{"paper_id":"13036130-809d-45ee-90c2-01e02341b85b","body_text":"Dynamics of Aluminum Corrosion in Diversified Media: Comparative Analysis of Ethanol, Bio-diesel, Blended Fuel, and Aggressive Conditions to the Sustainable Use of Energy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dynamics of Aluminum Corrosion in Diversified Media: Comparative Analysis of Ethanol, Bio-diesel, Blended Fuel, and Aggressive Conditions to the Sustainable Use of Energy I. Jimoh, A.O. Sumaila, P.O. Asipita, S.A. Aniki This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8035737/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aluminium fabrics rapport continues to play a important part in the occupation of secure and sustainable schemes including the use of inexhaustible fuels. This experiment examined the corrosion rates of aluminium under the influence of ethanol, sesame oil-derived biodiesels, palm nut oil-derived biodiesels, desert date oil-derived biodiesels, 1:1 mixtures of each biodiesel and ethanol, and under the influence of strong chemical solutions (0.5M HCl and 0.5M NaOH). The experiment used the gravimetric analyses procedure to weigh the kinetics of the entire experiment. Based on the procedures followed in the experiment, the results showcased a conducive environment for the usage of each solution across the aluminium materials due to the recorded corrodense rates of less than 1 x 10⁻⁵ mg cm⁻² day⁻¹. This can be attributed to the factor of esterification as the primary mode of protecting the entire metal surface. Moreover, the results of the entire experiment showcased the sustained inert nature of each 1:1 mix of the used biodiesels and ethanol. As a result, the materials were shown to each remain inert towards the aluminium materials. In contrast, the entire experiment showcased the influence of 0.5M HCl and 0.5M NaOH reagents as directed towards the increase in the corrodense rates. During the experiment, the reagents registered 2.4 x 10 − 2 mg cm -2 day -1 and 7.8 x 10 -4 mg cm -2 day -1 . In the entire experiment, the corrodense rates were in the order of NaOH ≫ HCl ≫ Ethanol ≈ Biodiesels ≈ Biodiesel-ethanol mixtures. Materials Chemistry Aluminum decomposition biodiesel exciting blends reasonable substance fuel wholeness Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION The increasing trend in the use of renewable sources of energy has led to many studies focusing on the use of biodiesel as a potential alternative to traditional diesel fuels derived from petroleum (Asipita et al., 2024). Biodiesel maybe treated through the transesterification of herb oils, animal oils, or secondhand oils (Baena & Calderón, 2020; Vergara-Juarez and others., 2024; Jimoh & Asipita, 2024). Biodiesel supports abundant benefits, to a degree better biodegradability distinguished to established engine fuels; upgraded obscenity; and the talent to defeat the amount of green apartment vapor discharged all the while the explosion process. In spite of the above benefits, however, the following material compatibility problems are most notable in the case of biodiesel. Biodiesel tends to be hygroscopic in nature. This coupled with the susceptibility of biodiesel to oxidation as well as the risk of free fatty acid and water contamination can increase the corrosion of metal fabrics secondhand in the creation of non-potable depository tanks and engines (Ellappan et al., 2021; Baena & Calderón, 2020). Various experimental studies have shown the variation in the corrosiveness of metals when exposed to biodiesel. Experiments conducted on both ferrous and non-ferrous alloys when dipped in rapeseed biodiesel, for example, have shown varying rates of corrosion, in which the non-ferrous alloys proved more susceptible as manifested by the loss of mass (Ellappan et al., 2021). On the other hand, the unsaturated esters present in the formulation of biodiesel can assist in the development of protective oxide layers against the attack of metals (Vergara-Juarez et al., 2024). On the other hand, studies conducted for the case of second-generation Jatropha biodiesel have shown the acceleration of the rates of corrosion for both copper and aluminum when compared to the case of diesel fuel due to the chemical instability and water absorbability of the former (Baena & Calderón, 2020). Though electrochemical techniques like potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have improved the understanding of the kinetics of corrosion, gravimetric methods are still very important for the estimation of degradation. The weight loss gravimetric method offers direct information about the degradation process considering the influence of many physicochemical factors like acidity, water content, and oxidation stability (Jimoh & Bishir, 2021; Ellappan et al., 2021; Baena & Calderón, 2020; Jimoh & Musa, 2024). However, discrepancies in the available studies due to differences in the type of biodiesel fuel used as the material's reactant and the experimental factors considered have made the determination of standardized rates of corrosion more complicated. This serves as an important reminder that a comprehensive comparison between materials has been needed for metals in a biodiesel environment under gravimetric procedures (Vergara-Juarez et al., 2024; Baena & Calderón, 2020). As a consequence, the current research focuses on the corrosion studies of aluminum under ethanol, sesamum oil biodiesels, palm nut oil biodiesels, date tree oil biodiesels, their mixtures with ethanol, as well as the HCl and NaOH solutions considered as severe reference environments. Through the gravimetric analysis of the kinetics of the corrosive process, the role of the chemical composition of the fuels as well as the immersion conditions in determining the aluminum resistance can be revealed. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1.1 General Precautions In order to maintain the authenticity of the experimental outcomes, the glassware as well as the metal parts of the apparatus were cleaned following a strict procedure before the experiment. This involved the washing of each apparatus using a detergent approved by the laboratory. The equipment was further cleaned using deionized water. So, surface contaminants were significantly removed and the risk of cross-contamination of the sample reduced, allowing only actual reactions between the material and the medium to influence the results of the corrosion measurements (IntechOpen, 2020 ; Jimoh et al., 2025 ). In the course of the experiment, the procedures were standardized to avoid human errors. 2.1.2 Apparatus All the above-mentioned experiments were carried out under the usage of standard lab equipment commonly found in tests related to the degradation of materials. The equipment used included a Soxhlet extractor, a reflux condenser, and balancing equipment (analytical balance/electron balance with a mass resolution of ± 0.1 mg), pycnometer, drying oven, temperature-controlled mantle, timer, and graded cylinders. The Aluminum samples used were dimensioned (surface area: 2 cm²), as well as being pre-polished. In the experiment procedure, the immersion tests were carried out in a manner that mimicked real immersion tests between biofuels and metals. Mass loss measurements were determined following the gravimetric procedure set out in the reference (Matbouei et al., 2020 ), offering a realistic means of determining the degree of degradation. 2.1.3 Reagents All the chemical compound secondhand were of examining grade and got from prominent beginnings.The following chemicals were used: concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), absolute methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, the boiling-point elevating substance, phenolphthalein solution and deionized water. All the chemicals used were of high purity and were obtained following standardized procedures when determining the rate of corrosion. This helped in avoiding interference effects as explained in Vergara-Juarez et al. (2024). 2.2 Experimental Procedure: 2.2.1 Preparation of Aluminum Coupons Before embarking on the corrosion tests, the aluminum samples were scored for their surface area (2 cm²), cleaned from any surface contaminants and oxide residues through the usage of analytical grade acetone polishing. All the samples were then dried using a desiccator to remove all the water. The mass of each sample was determined pre-test through the usage of the balance (accurate to ± 0.1 mg), following the correct procedures as required in immersion tests for corrosion (Vergara-Juarez et al., 2024; Jimoh et al., 2025 ). 2.2.2 Corrosion Tests on Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends. In order to evaluate the corrosion effect occurring between aluminum materials and the blend of biodiesel and ethanol, the immersion test involved a 1:1 volume mixture of sesame-seed biodiesel and ethanol (each 5 mL volume concentration). Six aluminum samples were pre-accurately weighed and immersed under laboratory conditions for a period of one and two hours. The accurate weight of each sample was taken after the immersion tests were finished, washed in plenty with deionized water, and then reaccurately weighed. The mass estimation technique has been identified as one of the effective ways of comprehending the effects of the surface interactions and the abilities of the metals to act as an absorbent during exposure to biofuels. 2.2.3 Pure Biodiesel Corrosion Testing. Aluminum samples were used to carry out the tests conducted to evaluate the effect of pure biodiesels produced from sesame oil, palm nut oil, and desert date oil. Aluminum samples were immersed in sesame biodiesel for one and two hours. On the other hand, palm nut and desert date biodiesels were used for immersion periods of one, two, three, and four hours. After immersion tests were conducted, the samples were cleaned using deionized water and dried. Then, the weights were recalculated so that the extent of mass loss could be measured. This test procedure has been used in the studies of metal materials exposed to a biodiesel environment for immersion periods varying from one to four hours as per available studies (IntechOpen, 2020 ; Chew et al., 2013 ). 2.2.4 Tests on Corrosion in Acidic and Alkaline Media. For comparison purposes based on exposure to corroding solutions, the aluminum samples were immersed in 0.5M HCl and 0.5M NaOH solutions. Different specimens were subjected to each solution for one, two, three, and four hours. After immersion, the samples were cleaned involving the use of deionized water to wash away the electro-active components. The preparation was done by desiccation in a desiccator. The gravimetric procedure used complies with the norms of ASTM G31-21 (2021) and ASTM G1-03(2017)e1 (2017), recognized globally for the determination of the rate of homogeneous corrosion in metals. The concentration levels used in the experiment relate to the internationally accepted procedure for the accelerated corrosion of metals in strong acid and strong alkali solutions (Fabris et al., 2024 ; Abd El Wanees et al., 2022 ; Jimoh et al., 2020). 