{"paper_id":"1102e396-811e-4ed1-8515-c864fbefe994","body_text":"Liquefaction potential of upstream tailings dams using a nonlinear elastoplastic constitutive model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Liquefaction potential of upstream tailings dams using a nonlinear elastoplastic constitutive model Ramin Salamat Mamakani, Amin Azhari, Rennie Kaunda, Lohrasb Faramarzi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4550465/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Liquefaction is the major failure mode of tailing dams during earthquakes according to ICOLD report, 2001. This study aims to assess the liquefaction potential at different depths considering (N1)60 values of the Sphordi phosphate tailing dam using empirical and FDM numerical approaches based on the non-linear Finn-Byrne constitutive model. The effect of four actual recorded earthquakes with different PGA levels namely, Bafgh (2005, PGA:0.13), Parkfield (1996, PGA:0.27), Erzincan (1992, PGA:0.5), and Tabas (1978, PGA:0.86) have been investigated on the liquefaction of the studied tailings dam. The liquefaction coefficient (ru), liquefaction safety factor (FSL), and liquefaction potential index (LPI) were assessed. The results revealed that generally by increasing (N1)60 from 2 to 6 the ru decreases 50 percent. Moreover, the FSL values obtained from empirical and numerical approaches show a good agreement in which the FSL increases 55% with increasing depth ((N1)60 values of 2 to 6). To examine the liquefaction potential of tailing dams, in addition to liquefaction index values including ru, FSL, and LPI, it is necessary to assess the liquefied extension zone of tailings. Evaluating LPI classification depicts that at low seismic levels (PGA:0.13) the tailings fall into the non-liquefied class and at high seismic level (PGA:0.86), very high liquefaction potential has been observed at 71% of the tailings area. Finally, the results provide a better understanding of the tailings compaction on the liquefaction potential at different seismic levels. tailings liquefaction numerical modeling mining and environmental issues Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4550465\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":313861871,\"identity\":\"8a2d79d8-dd8a-41ae-a2dd-7e20c64d8bcb\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Ramin Salamat Mamakani\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Isfahan University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ramin\",\"middleName\":\"Salamat\",\"lastName\":\"Mamakani\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":313861872,\"identity\":\"720d5fea-0326-4118-ad39-8aedfc112c83\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Amin Azhari\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNiCWkGOD8niI1mLMxsBMmhaGxAaoFsKAv/34swc/91ik90nkH2D4UcMgY95AQIvEmYR0w55nErltEskMjD3HGHhkDhCy5kDCMQmeAxAtDLwNDDwShHTIn3/YJvnngEQ6G8iWv8RoMbiRzCYNtCUBpIWZKFsMbzxjk5Y5IGHYxvPY4LAM0JEEtcidT38m+eZAnbx8e+LDh29qbOwJakEBB4AhSJKGUTAKRsEoGAU4AAB36TMGdDegfQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Isfahan University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Amin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Azhari\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":313861873,\"identity\":\"522087b3-0680-409e-bd69-9944dbad6935\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Rennie Kaunda\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Colorado School of 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This study aims to assess the liquefaction potential at different depths considering (N1)60 values of the Sphordi phosphate tailing dam using empirical and FDM numerical approaches based on the non-linear Finn-Byrne constitutive model. The effect of four actual recorded earthquakes with different PGA levels namely, Bafgh (2005, PGA:0.13), Parkfield (1996, PGA:0.27), Erzincan (1992, PGA:0.5), and Tabas (1978, PGA:0.86) have been investigated on the liquefaction of the studied tailings dam. The liquefaction coefficient (ru), liquefaction safety factor (FSL), and liquefaction potential index (LPI) were assessed. The results revealed that generally by increasing (N1)60 from 2 to 6 the ru decreases 50 percent. Moreover, the FSL values obtained from empirical and numerical approaches show a good agreement in which the FSL increases 55% with increasing depth ((N1)60 values of 2 to 6). To examine the liquefaction potential of tailing dams, in addition to liquefaction index values including ru, FSL, and LPI, it is necessary to assess the liquefied extension zone of tailings. Evaluating LPI classification depicts that at low seismic levels (PGA:0.13) the tailings fall into the non-liquefied class and at high seismic level (PGA:0.86), very high liquefaction potential has been observed at 71% of the tailings area. 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