{"paper_id":"116d019e-d582-4d1c-be58-7533c75da844","body_text":"The Relationship of Recreational Participation with Sustainable Lifestyle, Happiness and Psychological Resilience | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship of Recreational Participation with Sustainable Lifestyle, Happiness and Psychological Resilience Sevim Güllü, Yunus Şahinler, Mehlika Nuran Gündoğmuş, Aslıhan Gül This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7408926/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the relationships among happiness, psychological resilience, and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, and to test the mediating and moderating roles of psychological resilience in these relationships. Grounded in Positive Psychology and the Subjective Well-Being model, the study evaluates how individuals’ internal psychological resources shape lifestyle choices within a holistic framework. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 462 participants (211 women, 251 men) with the Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale, Happiness Scale, and the Psychological Resilience Scale. The findings indicate that happiness significantly predicts psychological resilience, and that resilience exerts both direct and indirect effects on a healthy, sustainable lifestyle. The mediating role of resilience in the association between happiness and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle was tested using Hayes’s PROCESS Macro (Model 4), and bootstrap resampling revealed a significant indirect effect. Simple slopes analyses further showed that resilience moderates this relationship, such that the impact of happiness on lifestyle is stronger among individuals with higher resilience. Overall, the results suggest that positive psychological characteristics shape not only emotional well-being but also behavioral and sustainable lifestyle choices. The findings imply that recreational and psychoeducational interventions aimed at strengthening resilience may play a critical role in promoting healthy lifestyle practices, offering theoretical and practical contributions to the literatures on positive psychology and healthy living. Happiness Psychological Resilience Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Positive Psychology Subjective Well-Being Recreational Participation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. INTRODUCTION Seligman’s positive psychology is a field of psychology that focuses on the positive aspects of human functioning and emphasizes well-being and happiness [ 1 ]. This approach aims to enhance well-being and happiness by developing individuals’ positive emotions, strengths, and potential [ 2 ]. By focusing on what makes life worth living [ 3 ], it seeks to guide individuals toward a more constructive future [ 4 ]. Diener’s Subjective Well-Being model, an important complement to positive psychology, encompasses both emotional and cognitive evaluations such as happiness and life satisfaction. Accordingly, happiness is assessed by a predominance of positive emotions, a relative absence of negative emotions, and a high level of life satisfaction. Subjective well-being indicates quality of life as appraised by the individual, independent of objective criteria (e.g., income or health status) [ 5 ]. Recreational activities can be an effective means of cultivating positive emotions, developing psychological resilience, and supporting life satisfaction. Recreation is a process in which individuals voluntarily use their leisure time to engage in meaningful, fulfilling, and growth-oriented activities that yield personal satisfaction, self-worth, and a positive self-image. It also facilitates flow experiences that bridge well-being and felt satisfaction, generating positive outcomes such as achievement, excitement, acceptance, and affirmation of personal values [ 6 ]. In this context, positive psychology and the Subjective Well-Being (SWB) model provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the relationships among happiness, psychological resilience, and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, which are the key variables in our study. Participation in recreational activities is believed to contribute to happiness, psychological resilience, and the development of a healthy lifestyle. Taken together, these frameworks suggest that an individual’s happiness and psychological resilience not only reflect mental well-being but also influence the adoption and maintenance of a healthy, sustainable lifestyle. The concept of a healthy, sustainable lifestyle encompasses the protection and promotion of personal health, improvements in quality of life, and responsibility for environmental sustainability. Today, adopting a healthy lifestyle and internalizing sustainability are vital both for individual health and for safeguarding the global ecosystem. Accordingly, promoting a healthy, sustainable lifestyle helps societies build a healthier and more sustainable future [ 7 ]In the positive psychology literature, happiness is regarded as the affective component of subjective well-being and refers to the extent to which individuals experience positive emotions in their lives [ 8 ]. Throughout life, individuals encounter adverse events, and their coping responses vary. Some experience psychological distress—such as anxiety and depression—in the face of stress or trauma, and negative affect may persist. Others recover more quickly and resume normal functioning. In positive psychology, this capacity is termed psychological resilience. It is commonly defined as the ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from illness, psychological difficulties, adverse experiences, or stress. Put differently, resilience reflects an individual’s capacity to overcome adversity and adjust to new circumstances [ 9 ]. Higher resilience is typically associated with lower depressive symptoms [ 10 ]. In interpreting psychological assessments, the emotions shaped by individuals’ living conditions and self-appraisals are particularly salient. In contemporary societies, technological advances and urbanization have fostered increasingly sedentary lifestyles, posing a major public-health concern that threatens physical and mental health [ 11 ] Accordingly, the effects of sport and physical activity on psychological health have attracted growing attention in Türkiye and worldwide. Moreover, regular recreational exercise has been shown to enhance overall health, support muscle and bone health, help control body weight and maintain mobility, protect against chronic disease, and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Participation in recreational sport has been associated with multiple positive outcomes, including higher psychological well-being [ 16 , 12 , 13 , 15 ], greater quality of life and happiness [ 17 , 14 , 18 , 19 ], greater life satisfaction [ 17 , 14 ], and higher self-esteem [ 12 , 13 15 ]. In a study spanning 48 countries, sports and recreation club membership was positively associated with happiness, suggesting cross-national generalizability of this relationship [ 20 ]. Recreational activities also play a salient role in promoting a healthy lifestyle [ 21 ]. Furthermore, participation in leisure activities is one pathway to strengthen psychological resilience [ 22 ]. Among young students, physical activity has shown a positive association with psychological resilience, and resilience in turn appears to encourage participation in physical activity [ 23 ]. A study reported that the perceived health benefits of participation in recreational activities positively affect both happiness and psychological resilience. Importantly, recreation’s effect on happiness was not solely direct; recreation also increased psychological resilience, which in turn further elevated happiness—indicating a mediating role for resilience [ 24 ]. Participation in recreational activities likewise raises awareness of healthy, sustainable lifestyles and benefits happiness and resilience. Another study showed that engaging in pro-environmental behaviors improved subjective well-being (happiness and meaning in life); the experimental group outperformed the control group [ 25 ]. Research on the intersections of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism with sustainability highlighted fundamental benefits for individuals, communities, and society, thereby contributing to sustainability [ 26 ]. Finally, leisure-time physical activity fosters sustainable lifestyle intentions (e.g., green product purchase) by increasing health and environmental awareness; in a post-COVID sample of 533 participants, its effect on attitudes toward sustainable products operated indirectly via heightened health and environmental awareness [ 27 ]. In addition, evidence points to a positive association between sustainability and well-being (happiness) [ 28 ]. Framed holistically, initiatives that enhance individual happiness alongside social and environmental welfare can be described as sustainable well-being. Put differently, individual happiness, social well-being, and environmental sustainability are mutually reinforcing [ 29 ]. At the individual level, happiness supports sustainable well-being; at the societal level, social well-being further elevates personal well-being. This study examines associations among four constructs: adults’ participation in recreational activities, a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, psychological resilience, and happiness. The theoretical framework draws on positive psychology (Seligman) and Diener’s Subjective Well-Being (SWB) model. Positive psychology holds that meaningful, fulfilling experiences cultivate resilience and subjective happiness, whereas the SWB model explains orientations toward healthy lifestyles through life satisfaction and affective experience. Taken together, these frameworks provide a holistic basis for explaining how recreational participation relates to a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, resilience, and happiness. The study seeks to supply an evidence base for practices and public-health policies that aim to improve quality of life. In Türkiye, empirical studies that consider these three constructs jointly remain limited; this research addresses that gap. The findings are expected to inform theory and practice in recreation psychology, recreational therapy, and recreation management. