/biodiv.070091 \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eConner JK, Rush S (1996) Effects of Flower Size and Number of Pollinator Visitation to Wild Radish \\u003cem\\u003eRaphanus raphanistrum\\u003c/em\\u003e. Oecologia 105: 509\\u0026ndash;516. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00330014 \\u0026nbsp;\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eCruden RW (1977) Pollen-Ovule Ratios: A Conservative Indicator of Breeding Systems in Flowering Plants. Evolution \\u0026nbsp;31: 32\\u0026ndash;46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb00979.x\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eDafni \\u0026nbsp;A, Keavan \\u0026nbsp; PG, Husband \\u0026nbsp;BC (2005) \\u003cem\\u003ePractical Pollination Biology\\u003c/em\\u003e. Enviroquest, Cambridge\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eDu Puy D, Cribb \\u0026nbsp;P (2007) \\u003cem\\u003eThe Genus\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e. Kew, England Royal Botanic Gardens.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKlinkhamer PGL, de Jong TJ, de Bruyn GJ (1989) Plant Size and Pollinator Visitation in \\u003cem\\u003eCynoglossum officinale\\u003c/em\\u003e. Oikos 54: 201\\u0026ndash;204. https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/3565267\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMacpherson K, Rupp HMR (1935) The Pollination of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium iridifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e Cunn. North Qld. Nat. 3: 26.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMatsuda Y, Sugiura N (2019) Specialized Pollination by Honeybees in \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium dayanum\\u003c/em\\u003e, a Fall\\u0026ndash;Winter Flowering Orchid. Plant Species Biol. 34: 19\\u0026ndash;26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12231\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eNilsson LA (1979) Anthecological Studies on the Lady\\u0026apos;s Slipper, \\u003cem\\u003eCypripedium calceolus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Orchidaceae). Bot. not. 132: 329\\u0026ndash;347.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003ePridgeon \\u0026nbsp;AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (2009) Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 5, Epidendroideae (part two). New York, Oxford University Press.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eR Core Team (2022) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Foundation for Statistical Computing.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eRoyal Horticultural Society (2017) Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names. Retrieved from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf. Accessed on 21 July 2023.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSasaki M, Ono M, Yoshida T (1991) Oriental Orchid (\\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium pumilum\\u003c/em\\u003e) Attracts Drones of the Japanese Honeybee (\\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana japonica\\u003c/em\\u003e) as Pollinators. Experientia 47: 1229\\u0026ndash;1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01918392\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSuetsugu \\u0026nbsp;K (2015) Autonomous Self-Pollination and Insect Visitors in Partially and Fully Mycohetero trophic Species of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium\\u003c/em\\u003e (Orchidaceae). J. Plant Res. 128: 115\\u0026ndash;125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0669-4\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSugahara \\u0026nbsp;M (2006) \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium devonianum\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium suavissimum\\u003c/em\\u003e as Well as \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium floribundum\\u003c/em\\u003e Attracts Japanese honey bees (\\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana japonica\\u003c/em\\u003e). Zool Sci. 23: 1225.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSugahara M, Izutsu K, Nishimura Y, Sakamoto F (2013) Oriental Orchid (\\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium floribundum\\u003c/em\\u003e) Attracts the Japanese honeybee (\\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana japonica\\u003c/em\\u003e) with a Mixture of 3-Hydroxyoctanoic Acid and 10-Hydroxy-(E)-2-Decenoic Acid. Zool Sci. 30: 99\\u0026ndash;104. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.30.99\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eTsuji K, \\u0026nbsp;Kato M (2010) Odor-Guided Bee Pollinators of Two Endangered Winter/Early Spring Blooming Orchids, \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium kanran\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium goeringii\\u003c/em\\u003e, in Japan. Plant Species Biol 25: 249\\u0026ndash;253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2010.00294.x\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eVerma D, Barbhuiya HA, Lavania S (2014) \\u003cem\\u003eBulbophyllum cherrapunjeensis\\u003c/em\\u003e (Orchidaceae), A New Species from Meghalaya, India. Phytotaxa 156 (5): 298-300. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.156.5.6\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eYu XH, Luo YB, Dong M (2008) Pollination Biology of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium goeringii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Orchidaceae) in China. JSE 46(2):163\\u0026ndash;174. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.06203\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Cymbidium, Apis, food deception, Fruit set\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4430497/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4430497/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFloral biology and pollination mechanisms of \\u003cem\\u003eCymbidium aloifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e an epiphytic orchid were investigated in Tripura, India. The flowering period of \\u003cem\\u003eC\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003ealoifolium\\u003c/em\\u003e lasted for approximately 4 months from the late spring to the summer, with raceme inflorescence where flowers open acropetally. The flower longevity strictly depends on pollination, 3 to 5 days; otherwise, individual flowers commonly last for one month. The flowers are nectarless, so they have to attract pollinators by the deceptive mechanism for capsule production. Flowers are fully pollinator-dependent as they are self-compatible but cannot autonomously self-pollinate. The Indian honey bee, \\u003cem\\u003eApis cerana indica\\u003c/em\\u003e, exclusively pollinated the flowers in the field. Pollinarium attached with the insect's back thorax and head due to their movement through the labellum chamber and pollinated the flower while escaping from the same. Both the studied populations estimate the pollination success but the natural fruit set percentage was very low (13\\u0026ndash;16%) as the result of a lack of nectar, infrequent flower visits by worker's honey bees, specialized single pollinator, and tight packaging of pollen cap with column of flower.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Deceptive pollination mechanisms and low natural fruit set in Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae)\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-05-31 20:38:32\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4430497/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":1}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"1439a661-ead0-47f5-93d6-f434259e68ba\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 31st, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-06-25T07:33:00+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-05-31 20:38:32\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4430497\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4430497\",\"identity\":\"rs-4430497\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}