2.2.5 Control Experiment in Ethanol Pure ethanol was used as the control fluid. The comparison experiment that was designed as a baseline experiment involved the reactivity of the ethanol only. Aluminum samples were immersed for a period of one hour. Similar procedures for cleaning, drying, and weighing were used. This serves to highlight the self-reactivity of ethanol and its effects on the natural oxide layer in low organic conductivity environments (Wan et al., 2020 ; Matějovský et al., 2021). Such control procedures are imperative for separating the effects of the ethanol reactivity from the effects triggered by the biodiesel. This has been proved to follow general procedures used when considering the effects of corrosiveness on bioethanol fuel systems (Baena et al., 2021 ; Jin et al., 2024). Current studies also demonstrate the efficiency of adopting both short-term immersion and accurate mass loss measurement procedures in understanding the initial development phases of the layering effects related to the rates of corrosion (Vacchi et al., 2024; Vergara-Juárez et al., 2024 ). 2.2.6 Determination of Corrosion Rate The disintegration rate (CR) was deliberate in accordance with the following equating: CR = \\(\\:\\frac{\\varDelta\\:W}{A\\:x\\:t}\\) (1) In which \\(\\:\\varDelta\\:\\) W is the mass change measured in mg, A is the exposed surface of the sample (cm 2 ) and t is the immersion time (days). It is a proven and effective methodology that has been used in the corrosion research field. It is used commonly to determine the metallic degradation brought about by exposure to biodiesel (Matbouei et al., 2020 ; IntechOpen, 2020 ; Jimoh et al., 2025 ). RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum in Ethanol Table 1 documents the corrosion rate of aluminum after a one-hour immersion in ethanol. The ensuing rate of corrosion was comparatively stable, at some 0.012 mgcm -2 day − 1 . It shows that there is no considerable chemical interaction between the aluminum substrate and ethanol solvent due to its properties. The reduced ionic mobility is due to the low electrical conductivity and low polarity of ethanol, which reduces the electrochemical corrosion of metallic substrates. In addition, a poor adsorption ability of ethanol molecules on the aluminum surface probably enables the growth of a weak organic film with a protective role. This barrier would impede the diffusion process of oxygen and moisture to the metal and thus protects it against further attack. In this way, the present results support previous works about remarkable corrosion resistance of aluminum in anhydrous organic media with low polarity, as reported by Aboh et al. ( 2022 ) and Zhang et al. ( 2024 ). Table 1 Corrosion rate of Aluminum in ethanol after immersion of one hour. S/No Initial Weight (mg) Final Weight (mg) Weight Loss (mg) Corrosion Rate (mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹) 1 1.364 1.362 0.002 0.012 2 1.357 1.355 0.002 0.012 3 2.000 1.998 0.002 0.012 4 1.227 1.225 0.002 0.012 Average corrosion rate = 0.012 mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹ 3.2 Corrosion in Pure Biodiesel Media Our measurements have shown no significant change in the mass of aluminum samples immersed in biodiesel produced from sesame, palm nut, and desert date oils (Table 2 ). The results show that, at the detection range of \\(\\:\\pm\\:\\:\\) 0.1 mg, no corrosion was detected and this means that pure biodiesel is not very reactive to aluminum in the short run. This passivability can qualitatively be explained by properties of biodiesel itself, as biodiesel doesn’t possess high permittability or dynamic viscosity in a way that charged particles could migrate, due to the high saturated molecule content of FAME that enables a protective surface layer of molecular adsorption, as well as a stabilizing influence of natural antioxidant molecules in the biodiesel matrix that slows any oxidation reactions on the aluminum surface. The obtained results are in good agreement with previous works, which state that due to the majority of nonpolar nature, biodiesel exhibits low electrochemical activity, hence its material compatibility with aluminum (Okonkwo et al., 2023 ). Table 2 Corrosion rate of aluminum in pure biodiesels (sesame, palm nut, and desert date oils) after 1–3 h immersion Biodiesel Source Coupon No. Initial Weight (mg) Final Weight (mg) Weight Change (mg) Corrosion Rate (mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹) Sesame seed 1–3 – – – ND Palm nut 1–3 – – – ND Desert date 1–3 – – – ND ND = No detectable change within ± 0.1 mg. 3.3 Corrosion in Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends Results in Tables 3 and 4 show that aluminum exhibited significant resistance to corrosion after being immersed in a 1:1 biodiesel-ethanol mixture for one and two hours. Addition of ethanol, to a concentration of not more than 50% v/v, had insignificant effects on the corrosion resistance offered by biodiesel alone. This result is explained by the proposed rationale that the addition of a small fraction of ethanol will not be sufficient to increase the polarity/electrical conductivity of the fluid to a point where electrochemical corrosion can commence. Nevertheless, as suggested in literature, higher proportions of ethanol may initiate the detrimental effects of water accumulation in the passivating layer (Kamal et al., 2021 ). Performance of this material suggests that the substance is chemically compatible with aluminum (Okonkwo et al., 2023 ). Tables 3–4. Corrosion rate of aluminum in 1:1 biodiesel–ethanol blends after 1–2 h immersion Biodiesel Source Coupon No. Immersion Time (h) Weight Change (mg) Corrosion Rate (mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹) Sesame, Palm nut, Desert date 1–3 1–2 – ND ND = No detectable change within ± 0.1mg. 3.4 Corrosion in Acidic Medium (0.5 M HCl) Therefore, the experiment demonstrated that there is a timescale relation between acid exposure and material degradation, supported by a continuous mass loss (Table 5 ). This reinforces the corrosive properties had connection with chloride anions. The corrosion rate went up from 0.006 mg per square centimeter per day after one hour to 0.024 mg per square centimeter per day after four hours. This increase shows that as time goes on, the degradation process speeds up when the material is exposed for longer periods. This occurs because chloride anions pierce through the inherent aluminum group of chemical elements film, stimulating both local pitting and general material separation, as shown by the following synthetic equation: Al + 3H + → Al³⁺ + H₂ \\(\\:\\uparrow\\:\\) (2) It looks like when the material is exposed more, it tends to deteriorate faster. This could be because the outer layers that protect it gradually weaken over time. Such looks are typical for an autocatalytic reaction, as frequently seen in the corrosion of container in acidic chloride media (Singh and others., 2025). Table 5 Corrosive effects of 0.5 M HCl on Aluminum as a function of immersion time, with exposure periods ranging from 1 to 4 hours Time (h) Weight Loss (mg) Corrosion Rate (mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹) 1 0.001 0.006 2 0.002 0.012 3 0.003 0.018 4 0.004 0.024 3.5 Corrosion in alkaline medium (0.5M NaOH) Among the other materials considered, aluminum was found to have the greatest level of corrosive degradation in the presence of alkaline conditions. Starting from an initial four-hour period of time, the corrosion rate increased significantly, ranging from 1.95 × 10⁻⁴ to 7.80 × 10⁻⁴ mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹ (Table 6 ). This better susceptibility to deterioration maybe explained in conditions of the aggressiveness of hydroxide ions, which serve as accelerants towards the breakdown of the thin passive group of chemical elements film presented superficial of the aluminum. After the dissolution of the first structure, compounds containing soluble aluminum are obtained. This process is demonstrably linked to a positive electrode electrochemical reaction, as represented by the following equation: Al + 4OH - → Al(OH) ₄ ⁻ + 3e⁻ (3) This is the chemical reaction which facilitates a quick breakdown of the surface film and provokes surface roughening. According to Abdallah et al. ( 2022 ), the presence of two acidic and basic sites explained why aluminum oxide is more soluble in an alkaline than an acidic environment. It was found that these corrosion rates are in agreement with observations made earlier, thereby suggesting that NaOH can lead to aggressive and accelerating corrosion of aluminum, as elucidated by known kinetic models of alkaline attack on the same metal. Table 6 The resistance of the corrosion of the aluminum in the presence of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution against the time of immersion between 1 and 4 hours. Time (h) Weight Loss (mg) Corrosion Rate (mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹) 1 0.032 1.95 × 10⁻⁴ 2 0.051 3.11 × 10⁻⁴ 3 0.106 6.46 × 10⁻⁴ 4 0.128 7.80 × 10⁻⁴ 3.6 Comparative Corrosion Trends From the comparative study of Table 7 and Fig. 1 , the corrosion tendency of aluminum in the test media is in the order: highly alkaline solution (NaOH), strongly acidic solution (HCl), ethanol, followed by biodiesel and its blends. In the mostly similar and non-reactive conditions of ethanol, biodiesel, and their blends, aluminum stayed stable without any major signs of breaking down. This finding indicates that these settings don't really affect aluminum chemically. On the other hand, the strong sour and alkaline conditions produced clearly increased disintegration rates. This agreed with the amphoteric nature of container and the sensitivity of the protective group of chemical elements layer to pH values (El-Sayed et al., 2024 ). The results of these assessments indicate that biodiesel, whether on its own or mixed with other substances, works well with storage containers. This discovery backs up the idea that biodiesel can be used safely for storing and transporting it under the right conditions. However, in an effort to ensure long-term structural integrity of the aluminum parts in renewable fuel technologies, it would be prudent to avoid their exposure to strongly basic cleaning agents and acid contaminants in general. Table 7 Comparative effectiveness of aluminum to corrosive wasting under a collection of environmental conditions. Medium Immersion Time (h) Avg. Weight Loss (mg) Avg. Corrosion Rate (mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹) Corrosion Tendency Ethanol 1 0.002 1.2 × 10⁻² Negligible Biodiesel (Sesame, Palm, Desert date) 1–3 – ND No corrosion Biodiesel (1:1 blends) 1–2 – ND No corrosion 0.5 M HCl 1–4 0.001–0.004 6.1 × 10⁻³–2.4 × 10⁻² Moderate 0.5 M NaOH 1–4 0.032–0.128 1.9 × 10⁻⁴–7.8 × 10⁻⁴ Severe 3.7 Mechanism clarifying the nature of the mechanism behind the surface chemistry under study. The corrosive behavior of aluminum in the experiments carried out under varied conditions can be accounted for by taking into consideration the stability of the oxide layer, the electrochemical characteristics of the surroundings, and the processes of adsorption influencing the interaction between the metallic material and the fuel. In neutral and nonpolar environments, like ethanol and biodiesel fuels, the dormancy of the aluminum alloys remained very low. In fact, the formation of a high concentration of the dense film of Al₂O₃·xH₂O contributes to the high barrier against the transfer of charges