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Model This study employed a correlational (relational) design. Karasar [ 30 ] describes general survey models as research designs that seek to draw general conclusions about a population by surveying either the entire population or a sample drawn from it. Study Group. The study group comprised individuals aged 18 and older who participated in various recreational activities. A total of 462 participants took part (211 women, 251 men). Measures (Data Collection Tools) Participants provided demographic information and completed three validated self-report scales: Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (OHQ-SF; [ 31 ]; Turkish adaptation: [ 32 ]). The OHQ-SF is a short-form measure of happiness. It includes on 7 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 5 = Strongly agree); higher scores reflect greater happiness. Brief Resilience Scale (BRS, [ 33 ], Turkish version: [ 9 ]) The BRS includes 6 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 5 = Strongly agree). Higher scores denote greater psychological resilience. Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS; [ 34 ]; Turkish adaptation: [ 7 ]). The HSLS has 24 items across six sub dimensions - physical fitness, mental health, emotional health, spiritual health, environmentalism, and social awareness - rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 5 = Strongly agree). Higher scores indicate a healthier, more sustainable lifestyle. (We analyzed the total score - no subscales). Data Analysis Analyses were conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 with Hayes’ PROCESS macro [ 35 ]; supplementary procedures were run in AMOS. Normality was assessed via skewness and kurtosis; absolute values within ± 1.5 were taken as acceptable evidence of normality [ 36 ]. Descriptive statistics summarized demographics (frequencies/percentages) and scale scores (means/SDs). Bivariate associations among the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire—Short Form (OHQ-SF), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and the Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS) were examined using Pearson correlations. To test the main hypotheses, mediation was analyzed with PROCESS (Model 4), specifying OHQ-SF as X (independent variable), BRS as M (mediator), and HSLS as Y (dependent variable). Using 5,000 bootstrapped resamples, we obtained unstandardized coefficients and 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals for the total, direct, and indirect effects; the indirect effect was deemed significant when the CI excluded zero. In addition, moderation was tested with PROCESS (Model 1) by entering the OHQ-SF × BRS interaction and plotting simple slopes at − 1 SD, mean, and + 1 SD. Potential covariates (age, gender, education) were not included in the final models because preliminary regressions indicated negligible or non-significant effects on the outcome variables. 3. FINDINGS Figure 1 illustrates the gender and age distributions of the study sample. In terms of gender, 54.3% (n = 251) of participants are female, while 45.7% (n = 211) are male. With a total sample size of 462, the distribution indicates a relatively balanced representation of both genders. Regarding age distribution, the largest proportion of participants falls within the 18–25 age range, comprising 53.7% (n = 248) of the sample. This is followed by those aged 42 years and above at 21.0% (n = 97), participants aged 34–41 years at 13.6% (n = 63), and those aged 26–33 years at 11.7% (n = 54). These results suggest that the sample is predominantly composed of young adults, with a notably higher representation of individuals in the younger age categories. Table 1 Hayes’s PROCESS Model 4 diagram showing the mediating role of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) in the association between the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (OHO-SF) and the Healthy,Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS) Model: Hayes PROCESS Model 4 ve Model 1 X (Independent Variable): OHQ-SF (Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form) M (Mediator): BRS (Brief Resilience Scale) Y (Dependent Variable): HSLS (Healthy, Sustainable Lifestyle Scale) n = 462, bootstraps = 5,000, 95% confidence interval In Table 1 , using Hayes’s PROCESS macro-Model 4 for mediation and Model 1 for moderation-we tested the mediating role of psychological resilience (BRS) in the association between the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (OHQ-SF) and the Healthy, Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS). Tablo 2 . Skewness and Kurtosis Values for OHQ-SF, BRS and HSLS Variables X Skewness Kurtosis OHQ-SF 3,5899 0,108 0,190 BRS 2,9806 -0,119 1,114 HSLS 2,8520 -0,639 1,355 In Table 2, skewness and kurtosis were examined to evaluate conformity to the normality assumption. For OHQ-SF, skewness was 0.108 and kurtosis 0.190; because both lie within ± 1, the distribution can be considered approximately normal. For BRS, skewness was − 0.119 (very close to symmetry) and kurtosis 1.114, which falls within ± 2, indicating an acceptably normal distribution. For HSLS, skewness was − 0.639 and kurtosis 1.355; although this suggests a slight left skew, the values remain within ± 2 and do not violate normality. Overall, all variables’ skewness and kurtosis values are within ± 2, supporting the suitability of the data for parametric analyses. Table 3 Regression results for the effect of OHQ-SF on BRS Variable B SE t P %95 CI OHQ-SF → BRS 0.210 0.048 4.35 < .001 [0.115, 0.305] In Table 3 the regression analysis showed that OHQ-SF was a significant positive predictor of BRS (B = 0.21, SE = 0.048, t = 4.35, p < .001, %95 CI [0.115,0.305]). Interpreted on the observed scales, each one-point increase on the OHQ-SF corresponded to an estimated 0.21-point increase on the BRS. Table 4 Regression results for the effects of OHQ-SF and BRS on HSLS Variable B SE t p %95 CI OHQ-SF → HSLS 0.424 0.049 8.71 < .001 [0.328, 0.519] BRS → HSLS 0.152 0.046 3.34 .0009 [0.063, 0.242] Table 4 shows that the direct effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS was statistically significant (B = 0.424, SE = 0.049, t = 8.71, p < .001, %95 CI [0.328, 0.519). This indicates that higher happiness scores are associated with higher healthy, sustainable lifestyle scores. In addition, BRS also had a significant positive association with HSLS (B = 0.152, SE = 0.046, t = 3.34, p = .0009, %95 CI [0.063,0.242]). This finding indicates that higher BRS is positively associated with HSLS. Taken together, these results suggest that the association between OHQ-SF and HSLS operates both directly and indirectly via BRS. Table 5 Mediation analysis results for the total, direct, and indirect effects of OHQ-SF on HSLS Type of Effect B SE T p %95 CI Total Effect 0.456 0.048 9.46 < .001 [0.361, 0.551] Direct Effect 0.424 0.049 8.71 < .001 [0.328, 0.519] Indirect Effect (OHQ-SF→ BRS→ HSLS) 0.032 BootSE = 0.015 BootCI = [0.008, 0.066] In Table 5 mediation analyses showed that the total effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS was significant ( B = 0.456, SE = 0.048, t = 9.46, p < .001). With BRS entered as the mediator, the direct effect of OHQ-SF remained significant ( B = 0.424, SE = 0.049, t = 8.71, p < .001), and the indirect effect via BRS was also significant ( ab = 0.032, BootSE = 0.015, 95% bootstrapped CI [0.008, 0.066]). These results indicate partial mediation: higher OHQ-SF scores are associated with higher HSLS, in part through greater BRS. As a result of the mediation analysis performed in Fig. 2 , the effect of OHQ-SF on BRS was found to be significant (B = 0.210, SE = 0.448, t = 4.5, p = .001). In addition, the effect of BRS on HSLS was also statistically significant (B = 0.424, SE = 0.49, t = 4.35, p = 0.001). The indirect effect coefficient was found to be B = 0.032, and the 95% confidence interval was found to be in the range of 0.8 − 066 according to the Bca method. These results indicate that the effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS is partially mediated by BRS. Figure 3 shows the direct effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS (path a) and its indirect effect via BRS (path a)*. The dashed arrow represents the moderation effect. This model theoretically suggests that the effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS may occur not only directly but also indirectly through BRS. In Fig. 4 the simple slopes plot illustrates the moderating role of psychological resilience (BRS) in the relationship between happiness (OHQ-SF) and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS). As shown in the interaction graph, the positive effect of happiness on a healthy, sustainable lifestyle varies by the level of psychological resilience. In particular, among individuals with low resilience (-1 SD), the positive association between happiness and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle is weaker, indicating that the influence of positive affect on sustainable behaviors is more limited in this group. By contrast, at average and high levels of resilience the relationship strengthens noticeably. For those with high resilience (+ 1 SD), the association is strongest, suggesting that psychological resilience amplifies the translation of happiness into healthy, sustainable lifestyle behaviors. This pattern supports the presence of a statistically significant interaction effect in the happiness–HSLS relationship. 