{"paper_id":"1300da40-e526-487c-81f0-1616a7ce6f6f","body_text":"Spatiotemporal cerebral blood flow dynamics underlies emergence of the limbic-sensorimotor-association cortical gradient in human infancy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Spatiotemporal cerebral blood flow dynamics underlies emergence of the limbic-sensorimotor-association cortical gradient in human infancy Hao Huang, John Detre, Jessica Hyland, Kay Sindabizera, Emily Kuschner, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4761517/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Infant cerebral blood flow (CBF) delivers nutrients and oxygen to fulfill brain energy consumption requirements for the fastest period of postnatal brain development across the lifespan. However, organizing principle of whole-brain CBF dynamics during infancy remains obscure. Leveraging a unique cohort of 100 + infants with high-resolution arterial spin labeled MRI, we found the emergence of the cortical hierarchy revealed by the highest-resolution infant CBF maps available to date. Infant CBF across cortical regions increased in a biphasic pattern with initial rapid and sequentially slower rate, with break-point ages increasing along the limbic-sensorimotor-association cortical gradient. Increases in CBF in sensorimotor cortices were associated with enhanced language and motor skills, and frontoparietal association cortices for cognitive skills. The study discovered emergence of the hierarchical limbic-sensorimotor-association cortical gradient in infancy, and offers standardized reference of infant brain CBF and insight into the physiological basis of cortical specialization and real-world infant developmental functioning. Health sciences/Biomarkers Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Development of the nervous system cerebral blood flow brain development limbic-sensorimotor-association cortical gradient infant behavior neurodevelopmental outcome arterial-spin-labeled MRI Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMovie1.mp4 Supplementary Movie 1 nreditorialpolicychecklistNCOMMS2416031AJuly1924.pdf SuppFigure1.tif SuppFigure2Jul1824.tif SuppFigure3.tif SuppFigure4Mar2024.tif SuppFigure5.tif SuppFigure6.tif SuppFigure7.tif SuppFigure8.tif nrreportingsummaryNCOMMS2416031AJuly1924.pdf rCBFdevsuppHHJul1824.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4761517\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":337313609,\"identity\":\"f4721940-076a-4320-ba84-b652bd2f7a39\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Hao 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