within such fuel samples. Weakadsorption of ethanol and biodiesel fuel samples, especially FAMEs, on the oxide layer takes place via the interaction of the van der Waals forces and dipole-induced forces. Therefore, such an adsorption process leads to the formation of the hydrophobic layer within the oxide layer, which inhibits the diffusion of water and oxygen within the fuel samples, thus retarding the processes of hydrogen evolution and dissolution within the oxide layer of the fuel samples at very low rates of dissolution (< 10⁻⁵ mgcm - ²day⁻¹). In the case of the biodiesel-ethanol blends, such inert characteristics remained intact during the exposure times of initial phases. Having a presence of up to 50% of the ethanol moiety mildly contributed to the increased polarity without compromising the protective layer significantly. Nevertheless, the hydrophilic properties of the latter infer a plausible increase in water absorption over the extended exposure time, thus increasing the ion conductivity to facilitate a possible eventual degradation of the film layer, as postulated by studies suggesting the possible formation of localized pitting sites following exposure to the hydrophilic biodiesel-ethanol environment after a considerably long period of immersion (Kamal et al., 2021 ; Vergara-Juárez et al., 2024 ). In the acidic conditions (0.5 M HCl), the passive layer was gradually solubilized by the aggressive Cl⁻ ions, which move through the defects on the layer’s surface and enhance the dissolution of the metal by the process of localized corrosion. The chemical reaction for the process of corrosion is given by the equation below: Al + 3H + → Al 3+ + H 2 \\(\\:\\uparrow\\:\\) (4) Chloride-induced film breakdown results in the formation of soluble aluminum chloride complexes, thus triggering autocatalytic pitting corrosion. The calculated continuous elevation in the rate of disintegration accompanying an increase in immersion occasion indicates the passive-alive change, which has happened earlier reported for usually metallic in an sour chloride environment (Singh etal., 2025 ). On the other hand, the high corrosion rate was caused by alkaline exposure (concentration of 0.5M NaOH), where the dissolution rate of the oxide layer was high because the hydroxide ions directly react with the aluminum to form the soluble [Al(OH)₄]⁻ ions, as seen below: Al + 4OH - → [Al(OH) 4 ] - + 3e - (5) This process perpetuates itself since the removal of the oxide film increases the metal’s exposure to the electrolyte, thus increasing the rate of anodic dissolution. The steady rise in the rate of corrosion, alongside the visible damage to the steel’s surface, presents clear indications of uniform corrosion and not pitting. These observations are in line with the generally proposed models for the alkaline corrosion of Aluminum, where the activity of hydroxide ions presents the key force behind film degradation (Abdallah et al., 2022 ; Fabris et al., 2024 ). The predisposition of a material to be corrosively degraded follows a given order of precedence: NaOH \\(\\:\\gg\\:\\) HCl \\(\\:\\gg\\:\\) Biodiesel \\(\\:\\approx\\:\\) Blended Fuel \\(\\:\\approx\\:\\:\\) EtOH Biodiesel In a study by El-Sayed and colleagues ( 2024 ), they looked into how pH levels affect how aluminum gets corroded. What they found is that aluminum holds up best when the pH is around neutral or slightly polar. On the flip side, when the environment is very acidic or very alkaline, aluminum breaks down and wears away a lot. In conclusion, the result of the mechanistic reasoning indicates that the reason for the resistance of aluminum to the corrosive effects in the biodiesel and ethanol fuels lies in the combination of the physicochemical properties of these fuels, which include the electrolyte conductivity, water solubility, and the development of the barrier film through the adsorption of the organic material. However, the uniform corrosion observed in the NaOH and HCl indicates the sensitivity of the oxide layer on the aluminum materials to the chemical effects of the electrolytes (Reddy et al., 2025 ). 3.8 Summary of Findings To conclude, the investigation established the following facts: Firstly, the co-uncovering of aluminum to flammable liquid and biodiesel led to very reduced levels of corrosion for the short absorption period secondhand. Second, the combination of biodiesel and ethanol in equal measures showed the absence of noticeable corrosive effects, which makes the two materials chemically compatible. Third, the addition of the acidic (hydrochloric acid) and the basic (sodium hydroxide) solutions greatly hastened the rate of corrosion. Fourth, the greater level of corrosion occurred in the presence of sodium hydroxide, which could be attributed to the damage to the oxide layer found on the aluminum surfaces since the oxide layer acts as a barrier between the reacted and non Finally, based on the results obtained, there is support for the claim that biodiesel, within fuel standards, and the blend are of minimal corrosiveness to the aluminum used within the parameters of the study. 3.9 Conclusion In this study, the corrosive effects of ethanol, sesame bio-diesels, palm nut bio-diesels, desert dates bio-diesels, and their combinations against aluminum materials are evaluated. In this regard, the results showed that ethanol had insignificant corrosive properties; thus, it served as a good control sample for analysis. In the beginning, the results indicated the favorable interaction between the bio-diesels and the aluminum materials, indicated by the insignificant weight loss. Additionally, the metallic forms of the aluminum materials remained intact within the bio-diesel ethanol combinations for the short exposure times. However, extended exposure to both the pure biodiesels and the ethanol-biodiesel combinations led to an increase in the corrosion rates over time. Such an observation points towards the triggering of degradation mechanisms, the rates of which are time-dependent and may be harmful for the metallic form of aluminum. Mechanisms in the way that arrangement at the microstructure level, inherent stresses, and hotness effects have happened recognized as key influencing facets, as validating results have previously happened obtained engaged of biofuel corrosion studies (Pereira et al., 2025 ). 3.10 Recommendation The challenges owned by the extended depository and transportation of biodiesel and intoxicating-biodiesel blends must be considered in a all-encompassing assessment of the fabrics and processes used. On the basis of existing information and literature available on the subject, the following recommendations are made: I. Materials Selection and Engineering Applications : For the sustained storage or transportation of biofuel, the use of aluminum alloys with enhanced corrosive resistance properties/corrosion-proof coatings would be ideal in order to avoid degradation (Adekunle et al., 2024 ). II. Operational Guidelines Reducing the time of exposure between the aluminum materials and biofuels may reduce the risk of corrosion occurring. Checking and maintaining the infrastructure for the storage of biofuels are recommended for ensuring dependable function (Hu et al., 2022 ). III. Future Study Directions Future studies focusing for a longer period are recommended on the rate of decomposition of the metallic compound aluminum within the biodiesel fuel mixture and the biodiesel fuel blend of ethanol. Future studies are also recommended on the effects of the alloy elements and advanced surface treatments on the corrosion resistance properties of the materials (Pereira et al., 2025 ). IV. Real World Application Despite the observed stability over the short period, the actual implementation of the material in the biofuel production cycle makes it imperative to pursue the use of this material; however, for the long-term applications, the installation of materials for monitoring the process of corrosion is advocated for the assurance of the material’s strength and ecological purity (Singh & Arora, 2025 ). These recommendations provide a framework in which the secure and sustainable management of biofuel systems is to be conducted, acknowledging the importance of well-informed material choice, corrosion management, and the importance of studies involving the relationship between aluminum and biofuels. References Abd El Wanees, S., El-Lateef, H. M. A., & Fouda, A. S. (2022). 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A Study On The Corrosion Characteristics Of Internal Combustion Engine Materials In Second-Generation Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel. Energies, 14 (14), 4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144352 Baena, L. M., Vásquez, F. A., & Calderón, J. A. (2021). Corrosion Assessment Of Metals In Bioethanol–Gasoline Blends Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Heliyon, 7 (7), e07585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07585 Chew, K. V., Haseeb, A. S. M. A., Masjuki, H. H., & Fazal, M. A. (2013). Corrosion Of Magnesium And Aluminum In Palm Biodiesel: a Comparative Evaluation. Energy, 57 , 478–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.059 Deb, B. K., & Chakraborti, P. (2024). An Investigation On Corrosion Behaviour And Mechanical Properties Of Aluminium In Diesel Palm Kernel Biodiesel And Ethanol Environments. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 77 (3), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-03153-3 Ellappan, R., Arumugam, S., Sundararajan, R., & Venkatesh, K. (2021). Comparative Corrosion Behaviour Of Ferrous And Non-Ferrous Metals In Bio-Lubricant And Biodiesel Environment. In Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (pp. 425–432). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6267-9_49 El-Sayed, A. A., Mahmoud, M. A., & Saleh, R. (2024). Passivation And Breakdown Of Aluminum In Acidic And Neutral Environments: a Mechanistic Study. Electrochimica Acta, 479 , 142577. El-Sayed, A., Rashed, M., & Hassan, N. (2024). Electrochemical Assessment Of Aluminum Corrosion In Acidic And Basic Media: Role Of Oxide Layer Stability. Corrosion Science, 222 , 112083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112083 Fabris, R., Dizin, A., & Tulliani, J.-M. (2024). Corrosion Behavior Of Aluminum Alloys In Different Alkaline Chloride Solutions. Coatings, 14 (2), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14020211 Hu, X., Zhang, H., & Lin, J. (2022). Long-Term Degradation Of Aluminum Alloys In Biodiesel Environments: Influence Of Temperature And Water Content. Renewable Energy, 185 , 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.078 IntechOpen. (2020). Corrosion testing and evaluation of metallic materials. London, UK: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93311 Jimoh, I. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Corrosion Properties of Henna Leaves Powder on Tin in Acidic and Alkaline Media. International Research Journal of Advanced Sciences, 1, (1) 19 - 27. Jimoh I. & Asipita P.O.(2024): Optimization Of Biodiesel Produced From Chicken Fats Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Trends in Life Sciences.ISSN: 2960-0200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61784/jtls3005. Jimoh, I., & Bishir, U. (2021). Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Ethanol Extract of Acacia nilotica Leaves on Mild Steel in Acid Medium. Portugalia Electrichimica Acta, 39, 2, 105 - 128. Jimoh I., Musa L.A., & Asipita P.O. (2025) Eco-Friendly Corrosion Control of Mild Steel in Sulfuric Acid Using Syzygium guineense: A Response Surface Optimization Study, J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 16(8), 1438-1456; https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Journal/vol16-8.html Kamal, M. A., Hashim, N., & Tan, C. H. (2021). Influence Of Ethanol Concentration On Aluminum Corrosion In Biodiesel–Ethanol Blends. Fuel, 306 , 121730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121730 Kamal, T., Oladipo, A., & Bamidele, E. (2021). Compatibility Of Aluminum Alloys With Biodiesel–Ethanol Blends. Fuel Processing Technology, 216 , 106764. Matbouei, M., Shahrabi, T., & Ramezanzadeh, B. (2020). Gravimetric And Electrochemical Analysis Of Aluminum Corrosion In Biodiesel Media. Surface and Interface Analysis, 52 (12), 1271–1283. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6902 Milano, J., Ong, H. C., & Lam, M. K. (2021). Biodiesel Corrosion Behavior Of Metal Components And Its Mitigation: a Review. Fuel Processing Technology, 213 , 106657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106657 Okonkwo, C. P., Nwosu, C. N., & Uzochukwu, C. I. (2023). Corrosion Evaluation Of Aluminum Alloys In Palm And Sesame Biodiesel. Energy Conversion and Management, 292 , 117310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117310 Okonkwo, I. E., Usman, Y. A., & Adeleke, M. O. (2023). Comparative Assessment Of Biodiesel–Metal Interactions Under Storage Conditions. Renewable Energy, 205 , 184–193. Pereira, J., Almeida, L., & da Silva, A. (2025). Time-Dependent Degradation Mechanisms Of Aluminum In Biofuel Environments: Experimental And Computational Analysis. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 60 (4), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2025.1123451 Reddy, P. S., Sharma, R., & Singh, D. (2025). Protective Coatings And Corrosion Control Strategies For Aluminum In Biofuel Applications. Journal of Materials Protection and Performance, 14 (3), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpp.2025.01.010 Singh, K., & Arora, S. (2025). Corrosion Monitoring Of Aluminum In Renewable Fuel Systems: Advances And Challenges. Journal of Sustainable Materials, 18 (2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmat.2025.02.006 Singh, N., Verma, D., & Kaur, G. (2025). Mechanistic Insights Into Chloride-Induced Pitting Corrosion Of Aluminum. Corrosion Science, 227 , 112260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2025.112260 Singh, V. K., Patra, S., & Das, B. (2025). Surface Film Breakdown And Pitting Of Aluminum In Chloride Media. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 324 , 129472. Sterpu, M., Gheorghiu, A., & Ciobanu, R. (2024). Short-Term Corrosion Assessment Of Aluminum In Biodiesel–Ethanol Systems. Materials Today Communications, 38 , 107281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107281 Venkatesan, K., Sundararajan, R., & Ellappan, R. (2024). Influence Of Biodiesel Composition On Corrosion Performance Of Aluminum Alloys. Energy Reports, 10 , 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.01.044 Vergara-Juárez, N., Moreno, R., & Londoño, S. (2024). Corrosion Of Aluminum In Biodiesel Environments: Influence Of Fatty Acid Composition And Oxidative Stability. Renewable Energy, 228 , 1201–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.02.066 Wan, L., Chen, Z., & Zhao, Q. (2020). Corrosion Behavior Of Aluminum In Ethanol And Bioethanol-Gasoline Blends. Fuel, 275 , 117846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117846 Zhang, L., Chen, H., & Li, W. (2024). Molecular Interactions Governing Aluminum Passivation In Low-Polarity Solvents. Surface and Interface Analysis, 56 (2), 155–167. Zhang, X., Liu, P., & Huang, Y. (2024). Surface Passivation And Adsorption Behavior Of Aluminum In Alcohol-Based Environments. Electrochimica Acta, 480 , 143256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143256 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Jimoh\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgkGBmYGAwZmfqhAAhAbEKdFsgHIO0CMFgawFpCyA8Rq4ZPuffi5oGAbu/HxM8afP1TY5TGwN2+TYNxRi9thMseNpWcY3GY2O5NjJnHgTHIxA8+xMgnGM8fx+CWNQZoHpOUGjxnDwbYDiQ0SQL2MbcfwaWH+DdJiPIPH+MPBf0At8m8IamED22IgwWMgcbABZAsPSEsNHr8cY7MGaZE4k1YmceZYcmIbT1qxRWLbAZxa5Ge3Md/m+XM7mb/98OYPFTV2if3shzfe+NhWh1MLDCQj7AURCQyHCWqxQxcgbMsoGAWjYBSMGAAAn1lOW4suoIAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-1201\",\"institution\":\"Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"I.\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Jimoh\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":540254655,\"identity\":\"8197cb3f-38ff-4e7d-98b8-393e3e773aa0\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"A.O. 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05:57:31\",\"extension\":\"html\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"acdc-reference\",\"size\":119863,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"earlyproof.html\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8035737/v1/e82f9ef38b2421133926069e.html\"},{\"id\":95266079,\"identity\":\"fa91986f-4932-458a-b27f-fe98cc10d9ff\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-11-06 05:57:31\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":125583,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eThe relative susceptibility to degradation of aluminum when exposed to various fuel types.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8035737/v1/f0bdada485d06ad72fdf2a33.png\"},{\"id\":95524215,\"identity\":\"dcff3ad9-c54f-4ea0-8b79-5ba4d1a01a25\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-11-10 10:02:31\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1308340,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8035737/v1/e1e902d8-ae44-43f8-a3a2-8fd0266e8c46.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDynamics of Aluminum Corrosion in Diversified Media: Comparative Analysis of Ethanol, Bio-diesel, Blended Fuel, and Aggressive Conditions to the Sustainable Use of Energy\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe increasing trend in the use of renewable sources of energy has led to many studies focusing on the use of biodiesel as a potential alternative to traditional diesel fuels derived from petroleum (Asipita et al., 2024). Biodiesel maybe treated through the transesterification of herb oils, animal oils, or secondhand oils (Baena \\u0026amp; Calder\\u0026oacute;n, 2020; Vergara-Juarez and others., 2024; Jimoh \\u0026amp; Asipita, 2024). Biodiesel supports abundant benefits, to a degree better biodegradability distinguished to established engine fuels; upgraded obscenity; and the talent to defeat the amount of green apartment vapor discharged all the while the explosion process.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn spite of the above benefits, however, the following material compatibility problems are most notable in the case of biodiesel. Biodiesel tends to be hygroscopic in nature. This coupled with the susceptibility of biodiesel to oxidation as well as the risk of free fatty acid and water contamination can increase the corrosion of metal fabrics secondhand in the creation of non-potable depository tanks and engines (Ellappan et al., 2021; Baena \\u0026amp; Calder\\u0026oacute;n, 2020).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eVarious experimental studies have shown the variation in the corrosiveness of metals when exposed to biodiesel. Experiments conducted on both ferrous and non-ferrous alloys when dipped in rapeseed biodiesel, for example, have shown varying rates of corrosion, in which the non-ferrous alloys proved more susceptible as manifested by the loss of mass (Ellappan et al., 2021). On the other hand, the unsaturated esters present in the formulation of biodiesel can assist in the development of protective oxide layers against the attack of metals (Vergara-Juarez et al., 2024). On the other hand, studies conducted for the case of second-generation Jatropha biodiesel have shown the acceleration of the rates of corrosion for both copper and aluminum when compared to the case of diesel fuel due to the chemical instability and water absorbability of the former (Baena \\u0026amp; Calder\\u0026oacute;n, 2020).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThough electrochemical techniques like potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have improved the understanding of the kinetics of corrosion, gravimetric methods are still very important for the estimation of degradation. The weight loss gravimetric method offers direct information about the degradation process considering the influence of many physicochemical factors like acidity, water content, and oxidation stability (Jimoh \\u0026amp; Bishir, 2021; Ellappan et al., 2021; Baena \\u0026amp; Calder\\u0026oacute;n, 2020; Jimoh \\u0026amp; Musa, 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHowever, discrepancies in the available studies due to differences in the type of biodiesel fuel used as the material\\u0026apos;s reactant and the experimental factors considered have made the determination of standardized rates of corrosion more complicated. This serves as an important reminder that a comprehensive comparison between materials has been needed for metals in a biodiesel environment under gravimetric procedures (Vergara-Juarez et al., 2024; Baena \\u0026amp; Calder\\u0026oacute;n, 2020).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAs a consequence, the current research focuses on the corrosion studies of aluminum under ethanol, sesamum oil biodiesels, palm nut oil biodiesels, date tree oil biodiesels, their mixtures with ethanol, as well as the HCl and NaOH solutions considered as severe reference environments. Through the gravimetric analysis of the kinetics of the corrosive process, the role of the chemical composition of the fuels as well as the immersion conditions in determining the aluminum resistance can be revealed.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"MATERIALS AND METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"Heading\\\"\\u003e2.1.1 General Precautions\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn order to maintain the authenticity of the experimental outcomes, the glassware as well as the metal parts of the apparatus were cleaned following a strict procedure before the experiment. This involved the washing of each apparatus using a detergent approved by the laboratory. The equipment was further cleaned using deionized water.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSo, surface contaminants were significantly removed and the risk of cross-contamination of the sample reduced, allowing only actual reactions between the material and the medium to influence the results of the corrosion measurements (IntechOpen, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Jimoh et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e). In the course of the experiment, the procedures were standardized to avoid human errors.