4. DISCUSSION Figure 1 depicts the sample’s gender and age distribution, highlighting a predominance of young adults and a near-even split by gender. Regression analyses (Table 3 ) indicated that happiness (OHQ-SF) was significantly and positively associated with psychological resilience (BRS) ( B = 0.210, SE = 0.048, t = 4.35, p < .001, 95% CI [0.115, 0.305]). Interpreted on the observed scales, each one-point increase on the OHQ-SF corresponded to an estimated 0.21-point increase on the BRS, suggesting that higher happiness is associated with greater psychological resilience. This finding aligns with prior work showing that positive emotions strengthen psychological resources (Sarol et al., 2024). Regression analyses (Table 4 ) indicated that both predictors were positively related to a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS). Specifically, happiness (OHQ-SF) showed a significant positive association with HSLS scores (B = 0.424, SE = 0.049, t = 8.71, p < .001, 95% CI [0.328, 0.519]), and psychological resilience (BRS) was likewise a significant positive predictor (B = 0.152, SE = 0.046, t = 3.34, p = .0009, 95% CI [0.063, 0.242]). Interpreted on the observed scales, a one-point increase in OHQ-SF corresponded to an estimated 0.424-point increase in HSLS, while a one-point increase in BRS corresponded to an estimated 0.152-point increase. These results suggest that both happiness and psychological resilience are meaningfully associated with a healthy, sustainable lifestyle. Mediation analyses (Table 5 , Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 ) showed that OHQ-SF (happiness) was positively associated with a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS) (total effect: B = 0.456, SE = 0.048, t = 9.46, p < .001). When BRS (psychological resilience) was included as a mediator, the direct effect of OHQ-SF remained significant (B = 0.424, SE = 0.049, t = 8.71, p < .001) and the indirect effect through BRS was also significant (ab = 0.032, Bootstrap SE = 0.015, 95% bootstrapped CI [0.008, 0.066]). These results indicate partial mediation: higher OHQ-SF scores were associated with higher BRS, which in turn was associated with higher HSLS. This means that higher happiness was associated with greater resilience; This, in turn, is associated with a healthier, more sustainable lifestyle. In short, part of the happiness-HSLS link is explained by increased resilience. All these findings suggest that happiness and psychological resilience are positively associated with a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, suggesting that life satisfaction and psychological flexibility are not limited to internal affect but are also reflected in healthy and sustainable lifestyle behaviors. Indeed, while the direct link between happiness and a healthy and sustainable lifestyle persists, it also operates indirectly through greater psychological resilience. In other words, happier individuals tend to be more resilient, and more resilient individuals are more likely to adopt and maintain healthy and sustainable lifestyle behaviors. This result is consistent with positive psychology's explanation that positive emotions support health-related behaviors by strengthening psychological resources. Evidence from China [ 37 ] indicated that psychological resilience plays both mediating and moderating roles in the association between a healthy lifestyle and survival among older adults. The moderating effect was especially pronounced in urban settings, where higher resilience amplified the healthy lifestyle’s mortality-risk–reducing association. This pattern supports the theoretical validity of our model and suggests that resilience may be a mechanism that strengthens the link between happiness and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle. Accordingly, intervention design should consider not only individuals’ happiness but also their resilience, as both shape the adoption and maintenance of sustainable lifestyle practices. Complementing this, recent work suggests that resilience can buffer the adverse impact of childhood adversity on healthy lifestyle in young adulthood. Individuals with lower resilience are less likely to adhere to healthy-lifestyle recommendations than their more resilient counterparts, and analyses show significant differences between high- and low-resilience groups in behaviours such as non-smoking, moderate alcohol use, regular physical activity, healthy diet, and maintaining a healthy body weight. Individuals who are not psychologically well are less likely to be healthy than those who are healthy [ 38 ]. One of the most striking findings of the study concerns the moderating role of psychological resilience. According to the simple slope analysis (Fig. 4 ), the effect of happiness on a healthy and sustainable lifestyle varies according to the level of psychological resilience. This effect is particularly strong in individuals with high levels of psychological resilience. This pattern suggests that internal resources such as psychological resilience are necessary for positive emotions to translate into behavioral outcomes. These results are consistent with the work of Trudel-Fitzgerald and colleagues [ 39 ]. This study revealed a bidirectional relationship between positive psychological characteristics, such as happiness and optimism, and a healthy lifestyle. According to the findings, happier and more optimistic women are more likely to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles over time. Similarly, individuals with a healthy lifestyle are more likely to exhibit higher levels of happiness and optimism over time. These positive relationships become particularly pronounced during the transition from an unhealthy lifestyle to a healthy one. Individuals with moderate to high levels of happiness/optimism are significantly more likely to maintain a healthy lifestyle than those with low levels (Trudel-Fitzgerald et al., 2019). Taken together, this external evidence bolsters the theoretical plausibility of the model tested here. As a result, this research demonstrates that Positive Psychology and Subjective Well-Being Model, which form the theoretical framework of this study, are valid and functional in explaining the impact of individual psychological resources (happiness and psychological resilience) on healthy, sustainable lifestyle behaviors. The research presents a comprehensive model that examines both direct and indirect effects by revealing the relationships between happiness, psychological resilience, and healthy, sustainable lifestyle variables in individuals participating in recreational activities. Thus, it offers significant contributions at both theoretical and practical levels. When evaluated within the framework of positive psychology and subjective well-being theories, the findings demonstrate that individual emotional states are closely linked to lifestyle choices. Positive psychological characteristics such as happiness and psychological resilience are critical not only for an individual's mental health but also for the development of sustainable living practices. Strategies to strengthen these psychological resources are recommended for health policies, lifestyle interventions, and community-based programs. Given the nurturing potential of recreational activities for these psychological variables, it is crucial to consider positive emotions and internal resilience together in individuals' orientation to a healthy lifestyle. CONCLUSION Grounded in positive psychology and the Subjective Well-Being model, this study advances a concise explanatory account of how happiness and psychological resilience relate to a healthy, sustainable lifestyle among recreation participants. We show that happiness (OHQ-SF) is linked to greater resilience (BRS) and that both variables are positively associated with healthy, sustainable lifestyle practices (HSLS). Mediation tests indicate partial mediation—happiness relates to HSLS in part through higher resilience—while moderation analyses reveal that the happiness–HSLS link is stronger at higher levels of resilience. Together, these results position resilience as both a pathway and an amplifier through which positive affect translates into health- and sustainability-supporting behaviors. By integrating direct, indirect, and conditional effects within a single model, the study extends the literature in a recreation context and identifies a clear psychological leverage point—cultivating happiness alongside resilience—for promoting healthier and more sustainable lifestyles. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCHES This study relies on a cross-sectional and self-report design, which limits causal inference and may introduce response and common-method bias. The sample of adult recreation participants from a single country constrains generalizability; future work should replicate across age and cultural groups, ideally using probability sampling. Although reliability was adequate, we used total scores and self-reports only; subsequent studies should incorporate behavioral/objective indicators (e.g., activity logs, purchasing/energy data). Including health status, socioeconomic status, environmental attitudes, and social support as covariates could further sharpen estimates. To strengthen causal claims, we recommend longitudinal follow-ups and/or randomized controlled interventions; this would directly test whether programs that enhance happiness and psychological resilience causally improve a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS). Declarations Ethical Approval and Informed Consent This study was approved by the Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee (approval: 2025/382) and conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the aim, procedures, and voluntary nature of the study. No official trial registration number was assigned. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Participants were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. I confirm that this manuscript adheres to the principles of research integrity and responsible authorship. I acknowledge that Education and Information Technologies is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and supports its commitment to follow COPE guidelines in cases of potential misconduct. Consent for Publication Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to survey completion. The survey did not include any identifiable personal information, images, or clinical data that would require additional consent for publication. Availability Data Statement The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Due to confidentiality agreements and ethical restrictions, the data are not publicly available. Funding The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. No grant number is available. Conflicting of Interest The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Author Contributions: Conceptualization Sevim Güllü, Yunus Şahinler. Methodology Sevim Güllü, Yunus Şahinler. Formal Analysis: Yunus Şahinler. Resources, Sevim Güllü, Yunus Şahinler, Mehlika Nuran Gündoğmuş, Aslıhan Gül. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7408926\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":520810878,\"identity\":\"6274d225-4c24-4eae-9e97-22a9e32494c3\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Sevim Güllü\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Sevim\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Güllü\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":520810883,\"identity\":\"6145d88d-18f1-4095-afec-6eb7bd04f6f6\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Yunus 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INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSeligman\\u0026rsquo;s positive psychology is a field of psychology that focuses on the positive aspects of human functioning and emphasizes well-being and happiness [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This approach aims to enhance well-being and happiness by developing individuals\\u0026rsquo; positive emotions, strengths, and potential [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. By focusing on what makes life worth living [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e], it seeks to guide individuals toward a more constructive future [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Diener\\u0026rsquo;s Subjective Well-Being model, an important complement to positive psychology, encompasses both emotional and cognitive evaluations such as happiness and life satisfaction. Accordingly, happiness is assessed by a predominance of positive emotions, a relative absence of negative emotions, and a high level of life satisfaction. Subjective well-being indicates quality of life as appraised by the individual, independent of objective criteria (e.g., income or health status) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Recreational activities can be an effective means of cultivating positive emotions, developing psychological resilience, and supporting life satisfaction.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRecreation is a process in which individuals voluntarily use their leisure time to engage in meaningful, fulfilling, and growth-oriented activities that yield personal satisfaction, self-worth, and a positive self-image. It also facilitates flow experiences that bridge well-being and felt satisfaction, generating positive outcomes such as achievement, excitement, acceptance, and affirmation of personal values [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn this context, positive psychology and the Subjective Well-Being (SWB) model provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the relationships among happiness, psychological resilience, and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, which are the key variables in our study. Participation in recreational activities is believed to contribute to happiness, psychological resilience, and the development of a healthy lifestyle. Taken together, these frameworks suggest that an individual\\u0026rsquo;s happiness and psychological resilience not only reflect mental well-being but also influence the adoption and maintenance of a healthy, sustainable lifestyle.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe concept of a healthy, sustainable lifestyle encompasses the protection and promotion of personal health, improvements in quality of life, and responsibility for environmental sustainability. Today, adopting a healthy lifestyle and internalizing sustainability are vital both for individual health and for safeguarding the global ecosystem. Accordingly, promoting a healthy, sustainable lifestyle helps societies build a healthier and more sustainable future [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e]In the positive psychology literature, happiness is regarded as the affective component of subjective well-being and refers to the extent to which individuals experience positive emotions in their lives [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Throughout life, individuals encounter adverse events, and their coping responses vary. Some experience psychological distress\\u0026mdash;such as anxiety and depression\\u0026mdash;in the face of stress or trauma, and negative affect may persist. Others recover more quickly and resume normal functioning. In positive psychology, this capacity is termed psychological resilience. It is commonly defined as the ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from illness, psychological difficulties, adverse experiences, or stress. Put differently, resilience reflects an individual\\u0026rsquo;s capacity to overcome adversity and adjust to new circumstances [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Higher resilience is typically associated with lower depressive symptoms [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn interpreting psychological assessments, the emotions shaped by individuals\\u0026rsquo; living conditions and self-appraisals are particularly salient. In contemporary societies, technological advances and urbanization have fostered increasingly sedentary lifestyles, posing a major public-health concern that threatens physical and mental health [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e] Accordingly, the effects of sport and physical activity on psychological health have attracted growing attention in T\\u0026uuml;rkiye and worldwide. Moreover, regular recreational exercise has been shown to enhance overall health, support muscle and bone health, help control body weight and maintain mobility, protect against chronic disease, and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Participation in recreational sport has been associated with multiple positive outcomes, including higher psychological well-being [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e], greater quality of life and happiness [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e], greater life satisfaction [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e], and higher self-esteem [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In a study spanning 48 countries, sports and recreation club membership was positively associated with happiness, suggesting cross-national generalizability of this relationship [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Recreational activities also play a salient role in promoting a healthy lifestyle [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Furthermore, participation in leisure activities is one pathway to strengthen psychological resilience [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Among young students, physical activity has shown a positive association with psychological resilience, and resilience in turn appears to encourage participation in physical activity [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA study reported that the perceived health benefits of participation in recreational activities positively affect both happiness and psychological resilience. Importantly, recreation\\u0026rsquo;s effect on happiness was