{"paper_id":"10cb40a3-74fd-4f0e-9e70-4359eb83a651","body_text":"Enhancing routing efficiency in Cloud MANET using KNN and Fitness Function for dynamic network environments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhancing routing efficiency in Cloud MANET using KNN and Fitness Function for dynamic network environments Natalia Kurkina, Jan Papaj, Jozef Badar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6775690/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The rapid expansion of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and their integration with cloud technologies have led to the emergence of Cloud MANET, a network model that combines the flexibility of MANET with the scalability and computing abilities of cloud technologies. In such a model, several MANET can be combined into one using connection to the cloud. However, frequent node mobility in such networks results in periodic topology changes and link instability, reducing data delivery rates and increasing end-to-end latency. This negatively impacts packet delivery within Cloud MANET, especially in real-time applications. In this paper, a novel routing scheme proposed that use machine learning techniques, it presents an extension of the AODV reactive routing protocol, called AODV-KNN, which uses the K-nearest neighbor algorithm and fitness functions. The purpose of this modifying routing scheme was to improve route discovery, reduce latency, and increase network stable. The article also analyzed the impact of fitness function coefficients on routing in Cloud MANET. For different environments, coefficients were selected to show improvements in the measured metrics. The basic quality of service metrics used to evaluate the proposed routing algorithm were packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, number of routing packets, average throughput and end-to-end delay. A comparative analysis demonstrates the advantages of AODV-KNN routing over traditional approaches in dynamic network environments. Cloud MANET routing protocols AODV machine learning fitness function K-nearest neighbor algorithm Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6775690\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":477790127,\"identity\":\"56d0d206-6bde-40e4-9edb-1ebbfaec7341\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Natalia Kurkina\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Technical University of Kosice\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Natalia\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kurkina\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":477790128,\"identity\":\"3eba260c-54ed-4afc-b19e-5b6d7b8080e7\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Jan Papaj\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYYo70BwpEgXkvPYSK1IIBEMpFamNvPHmAuqLkjzzzz/THJGRUM9pINBLQw9uQlMM849sywcXYym+SGMwyJswnZwtiQY8DMw3aYEazlYRtDghxBLf1vgFr+HbZvnHkYqOUfgz1hLTOAtvC2HU5snMHMJrkRGNCEHTbjjcHhmX3Pkht7ko0tZxyTSJzZQECLYX+O4eOCb3dsN7YffHizp8bGXuIAIS1AMw8zMBwAMxiIikh5IGYGaZEnrHYUjIJRMApGKgAAb+9BvzrUZigAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Technical University of Kosice\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Papaj\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":477790129,\"identity\":\"9aa8773b-44da-4802-99f9-6953cbbb97c1\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Jozef Badar\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Technical University of Kosice\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jozef\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Badar\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-05-29 10:38:26\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6775690/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6775690/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-026-02198-7\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2026-02-04T15:57:53+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":102234212,\"identity\":\"9a31877d-4f12-4d7d-81f9-a88ca77a4188\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-02-09 16:07:52\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1078468,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"RoutingCloudMANETKNNFitnessFunction.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6775690/v1_covered_a31e389d-fb2a-43e0-b046-f5ebed02c80e.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Enhancing routing efficiency in Cloud MANET using KNN and Fitness Function for dynamic network environments\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"peer-to-peer-networking-and-applications\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"ppna\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications](http://link.springer.com/journal/12083)\",\"snPcode\":\"12083\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12083/3\",\"title\":\"Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Cloud MANET, routing protocols, AODV, machine learning, fitness function, K-nearest neighbor algorithm\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6775690/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6775690/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe rapid expansion of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and their integration with cloud technologies have led to the emergence of Cloud MANET, a network model that combines the flexibility of MANET with the scalability and computing abilities of cloud technologies. 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