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"Heading\\\"\\u003e2.1.2 Apparatus\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAll the above-mentioned experiments were carried out under the usage of standard lab equipment commonly found in tests related to the degradation of materials. The equipment used included a Soxhlet extractor, a reflux condenser, and balancing equipment (analytical balance/electron balance with a mass resolution of \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.1 mg), pycnometer, drying oven, temperature-controlled mantle, timer, and graded cylinders. The Aluminum samples used were dimensioned (surface area: 2 cm\\u0026sup2;), as well as being pre-polished. In the experiment procedure, the immersion tests were carried out in a manner that mimicked real immersion tests between biofuels and metals. Mass loss measurements were determined following the gravimetric procedure set out in the reference (Matbouei et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), offering a realistic means of determining the degree of degradation.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"Heading\\\"\\u003e2.1.3 Reagents\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAll the chemical compound secondhand were of examining grade and got from prominent beginnings.The following chemicals were used: concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), absolute methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, the boiling-point elevating substance, phenolphthalein solution and deionized water. All the chemicals used were of high purity and were obtained following standardized procedures when determining the rate of corrosion. This helped in avoiding interference effects as explained in Vergara-Juarez et al. (2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2 Experimental Procedure:\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.1 Preparation of Aluminum Coupons\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBefore embarking on the corrosion tests, the aluminum samples were scored for their surface area (2 cm\\u0026sup2;), cleaned from any surface contaminants and oxide residues through the usage of analytical grade acetone polishing. All the samples were then dried using a desiccator to remove all the water. The mass of each sample was determined pre-test through the usage of the balance (accurate to \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.1 mg), following the correct procedures as required in immersion tests for corrosion (Vergara-Juarez et al., 2024; Jimoh et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.2 Corrosion Tests on Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends.\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn order to evaluate the corrosion effect occurring between aluminum materials and the blend of biodiesel and ethanol, the immersion test involved a 1:1 volume mixture of sesame-seed biodiesel and ethanol (each 5 mL volume concentration). Six aluminum samples were pre-accurately weighed and immersed under laboratory conditions for a period of one and two hours. The accurate weight of each sample was taken after the immersion tests were finished, washed in plenty with deionized water, and then reaccurately weighed. The mass estimation technique has been identified as one of the effective ways of comprehending the effects of the surface interactions and the abilities of the metals to act as an absorbent during exposure to biofuels.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.3 Pure Biodiesel Corrosion Testing.\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAluminum samples were used to carry out the tests conducted to evaluate the effect of pure biodiesels produced from sesame oil, palm nut oil, and desert date oil. Aluminum samples were immersed in sesame biodiesel for one and two hours. On the other hand, palm nut and desert date biodiesels were used for immersion periods of one, two, three, and four hours. After immersion tests were conducted, the samples were cleaned using deionized water and dried. Then, the weights were recalculated so that the extent of mass loss could be measured. This test procedure has been used in the studies of metal materials exposed to a biodiesel environment for immersion periods varying from one to four hours as per available studies (IntechOpen, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Chew et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.4 Tests on Corrosion in Acidic and Alkaline Media.\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor comparison purposes based on exposure to corroding solutions, the aluminum samples were immersed in 0.5M HCl and 0.5M NaOH solutions. Different specimens were subjected to each solution for one, two, three, and four hours. After immersion, the samples were cleaned involving the use of deionized water to wash away the electro-active components. The preparation was done by desiccation in a desiccator. The gravimetric procedure used complies with the norms of ASTM G31-21 (2021) and ASTM G1-03(2017)e1 (2017), recognized globally for the determination of the rate of homogeneous corrosion in metals. The concentration levels used in the experiment relate to the internationally accepted procedure for the accelerated corrosion of metals in strong acid and strong alkali solutions (Fabris et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Abd El Wanees et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Jimoh et al., 2020).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.5 Control Experiment in Ethanol\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePure ethanol was used as the control fluid. The comparison experiment that was designed as a baseline experiment involved the reactivity of the ethanol only. Aluminum samples were immersed for a period of one hour. Similar procedures for cleaning, drying, and weighing were used. This serves to highlight the self-reactivity of ethanol and its effects on the natural oxide layer in low organic conductivity environments (Wan et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Matějovsk\\u0026yacute; et al., 2021). Such control procedures are imperative for separating the effects of the ethanol reactivity from the effects triggered by the biodiesel. This has been proved to follow general procedures used when considering the effects of corrosiveness on bioethanol fuel systems (Baena et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Jin et al., 2024). Current studies also demonstrate the efficiency of adopting both short-term immersion and accurate mass loss measurement procedures in understanding the initial development phases of the layering effects related to the rates of corrosion (Vacchi et al., 2024; Vergara-Ju\\u0026aacute;rez et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2.6 Determination of Corrosion Rate\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe disintegration rate (CR) was deliberate in accordance with the following equating:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCR = \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\frac{\\\\varDelta\\\\:W}{A\\\\:x\\\\:t}\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn which \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\varDelta\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003eW is the mass change measured in mg, A is the exposed surface of the sample (cm\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e ) and t is the immersion time (days). It is a proven and effective methodology that has been used in the corrosion research field. It is used commonly to determine the metallic degradation brought about by exposure to biodiesel (Matbouei et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; IntechOpen, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Jimoh et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"RESULT AND DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1 Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum in Ethanol\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e documents the corrosion rate of aluminum after a one-hour immersion in ethanol. The ensuing rate of corrosion was comparatively stable, at some 0.012 mgcm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003eday \\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. It shows that there is no considerable chemical interaction between the aluminum substrate and ethanol solvent due to its properties. The reduced ionic mobility is due to the low electrical conductivity and low polarity of ethanol, which reduces the electrochemical corrosion of metallic substrates. In addition, a poor adsorption ability of ethanol molecules on the aluminum surface probably enables the growth of a weak organic film with a protective role. This barrier would impede the diffusion process of oxygen and moisture to the metal and thus protects it against further attack. In this way, the present results support previous works about remarkable corrosion resistance of aluminum in anhydrous organic media with low polarity, as reported by Aboh et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e) and Zhang et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrosion rate of Aluminum in ethanol after immersion of one hour.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eS/No\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eInitial Weight (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFinal Weight (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWeight Loss (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrosion Rate (mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.364\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.362\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.357\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.355\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.998\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.227\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.225\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAverage corrosion rate\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.012 mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.2 Corrosion in Pure Biodiesel Media\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOur measurements have shown no significant change in the mass of aluminum samples immersed in biodiesel produced from sesame, palm nut, and desert date oils (Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The results show that, at the detection range of \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\pm\\\\:\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e0.1 mg, no corrosion was detected and this means that pure biodiesel is not very reactive to aluminum in the short run. This passivability can qualitatively be explained by properties of biodiesel itself, as biodiesel doesn\\u0026rsquo;t possess high permittability or dynamic viscosity in a way that charged particles could migrate, due to the high saturated molecule content of FAME that enables a protective surface layer of molecular adsorption, as well as a stabilizing influence of natural antioxidant molecules in the biodiesel matrix that slows any oxidation reactions on the aluminum surface. The obtained results are in good agreement with previous works, which state that due to the majority of nonpolar nature, biodiesel exhibits low electrochemical activity, hence its material compatibility with aluminum (Okonkwo et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCorrosion rate of aluminum in pure biodiesels (sesame, palm nut, and desert date oils) after 1\\u0026ndash;3 h immersion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBiodiesel Source\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCoupon No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eInitial Weight (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFinal Weight (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWeight Change (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrosion Rate (mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSesame seed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eND\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePalm nut\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eND\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDesert date\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eND\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eND\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;No detectable change within \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.1 mg.