not solely direct; recreation also increased psychological resilience, which in turn further elevated happiness\\u0026mdash;indicating a mediating role for resilience [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Participation in recreational activities likewise raises awareness of healthy, sustainable lifestyles and benefits happiness and resilience. Another study showed that engaging in pro-environmental behaviors improved subjective well-being (happiness and meaning in life); the experimental group outperformed the control group [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Research on the intersections of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism with sustainability highlighted fundamental benefits for individuals, communities, and society, thereby contributing to sustainability [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Finally, leisure-time physical activity fosters sustainable lifestyle intentions (e.g., green product purchase) by increasing health and environmental awareness; in a post-COVID sample of 533 participants, its effect on attitudes toward sustainable products operated indirectly via heightened health and environmental awareness [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn addition, evidence points to a positive association between sustainability and well-being (happiness) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Framed holistically, initiatives that enhance individual happiness alongside social and environmental welfare can be described as sustainable well-being. Put differently, individual happiness, social well-being, and environmental sustainability are mutually reinforcing [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e]. At the individual level, happiness supports sustainable well-being; at the societal level, social well-being further elevates personal well-being.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis study examines associations among four constructs: adults\\u0026rsquo; participation in recreational activities, a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, psychological resilience, and happiness. The theoretical framework draws on positive psychology (Seligman) and Diener\\u0026rsquo;s Subjective Well-Being (SWB) model. Positive psychology holds that meaningful, fulfilling experiences cultivate resilience and subjective happiness, whereas the SWB model explains orientations toward healthy lifestyles through life satisfaction and affective experience. Taken together, these frameworks provide a holistic basis for explaining how recreational participation relates to a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, resilience, and happiness. The study seeks to supply an evidence base for practices and public-health policies that aim to improve quality of life. In T\\u0026uuml;rkiye, empirical studies that consider these three constructs jointly remain limited; this research addresses that gap. The findings are expected to inform theory and practice in recreation psychology, recreational therapy, and recreation management.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eResearch Model\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis study employed a correlational (relational) design. Karasar [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e] describes general survey models as research designs that seek to draw general conclusions about a population by surveying either the entire population or a sample drawn from it.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eStudy Group.\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe study group comprised individuals aged 18 and older who participated in various recreational activities. A total of 462 participants took part (211 women, 251 men).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMeasures (Data Collection Tools)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eParticipants provided demographic information and completed three validated self-report scales:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cul\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form\\u003c/b\\u003e (OHQ-SF; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e]; Turkish adaptation: [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e]).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe OHQ-SF is a short-form measure of happiness. It includes on 7 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Strongly disagree, 5\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Strongly agree); higher scores reflect greater happiness.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBrief Resilience Scale\\u003c/b\\u003e (BRS, [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e], Turkish version: [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e])\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe BRS includes 6 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Strongly disagree, 5\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Strongly agree). Higher scores denote greater psychological resilience.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eHealthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale\\u003c/b\\u003e (HSLS; [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]; Turkish adaptation: [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e]). The HSLS has 24 items across six sub dimensions - physical fitness, mental health, emotional health, spiritual health, environmentalism, and social awareness - rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Strongly disagree, 5\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Strongly agree). Higher scores indicate a healthier, more sustainable lifestyle. (We analyzed the total score - no subscales).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ul\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eData Analysis\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAnalyses were conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 with Hayes\\u0026rsquo; PROCESS macro [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e]; supplementary procedures were run in AMOS. Normality was assessed via skewness and kurtosis; absolute values within \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.5 were taken as acceptable evidence of normality [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Descriptive statistics summarized demographics (frequencies/percentages) and scale scores (means/SDs). Bivariate associations among the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire\\u0026mdash;Short Form (OHQ-SF), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and the Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS) were examined using Pearson correlations. To test the main hypotheses, mediation was analyzed with PROCESS (Model 4), specifying OHQ-SF as X (independent variable), BRS as M (mediator), and HSLS as Y (dependent variable). Using 5,000 bootstrapped resamples, we obtained unstandardized coefficients and 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals for the total, direct, and indirect effects; the indirect effect was deemed significant when the CI excluded zero. In addition, moderation was tested with PROCESS (Model 1) by entering the OHQ-SF \\u0026times; BRS interaction and plotting simple slopes at \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1 SD, mean, and +\\u0026thinsp;1 SD. Potential covariates (age, gender, education) were not included in the final models because preliminary regressions indicated negligible or non-significant effects on the outcome variables.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. FINDINGS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e illustrates the gender and age distributions of the study sample. In terms of gender, 54.3% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;251) of participants are female, while 45.7% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;211) are male. With a total sample size of 462, the distribution indicates a relatively balanced representation of both genders. Regarding age distribution, the largest proportion of participants falls within the 18\\u0026ndash;25 age range, comprising 53.7% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;248) of the sample. This is followed by those aged 42 years and above at 21.0% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;97), participants aged 34\\u0026ndash;41 years at 13.6% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;63), and those aged 26\\u0026ndash;33 years at 11.7% (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;54). These results suggest that the sample is predominantly composed of young adults, with a notably higher representation of individuals in the younger age categories.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eHayes\\u0026rsquo;s PROCESS Model 4 diagram showing the mediating role of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) in the association between the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (OHO-SF) and the Healthy,Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eModel: Hayes PROCESS Model 4 ve Model 1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eX (Independent Variable): OHQ-SF\\u003c/b\\u003e (Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eM (Mediator): BRS\\u003c/b\\u003e (Brief Resilience Scale)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eY (Dependent Variable): HSLS\\u003c/b\\u003e (Healthy, Sustainable Lifestyle Scale)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003en\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;462, bootstraps\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5,000, 95% confidence interval\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e, using Hayes\\u0026rsquo;s PROCESS macro-Model 4 for mediation and Model 1 for moderation-we tested the mediating role of psychological resilience (BRS) in the association between the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (OHQ-SF) and the Healthy, Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eTablo 2\\u003c/b\\u003e. Skewness and Kurtosis Values for OHQ-SF, BRS and HSLS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"No\\\" id=\\\"Taba\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eX\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSkewness\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eKurtosis\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOHQ-SF\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3,5899\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0,108\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0,190\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBRS\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2,9806\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-0,119\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1,114\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eHSLS\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2,8520\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-0,639\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1,355\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn Table\\u0026nbsp;2, skewness and kurtosis were examined to evaluate conformity to the normality assumption. For OHQ-SF, skewness was 0.108 and kurtosis 0.190; because both lie within \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1, the distribution can be considered approximately normal. For BRS, skewness was \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.119 (very close to symmetry) and kurtosis 1.114, which falls within \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2, indicating an acceptably normal distribution. For HSLS, skewness was \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.639 and kurtosis 1.355; although this suggests a slight left skew, the values remain within \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2 and do not violate normality. Overall, all variables\\u0026rsquo; skewness and kurtosis values are within \\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2, supporting the suitability of the data for parametric analyses.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRegression results for the effect of OHQ-SF on BRS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSE\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e%95 CI\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOHQ-SF \\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026rarr;\\u003c/b\\u003e BRS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.210\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.048\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e4.35\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e[0.115, 0.305]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e the regression analysis showed that OHQ-SF was a significant positive predictor of BRS (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.21, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.048, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4.35, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, %95 CI [0.115,0.305]). Interpreted on the observed scales, each one-point increase on the OHQ-SF corresponded to an estimated 0.21-point increase on the BRS.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRegression results for the effects of OHQ-SF and BRS on HSLS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSE\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e%95 CI\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOHQ-SF \\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026rarr;\\u003c/b\\u003e HSLS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.424\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.049\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e8.71\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e[0.328, 0.519]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBRS \\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026rarr;\\u003c/b\\u003e HSLS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.152\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.046\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e3.34\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e.0009\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e[0.063, 0.242]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTable\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e shows that the direct effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS was statistically significant (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.424, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.049, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;8.71, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, %95 CI [0.328, 0.519). This indicates that higher happiness scores are associated with higher healthy, sustainable lifestyle scores. In addition, BRS also had a significant positive association with HSLS (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.152, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.046, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;3.34, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.0009, %95 CI [0.063,0.242]). This finding indicates that higher BRS is positively associated with HSLS. Taken together, these results suggest that the association between OHQ-SF and HSLS operates both directly and indirectly via BRS.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMediation analysis results for the total, direct, and indirect effects of OHQ-SF on HSLS\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eType of Effect\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSE\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e%95 CI\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eTotal Effect\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.456\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.048\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e9.46\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e[0.361, 0.551]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDirect Effect\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.424\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e0.049\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e8.71\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e[0.328, 0.519]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eIndirect Effect (OHQ-SF\\u0026rarr; BRS\\u0026rarr; HSLS)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e0.032\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBootSE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.015\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBootCI = [0.008, 0.066]\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e mediation analyses showed that the total effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS was significant (\\u003cem\\u003eB\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.456, \\u003cem\\u003eSE\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.048, \\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;9.46, \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001). With BRS entered as the mediator, the direct effect of OHQ-SF remained significant (\\u003cem\\u003eB\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.424, \\u003cem\\u003eSE\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.049, \\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;8.71, \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001), and the indirect effect via BRS was also significant (\\u003cem\\u003eab\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.032, BootSE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.015, 95% bootstrapped CI [0.008, 0.066]). These results indicate partial mediation: higher OHQ-SF scores are associated with higher HSLS, in part through greater BRS.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAs a result of the mediation analysis performed in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, the effect of OHQ-SF on BRS was found to be significant (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.210, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.448, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4.5, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.001). In addition, the effect of BRS on HSLS was also statistically significant (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.424, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.49, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4.35, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.001). The indirect effect coefficient was found to be B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.032, and the 95% confidence interval was found to be in the range of 0.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;066 according to the Bca method. These results indicate that the effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS is partially mediated by BRS.