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.3 Corrosion in Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eResults in Tables 3 and 4 show that aluminum exhibited significant resistance to corrosion after being immersed in a 1:1 biodiesel-ethanol mixture for one and two hours. Addition of ethanol, to a concentration of not more than 50% v/v, had insignificant effects on the corrosion resistance offered by biodiesel alone. This result is explained by the proposed rationale that the addition of a small fraction of ethanol will not be sufficient to increase the polarity/electrical conductivity of the fluid to a point where electrochemical corrosion can commence. Nevertheless, as suggested in literature, higher proportions of ethanol may initiate the detrimental effects of water accumulation in the passivating layer (Kamal et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Performance of this material suggests that the substance is chemically compatible with aluminum (Okonkwo et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTables\\u0026nbsp;3\\u0026ndash;4.\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eCorrosion rate of aluminum in 1:1 biodiesel\\u0026ndash;ethanol blends after 1\\u0026ndash;2 h immersion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Taba\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBiodiesel Source\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCoupon No.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eImmersion Time (h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWeight Change (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrosion Rate (mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSesame, Palm nut, Desert date\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eND\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eND\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;No detectable change within \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.1mg.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.4 Corrosion in Acidic Medium (0.5 M HCl)\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTherefore, the experiment demonstrated that there is a timescale relation between acid exposure and material degradation, supported by a continuous mass loss (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). This reinforces the corrosive properties had connection with chloride anions. The corrosion rate went up from 0.006 mg per square centimeter per day after one hour to 0.024 mg per square centimeter per day after four hours. This increase shows that as time goes on, the degradation process speeds up when the material is exposed for longer periods. This occurs because chloride anions pierce through the inherent aluminum group of chemical elements film, stimulating both local pitting and general material separation, as shown by the following synthetic equation:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAl\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;3H\\u003csup\\u003e+\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026rarr; Al\\u0026sup3;⁺ + H₂\\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\uparrow\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIt looks like when the material is exposed more, it tends to deteriorate faster. This could be because the outer layers that protect it gradually weaken over time. Such looks are typical for an autocatalytic reaction, as frequently seen in the corrosion of container in acidic chloride media (Singh and others., 2025).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCorrosive effects of 0.5 M HCl on Aluminum as a function of immersion time, with exposure periods ranging from 1 to 4 hours\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTime (h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWeight Loss (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrosion Rate (mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.006\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.003\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.004\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.024\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.5 Corrosion in alkaline medium (0.5M NaOH)\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAmong the other materials considered, aluminum was found to have the greatest level of corrosive degradation in the presence of alkaline conditions. Starting from an initial four-hour period of time, the corrosion rate increased significantly, ranging from 1.95 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴ to 7.80 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴ mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1; (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e). This better susceptibility to deterioration maybe explained in conditions of the aggressiveness of hydroxide ions, which serve as accelerants towards the breakdown of the thin passive group of chemical elements film presented superficial of the aluminum. After the dissolution of the first structure, compounds containing soluble aluminum are obtained. This process is demonstrably linked to a positive electrode electrochemical reaction, as represented by the following equation:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAl\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;4OH\\u003csup\\u003e-\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026rarr; Al(OH) \\u003csub\\u003e₄\\u003c/sub\\u003e⁻ + 3e⁻ (3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThis is the chemical reaction which facilitates a quick breakdown of the surface film and provokes surface roughening. According to Abdallah et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e), the presence of two acidic and basic sites explained why aluminum oxide is more soluble in an alkaline than an acidic environment. It was found that these corrosion rates are in agreement with observations made earlier, thereby suggesting that NaOH can lead to aggressive and accelerating corrosion of aluminum, as elucidated by known kinetic models of alkaline attack on the same metal.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThe resistance of the corrosion of the aluminum in the presence of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution against the time of immersion between 1 and 4 hours.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTime (h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWeight Loss (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrosion Rate (mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.032\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.95 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.051\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.11 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.106\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.46 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.128\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.80 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec19\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.6 Comparative Corrosion Trends\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFrom the comparative study of Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e and Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e, the corrosion tendency of aluminum in the test media is in the order: highly alkaline solution (NaOH), strongly acidic solution (HCl), ethanol, followed by biodiesel and its blends. In the mostly similar and non-reactive conditions of ethanol, biodiesel, and their blends, aluminum stayed stable without any major signs of breaking down. This finding indicates that these settings don\\u0026apos;t really affect aluminum chemically. On the other hand, the strong sour and alkaline conditions produced clearly increased disintegration rates. This agreed with the amphoteric nature of container and the sensitivity of the protective group of chemical elements layer to pH values (El-Sayed et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe results of these assessments indicate that biodiesel, whether on its own or mixed with other substances, works well with storage containers. This discovery backs up the idea that biodiesel can be used safely for storing and transporting it under the right conditions. However, in an effort to ensure long-term structural integrity of the aluminum parts in renewable fuel technologies, it would be prudent to avoid their exposure to strongly basic cleaning agents and acid contaminants in general.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 7\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eComparative effectiveness of aluminum to corrosive wasting under a collection of environmental conditions.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMedium\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eImmersion Time (h)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAvg. Weight Loss (mg)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAvg. Corrosion Rate (mg\\u0026middot;cm⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u0026middot;day⁻\\u0026sup1;)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCorrosion Tendency\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEthanol\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.2 \\u0026times; 10⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNegligible\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBiodiesel (Sesame, Palm, Desert date)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eND\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo corrosion\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBiodiesel (1:1 blends)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eND\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo corrosion\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.5 M HCl\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.001\\u0026ndash;0.004\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.1 \\u0026times; 10⁻\\u0026sup3;\\u0026ndash;2.4 \\u0026times; 10⁻\\u0026sup2;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eModerate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.5 M NaOH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u0026ndash;4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.032\\u0026ndash;0.128\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.9 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴\\u0026ndash;7.8 \\u0026times; 10⁻⁴\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSevere\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.7 Mechanism clarifying the nature of the mechanism behind the surface chemistry under study.