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the direct effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS (path a) and its indirect effect via BRS (path a)*. The dashed arrow represents the moderation effect. This model theoretically suggests that the effect of OHQ-SF on HSLS may occur not only directly but also indirectly through BRS.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e the simple slopes plot illustrates the moderating role of psychological resilience (BRS) in the relationship between happiness (OHQ-SF) and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS). As shown in the interaction graph, the positive effect of happiness on a healthy, sustainable lifestyle varies by the level of psychological resilience. In particular, among individuals with low resilience (-1 SD), the positive association between happiness and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle is weaker, indicating that the influence of positive affect on sustainable behaviors is more limited in this group. By contrast, at average and high levels of resilience the relationship strengthens noticeably. For those with high resilience (+\\u0026thinsp;1 SD), the association is strongest, suggesting that psychological resilience amplifies the translation of happiness into healthy, sustainable lifestyle behaviors. This pattern supports the presence of a statistically significant interaction effect in the happiness\\u0026ndash;HSLS relationship.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e depicts the sample\\u0026rsquo;s gender and age distribution, highlighting a predominance of young adults and a near-even split by gender. Regression analyses (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e) indicated that happiness (OHQ-SF) was significantly and positively associated with psychological resilience (BRS) (\\u003cem\\u003eB\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.210, \\u003cem\\u003eSE\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.048, \\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;4.35, \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, 95% CI [0.115, 0.305]). Interpreted on the observed scales, each one-point increase on the OHQ-SF corresponded to an estimated 0.21-point increase on the BRS, suggesting that higher happiness is associated with greater psychological resilience. This finding aligns with prior work showing that positive emotions strengthen psychological resources (Sarol et al., 2024).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRegression analyses (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e) indicated that both predictors were positively related to a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS). Specifically, happiness (OHQ-SF) showed a significant positive association with HSLS scores (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.424, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.049, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;8.71, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001, 95% CI [0.328, 0.519]), and psychological resilience (BRS) was likewise a significant positive predictor (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.152, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.046, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;3.34, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.0009, 95% CI [0.063, 0.242]). Interpreted on the observed scales, a one-point increase in OHQ-SF corresponded to an estimated 0.424-point increase in HSLS, while a one-point increase in BRS corresponded to an estimated 0.152-point increase. These results suggest that both happiness and psychological resilience are meaningfully associated with a healthy, sustainable lifestyle.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMediation analyses (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e and Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e) showed that OHQ-SF (happiness) was positively associated with a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS) (total effect: B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.456, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.048, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;9.46, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001). When BRS (psychological resilience) was included as a mediator, the direct effect of OHQ-SF remained significant (B\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.424, SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.049, t\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;8.71, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001) and the indirect effect through BRS was also significant (ab\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.032, Bootstrap SE\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.015, 95% bootstrapped CI [0.008, 0.066]). These results indicate partial mediation: higher OHQ-SF scores were associated with higher BRS, which in turn was associated with higher HSLS. This means that higher happiness was associated with greater resilience; This, in turn, is associated with a healthier, more sustainable lifestyle. In short, part of the happiness-HSLS link is explained by increased resilience.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAll these findings suggest that happiness and psychological resilience are positively associated with a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, suggesting that life satisfaction and psychological flexibility are not limited to internal affect but are also reflected in healthy and sustainable lifestyle behaviors. Indeed, while the direct link between happiness and a healthy and sustainable lifestyle persists, it also operates indirectly through greater psychological resilience. In other words, happier individuals tend to be more resilient, and more resilient individuals are more likely to adopt and maintain healthy and sustainable lifestyle behaviors. This result is consistent with positive psychology's explanation that positive emotions support health-related behaviors by strengthening psychological resources. Evidence from China [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e] indicated that psychological resilience plays both mediating and moderating roles in the association between a healthy lifestyle and survival among older adults. The moderating effect was especially pronounced in urban settings, where higher resilience amplified the healthy lifestyle\\u0026rsquo;s mortality-risk\\u0026ndash;reducing association. This pattern supports the theoretical validity of our model and suggests that resilience may be a mechanism that strengthens the link between happiness and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle. Accordingly, intervention design should consider not only individuals\\u0026rsquo; happiness but also their resilience, as both shape the adoption and maintenance of sustainable lifestyle practices. Complementing this, recent work suggests that resilience can buffer the adverse impact of childhood adversity on healthy lifestyle in young adulthood. Individuals with lower resilience are less likely to adhere to healthy-lifestyle recommendations than their more resilient counterparts, and analyses show significant differences between high- and low-resilience groups in behaviours such as non-smoking, moderate alcohol use, regular physical activity, healthy diet, and maintaining a healthy body weight. Individuals who are not psychologically well are less likely to be healthy than those who are healthy [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOne of the most striking findings of the study concerns the moderating role of psychological resilience. According to the simple slope analysis (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e), the effect of happiness on a healthy and sustainable lifestyle varies according to the level of psychological resilience. This effect is particularly strong in individuals with high levels of psychological resilience. This pattern suggests that internal resources such as psychological resilience are necessary for positive emotions to translate into behavioral outcomes. These results are consistent with the work of Trudel-Fitzgerald and colleagues [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This study revealed a bidirectional relationship between positive psychological characteristics, such as happiness and optimism, and a healthy lifestyle. According to the findings, happier and more optimistic women are more likely to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles over time. Similarly, individuals with a healthy lifestyle are more likely to exhibit higher levels of happiness and optimism over time. These positive relationships become particularly pronounced during the transition from an unhealthy lifestyle to a healthy one. Individuals with moderate to high levels of happiness/optimism are significantly more likely to maintain a healthy lifestyle than those with low levels (Trudel-Fitzgerald et al., 2019). Taken together, this external evidence bolsters the theoretical plausibility of the model tested here.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAs a result, this research demonstrates that Positive Psychology and Subjective Well-Being Model, which form the theoretical framework of this study, are valid and functional in explaining the impact of individual psychological resources (happiness and psychological resilience) on healthy, sustainable lifestyle behaviors. The research presents a comprehensive model that examines both direct and indirect effects by revealing the relationships between happiness, psychological resilience, and healthy, sustainable lifestyle variables in individuals participating in recreational activities. Thus, it offers significant contributions at both theoretical and practical levels. When evaluated within the framework of positive psychology and subjective well-being theories, the findings demonstrate that individual emotional states are closely linked to lifestyle choices. Positive psychological characteristics such as happiness and psychological resilience are critical not only for an individual's mental health but also for the development of sustainable living practices. Strategies to strengthen these psychological resources are recommended for health policies, lifestyle interventions, and community-based programs. Given the nurturing potential of recreational activities for these psychological variables, it is crucial to consider positive emotions and internal resilience together in individuals' orientation to a healthy lifestyle.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"CONCLUSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eGrounded in positive psychology and the Subjective Well-Being model, this study advances a concise explanatory account of how happiness and psychological resilience relate to a healthy, sustainable lifestyle among recreation participants. We show that happiness (OHQ-SF) is linked to greater resilience (BRS) and that both variables are positively associated with healthy, sustainable lifestyle practices (HSLS). Mediation tests indicate partial mediation\\u0026mdash;happiness relates to HSLS in part through higher resilience\\u0026mdash;while moderation analyses reveal that the happiness\\u0026ndash;HSLS link is stronger at higher levels of resilience. Together, these results position resilience as both a pathway and an amplifier through which positive affect translates into health- and sustainability-supporting behaviors. By integrating direct, indirect, and conditional effects within a single model, the study extends the literature in a recreation context and identifies a clear psychological leverage point\\u0026mdash;cultivating happiness alongside resilience\\u0026mdash;for promoting healthier and more sustainable lifestyles.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCHES\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study relies on a cross-sectional and self-report design, which limits causal inference and may introduce response and common-method bias. The sample of adult recreation participants from a single country constrains generalizability; future work should replicate across age and cultural groups, ideally using probability sampling. Although reliability was adequate, we used total scores and self-reports only; subsequent studies should incorporate behavioral/objective indicators (e.g., activity logs, purchasing/energy data). Including health status, socioeconomic status, environmental attitudes, and social support as covariates could further sharpen estimates. To strengthen causal claims, we recommend longitudinal follow-ups and/or randomized controlled interventions; this would directly test whether programs that enhance happiness and psychological resilience causally improve a healthy, sustainable lifestyle (HSLS).\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthical Approval and Informed Consent\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study was approved by the Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee (approval: 2025/382) and conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the aim, procedures, and voluntary nature of the study. No official trial registration number was assigned. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Participants were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eI confirm that this manuscript adheres to the principles of research integrity and responsible authorship. I acknowledge that Education and Information Technologies is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and supports its commitment to follow COPE guidelines in cases of potential misconduct.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for Publication\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to survey completion. The survey did not include any identifiable personal information, images, or clinical data that would require additional consent for publication.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability Data Statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Due to confidentiality agreements and ethical restrictions, the data are not publicly available.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. No grant number is available.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflicting of Interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor Contributions:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Conceptualization Sevim G\\u0026uuml;ll\\u0026uuml;, Yunus Şahinler. Methodology Sevim G\\u0026uuml;ll\\u0026uuml;, Yunus Şahinler. Formal Analysis: Yunus Şahinler. Resources, Sevim G\\u0026uuml;ll\\u0026uuml;, Yunus Şahinler, Mehlika Nuran G\\u0026uuml;ndoğmuş, Aslıhan G\\u0026uuml;l. Data Curation, Sevim G\\u0026uuml;ll\\u0026uuml;, Yunus Şahinler, Mehlika Nuran G\\u0026uuml;ndoğmuş, Aslıhan G\\u0026uuml;l. \\u0026nbsp;Writing\\u0026mdash;Original Draft Sevim G\\u0026uuml;ll\\u0026uuml;, Mehlika Nuran G\\u0026uuml;ndoğmuş, Aslıhan G\\u0026uuml;l. Writing\\u0026mdash;Review \\u0026amp; Editing, Sevim G\\u0026uuml;ll\\u0026uuml;, Yunus Şahinler, Mehlika Nuran G\\u0026uuml;ndoğmuş, Aslıhan G\\u0026uuml;l. Project Administration Sevim G\\u0026uuml;ll\\u0026uuml;. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAgarwal S. (2020). Positive psychology. \\u003cem\\u003eReview Journal Philosophy \\u0026amp; Social Science.\\u003c/em\\u003e XLV (2). \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.31995/rjpss.2020.v45i01.023\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.31995/rjpss.2020.v45i01.023\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLiu J. 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J Adolesc Health. 2022;70(2):258\\u0026ndash;66.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTrudel-Fitzgerald C, James P, Kim ES, Zevon ES, Grodstein F, Kubzansky LD. Prospective associations of happiness and optimism with lifestyle over up to two decades. Prev Med. 2019;126:105754. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105754\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105754\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Happiness, Psychological Resilience, Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle, Positive Psychology, Subjective Well-Being, Recreational Participation\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7408926/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7408926/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe aim of this study is to examine the relationships among happiness, psychological resilience, and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle, and to test the mediating and moderating roles of psychological resilience in these relationships. Grounded in Positive Psychology and the Subjective Well-Being model, the study evaluates how individuals\\u0026rsquo; internal psychological resources shape lifestyle choices within a holistic framework. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 462 participants (211 women, 251 men) with the Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale, Happiness Scale, and the Psychological Resilience Scale. The findings indicate that happiness significantly predicts psychological resilience, and that resilience exerts both direct and indirect effects on a healthy, sustainable lifestyle. The mediating role of resilience in the association between happiness and a healthy, sustainable lifestyle was tested using Hayes\\u0026rsquo;s PROCESS Macro (Model 4), and bootstrap resampling revealed a significant indirect effect. Simple slopes analyses further showed that resilience moderates this relationship, such that the impact of happiness on lifestyle is stronger among individuals with higher resilience. Overall, the results suggest that positive psychological characteristics shape not only emotional well-being but also behavioral and sustainable lifestyle choices. The findings imply that recreational and psychoeducational interventions aimed at strengthening resilience may play a critical role in promoting healthy lifestyle practices, offering theoretical and practical contributions to the literatures on positive psychology and healthy living.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"The Relationship of Recreational Participation with Sustainable Lifestyle, Happiness and Psychological Resilience\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-09-26 15:04:34\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7408926/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"7b8c3cee-df6d-47ce-9837-a641ce923404\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"September 26th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-08T18:10:06+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-09-26 15:04:34\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7408926\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7408926\",\"identity\":\"rs-7408926\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}