\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe corrosive behavior of aluminum in the experiments carried out under varied conditions can be accounted for by taking into consideration the stability of the oxide layer, the electrochemical characteristics of the surroundings, and the processes of adsorption influencing the interaction between the metallic material and the fuel.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn neutral and nonpolar environments, like ethanol and biodiesel fuels, the dormancy of the aluminum alloys remained very low. In fact, the formation of a high concentration of the dense film of Al₂O₃\\u0026middot;xH₂O contributes to the high barrier against the transfer of charges within such fuel samples. Weakadsorption of ethanol and biodiesel fuel samples, especially FAMEs, on the oxide layer takes place via the interaction of the van der Waals forces and dipole-induced forces. Therefore, such an adsorption process leads to the formation of the hydrophobic layer within the oxide layer, which inhibits the diffusion of water and oxygen within the fuel samples, thus retarding the processes of hydrogen evolution and dissolution within the oxide layer of the fuel samples at very low rates of dissolution (\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;10⁻⁵ mgcm\\u003csup\\u003e-\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u0026sup2;day⁻\\u0026sup1;).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn the case of the biodiesel-ethanol blends, such inert characteristics remained intact during the exposure times of initial phases. Having a presence of up to 50% of the ethanol moiety mildly contributed to the increased polarity without compromising the protective layer significantly. Nevertheless, the hydrophilic properties of the latter infer a plausible increase in water absorption over the extended exposure time, thus increasing the ion conductivity to facilitate a possible eventual degradation of the film layer, as postulated by studies suggesting the possible formation of localized pitting sites following exposure to the hydrophilic biodiesel-ethanol environment after a considerably long period of immersion (Kamal et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vergara-Ju\\u0026aacute;rez et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn the acidic conditions (0.5 M HCl), the passive layer was gradually solubilized by the aggressive Cl⁻ ions, which move through the defects on the layer\\u0026rsquo;s surface and enhance the dissolution of the metal by the process of localized corrosion. The chemical reaction for the process of corrosion is given by the equation below:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAl\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;3H\\u003csup\\u003e+\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026rarr; Al\\u003csup\\u003e3+\\u003c/sup\\u003e + H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\uparrow\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e (4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eChloride-induced film breakdown results in the formation of soluble aluminum chloride complexes, thus triggering autocatalytic pitting corrosion. The calculated continuous elevation in the rate of disintegration accompanying an increase in immersion occasion indicates the passive-alive change, which has happened earlier reported for usually metallic in an sour chloride environment (Singh etal., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOn the other hand, the high corrosion rate was caused by alkaline exposure (concentration of 0.5M NaOH), where the dissolution rate of the oxide layer was high because the hydroxide ions directly react with the aluminum to form the soluble [Al(OH)₄]⁻ ions, as seen below:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAl\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;4OH\\u003csup\\u003e-\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026rarr; [Al(OH)\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e]\\u003csup\\u003e-\\u003c/sup\\u003e + 3e\\u003csup\\u003e-\\u003c/sup\\u003e (5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThis process perpetuates itself since the removal of the oxide film increases the metal\\u0026rsquo;s exposure to the electrolyte, thus increasing the rate of anodic dissolution. The steady rise in the rate of corrosion, alongside the visible damage to the steel\\u0026rsquo;s surface, presents clear indications of uniform corrosion and not pitting. These observations are in line with the generally proposed models for the alkaline corrosion of Aluminum, where the activity of hydroxide ions presents the key force behind film degradation (Abdallah et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fabris et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe predisposition of a material to be corrosively degraded follows a given order of precedence:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNaOH \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\gg\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e HCl \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\gg\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e Biodiesel \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\approx\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e Blended Fuel \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\:\\\\approx\\\\:\\\\:\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003eEtOH Biodiesel\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn a study by El-Sayed and colleagues (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e), they looked into how pH levels affect how aluminum gets corroded. What they found is that aluminum holds up best when the pH is around neutral or slightly polar. On the flip side, when the environment is very acidic or very alkaline, aluminum breaks down and wears away a lot.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn conclusion, the result of the mechanistic reasoning indicates that the reason for the resistance of aluminum to the corrosive effects in the biodiesel and ethanol fuels lies in the combination of the physicochemical properties of these fuels, which include the electrolyte conductivity, water solubility, and the development of the barrier film through the adsorption of the organic material. However, the uniform corrosion observed in the NaOH and HCl indicates the sensitivity of the oxide layer on the aluminum materials to the chemical effects of the electrolytes (Reddy et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec21\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.8 Summary of Findings\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTo conclude, the investigation established the following facts:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFirstly, the co-uncovering of aluminum to flammable liquid and biodiesel led to very reduced levels of corrosion for the short absorption period secondhand.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSecond, the combination of biodiesel and ethanol in equal measures showed the absence of noticeable corrosive effects, which makes the two materials chemically compatible.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThird, the addition of the acidic (hydrochloric acid) and the basic (sodium hydroxide) solutions greatly hastened the rate of corrosion.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFourth, the greater level of corrosion occurred in the presence of sodium hydroxide, which could be attributed to the damage to the oxide layer found on the aluminum surfaces since the oxide layer acts as a barrier between the reacted and non\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFinally, based on the results obtained, there is support for the claim that biodiesel, within fuel standards, and the blend are of minimal corrosiveness to the aluminum used within the parameters of the study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec22\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.9 Conclusion\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, the corrosive effects of ethanol, sesame bio-diesels, palm nut bio-diesels, desert dates bio-diesels, and their combinations against aluminum materials are evaluated. In this regard, the results showed that ethanol had insignificant corrosive properties; thus, it served as a good control sample for analysis. In the beginning, the results indicated the favorable interaction between the bio-diesels and the aluminum materials, indicated by the insignificant weight loss. Additionally, the metallic forms of the aluminum materials remained intact within the bio-diesel ethanol combinations for the short exposure times.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHowever, extended exposure to both the pure biodiesels and the ethanol-biodiesel combinations led to an increase in the corrosion rates over time. Such an observation points towards the triggering of degradation mechanisms, the rates of which are time-dependent and may be harmful for the metallic form of aluminum. Mechanisms in the way that arrangement at the microstructure level, inherent stresses, and hotness effects have happened recognized as key influencing facets, as validating results have previously happened obtained engaged of biofuel corrosion studies (Pereira et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec23\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.10 Recommendation\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe challenges owned by the extended depository and transportation of biodiesel and intoxicating-biodiesel blends must be considered in a all-encompassing assessment of the fabrics and processes used. On the basis of existing information and literature available on the subject, the following recommendations are made:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eI. Materials Selection and Engineering Applications\\u003c/strong\\u003e:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/span\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor the sustained storage or transportation of biofuel, the use of aluminum alloys with enhanced corrosive resistance properties/corrosion-proof coatings would be ideal in order to avoid degradation (Adekunle et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eII. Operational Guidelines\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReducing the time of exposure between the aluminum materials and biofuels may reduce the risk of corrosion occurring. Checking and maintaining the infrastructure for the storage of biofuels are recommended for ensuring dependable function (Hu et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIII. Future Study Directions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFuture studies focusing for a longer period are recommended on the rate of decomposition of the metallic compound aluminum within the biodiesel fuel mixture and the biodiesel fuel blend of ethanol. Future studies are also recommended on the effects of the alloy elements and advanced surface treatments on the corrosion resistance properties of the materials (Pereira et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIV. Real World Application\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDespite the observed stability over the short period, the actual implementation of the material in the biofuel production cycle makes it imperative to pursue the use of this material; however, for the long-term applications, the installation of materials for monitoring the process of corrosion is advocated for the assurance of the material\\u0026rsquo;s strength and ecological purity (Singh \\u0026amp; Arora, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThese recommendations provide a framework in which the secure and sustainable management of biofuel systems is to be conducted, acknowledging the importance of well-informed material choice, corrosion management, and the importance of studies involving the relationship between aluminum and biofuels.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAbd El Wanees, S., El-Lateef, H. M. A., \\u0026amp; Fouda, A. S. (2022). Electrochemical and Molecular-level Studies of Imidazole-based Inhibitors for Aluminum in Hydrochloric acid. \\u003cem\\u003eJournal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 43\\u003c/em\\u003e(10), 1515\\u0026ndash;1529. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2021.1950227\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAbdallah, M., Fawzy, A., \\u0026amp; Al-Kandari, H. (2022). Electrochemical and Weight loss Study of Aluminum Corrosion in Alkaline Solutions. \\u003cem\\u003eJournal of Molecular Liquids, 359\\u003c/em\\u003e, 119223.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAbdallah, M., Fouda, A. S., \\u0026amp; El-Maksoud, S. A. A. (2022). Corrosion and Inhibition of Aluminum and its Alloys in Acidic and Alkaline Media: Mechanistic Insights and Environmental Considerations. \\u003cem\\u003eCorrosion Reviews, 40\\u003c/em\\u003e(5), 439\\u0026ndash;460. https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2022-0012\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAboh, I. J., Alade, A. I., \\u0026amp; Musa, I. (2022). Stability of Aluminum in Low-conductivity Organic Solvents: Comparative Electrochemical Assessment. \\u003cem\\u003eMaterials Chemistry and Physics, 290\\u003c/em\\u003e, 126566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126566\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAboh, O., Nwankwo, M., \\u0026amp; Eze, C. (2022). Corrosion Stability of Aluminum in Organic Solvents and Biodiesel Media. \\u003cem\\u003eCorrosion Reviews, 40\\u003c/em\\u003e(7), 783\\u0026ndash;795.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAdekunle, A. S., Ogundipe, O. M., \\u0026amp; Adebisi, A. O. (2022). Corrosion Evaluation of Aluminum and Mild Steel in Biofuel Environments: Implications for Fuel Storage and Transportation. \\u003cem\\u003eJournal of Materials Research and Technology, 19\\u003c/em\\u003e, 2338\\u0026ndash;2349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.054\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAdekunle, A. S., Oladipo, S. O., \\u0026amp; Martins, M. A. (2024). Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum in Fossil Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel. \\u003cem\\u003eMaterials and Corrosion, 75\\u003c/em\\u003e(8), 1254\\u0026ndash;1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202414510\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAdepoju, T. F., Oyedepo, S. O., \\u0026amp; Adaramola, M. S. (2023). Corrosion Behavior Of Metallic Materials In Biodiesel Environments: a Review Of Mechanisms And Mitigation Strategies. \\u003cem\\u003eRenewable Energy, 205\\u003c/em\\u003e, 321\\u0026ndash;334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.118\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAkinwale, J. A., Musa, I., \\u0026amp; Oyetunde, A. (2025). Electrochemical And Gravimetric Assessment Of Aluminum Corrosion In Alkaline And Acidic Media. \\u003cem\\u003eElectrochemical Materials Research, 15\\u003c/em\\u003e(2), 55\\u0026ndash;68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emr.2025.02.004\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAsipita, P. O., Haruna, H. O., Ambursa, M. M., Wawata, G., Atiku, F. A., Ibrahim, J., \\u0026amp; Musa, L. A. (2024). Optimization Of Reaction Parameters For Biodiesel (Methyl Ester) Synthesis Using Surface Response Methodology. \\u003cem\\u003eOmni Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14\\u003c/em\\u003e(3), 20\\u0026ndash;28. https://journals.stmjournals.com/osmj/article=2024/view=181468/\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eASTM International. (2003, reapproved 2017). \\u003cem\\u003eASTM G1-03(2017)e1: Standard practice for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens.\\u003c/em\\u003e West Conshohocken, PA.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eASTM International. (2021). \\u003cem\\u003eASTM G31-21: Standard guide for laboratory immersion corrosion testing of metals.\\u003c/em\\u003e West Conshohocken, PA.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eBaena, L. M., \\u0026amp; Calder\\u0026oacute;n, J. A. (2020). A Study On The Corrosion Characteristics Of Internal Combustion Engine Materials In Second-Generation \\u003cem\\u003eJatropha Curcas\\u003c/em\\u003e Biodiesel. \\u003cem\\u003eEnergies, 14\\u003c/em\\u003e(14), 4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144352\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eBaena, L. M., V\\u0026aacute;squez, F. A., \\u0026amp; Calder\\u0026oacute;n, J. A. (2021). Corrosion Assessment Of Metals In Bioethanol\\u0026ndash;Gasoline Blends Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. \\u003cem\\u003eHeliyon, 7\\u003c/em\\u003e(7), e07585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07585\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eChew, K. V., Haseeb, A. S. M. A., Masjuki, H. H., \\u0026amp; Fazal, M. A. (2013). Corrosion Of Magnesium And Aluminum In Palm Biodiesel: a Comparative Evaluation. \\u003cem\\u003eEnergy, 57\\u003c/em\\u003e, 478\\u0026ndash;483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.059\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eDeb, B. K., \\u0026amp; Chakraborti, P. (2024). An Investigation On Corrosion Behaviour And Mechanical Properties Of Aluminium In Diesel Palm Kernel Biodiesel And Ethanol Environments. \\u003cem\\u003eTransactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 77\\u003c/em\\u003e(3), 595\\u0026ndash;605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-03153-3\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eEllappan, R., Arumugam, S., Sundararajan, R., \\u0026amp; Venkatesh, K. (2021). Comparative Corrosion Behaviour Of Ferrous And Non-Ferrous Metals In Bio-Lubricant And Biodiesel Environment. In \\u003cem\\u003eAdvances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering\\u003c/em\\u003e (pp. 425\\u0026ndash;432). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6267-9_49\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eEl-Sayed, A. A., Mahmoud, M. A., \\u0026amp; Saleh, R. (2024). 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Molecular Interactions Governing Aluminum Passivation In Low-Polarity Solvents. \\u003cem\\u003eSurface and Interface Analysis, 56\\u003c/em\\u003e(2), 155\\u0026ndash;167.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eZhang, X., Liu, P., \\u0026amp; Huang, Y. (2024). Surface Passivation And Adsorption Behavior Of Aluminum In Alcohol-Based Environments. \\u003cem\\u003eElectrochimica Acta, 480\\u003c/em\\u003e, 143256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143256\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Aluminum decomposition, biodiesel, exciting blends, reasonable substance, fuel wholeness\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8035737/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8035737/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAluminium fabrics rapport continues to play a important part in the occupation of secure and sustainable schemes including the use of inexhaustible fuels. This experiment examined the corrosion rates of aluminium under the influence of ethanol, sesame oil-derived biodiesels, palm nut oil-derived biodiesels, desert date oil-derived biodiesels, 1:1 mixtures of each biodiesel and ethanol, and under the influence of strong chemical solutions (0.5M HCl and 0.5M NaOH). The experiment used the gravimetric analyses procedure to weigh the kinetics of the entire experiment. Based on the procedures followed in the experiment, the results showcased a conducive environment for the usage of each solution across the aluminium materials due to the recorded corrodense rates of less than 1 x 10⁻⁵ mg cm⁻\\u0026sup2; day⁻\\u0026sup1;. This can be attributed to the factor of esterification as the primary mode of protecting the entire metal surface. Moreover, the results of the entire experiment showcased the sustained inert nature of each 1:1 mix of the used biodiesels and ethanol. As a result, the materials were shown to each remain inert towards the aluminium materials. In contrast, the entire experiment showcased the influence of 0.5M HCl and 0.5M NaOH reagents as directed towards the increase in the corrodense rates. During the experiment, the reagents registered 2.4 x 10\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;2\\u003c/sup\\u003e mg cm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e day\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 7.8 x 10\\u003csup\\u003e-4\\u003c/sup\\u003emg cm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e day\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. In the entire experiment, the corrodense rates were in the order of NaOH ≫ HCl ≫ Ethanol\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026asymp;\\u0026thinsp;Biodiesels\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026asymp;\\u0026thinsp;Biodiesel-ethanol mixtures.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Dynamics of Aluminum Corrosion in Diversified Media: Comparative Analysis of Ethanol, Bio-diesel, Blended Fuel, and Aggressive Conditions to the Sustainable Use of Energy\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-11-06 05:57:26\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8035737/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"67e63b1e-4ee1-44d7-9f10-0a014e00936d\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"November 6th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":57524291,\"name\":\"Materials Chemistry\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-11-06T05:57:26+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-11-06 05:57:26\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-8035737\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-8035737\",\"identity\":\"rs-8035737\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}