{"paper_id":"1037a542-99e1-41c9-b59a-cb5d9615feec","body_text":"Path integration from optic flow and the role of eye movements | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Path integration from optic flow and the role of eye movements Renate Reisenegger, Frank Bremmer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7815244/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Optic flow provides critical visual information for self-motion perception, including direction (heading), speed, and travel distance (path integration). While eye movements are naturally elicited during optic flow, most lab-based studies of human path integration require central fixation, potentially altering perception. Here, we examined whether free eye movements improve distance discrimination compared with fixation, testing the hypothesis that oculomotor signals may support oculomotor odometry . The participants viewed two consecutive optic flow stimuli simulating forward self-motion across a ground plane and judged which interval represented the longer travel distance. Eye movement instructions varied across the four conditions, allowing either free-viewing or requiring fixation (still allowing for miniature slow and fast eye movements within a control window) during each interval. Behavioral accuracy was analyzed with generalized linear mixed-effects models, and eye movements were quantified either including or excluding saccades. As expected, free-viewing induced larger and faster saccades and higher smooth eye-movement (SEM) speeds than fixation did. However, contrary to our hypothesis, fixation did not systematically impair distance discrimination. While cumulative eye-movement amplitudes scaled with travel distance as predicted, psychometric functions for perceived distance were similar across conditions. These findings, together with results from other recent studies, suggest that fixation-based paradigms do not impair the study of certain aspects of self-motion perception, including settings requiring stable gaze (e.g., EEG recordings). Biological sciences/Neuroscience Biological sciences/Psychology Social science/Psychology Distance perception optic flow self-motion eye movements fixation path integration. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 14 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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movements\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Distance perception, optic flow, self-motion, eye movements, fixation, path integration.\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7815244/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7815244/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eOptic flow provides critical visual information for self-motion perception, including direction (heading), speed, and travel distance (path integration). While eye movements are naturally elicited during optic flow, most lab-based studies of human path integration require central fixation, potentially altering perception. Here, we examined whether free eye movements improve distance discrimination compared with fixation, testing the hypothesis that oculomotor signals may support \\u003cem\\u003eoculomotor odometry\\u003c/em\\u003e. The participants viewed two consecutive optic flow stimuli simulating forward self-motion across a ground plane and judged which interval represented the longer travel distance. Eye movement instructions varied across the four conditions, allowing either free-viewing or requiring fixation (still allowing for miniature slow and fast eye movements within a control window) during each interval. Behavioral accuracy was analyzed with generalized linear mixed-effects models, and eye movements were quantified either including or excluding saccades. As expected, free-viewing induced larger and faster saccades and higher smooth eye-movement (SEM) speeds than fixation did. However, contrary to our hypothesis, fixation did not systematically impair distance discrimination. While cumulative eye-movement amplitudes scaled with travel distance as predicted, psychometric functions for perceived distance were similar across conditions. These findings, together with results from other recent studies, suggest that fixation-based paradigms do not impair the study of certain aspects of self-motion perception, including settings requiring stable gaze (e.g., EEG recordings).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Path integration from optic flow and the role of eye movements\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-10-29 11:50:06\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7815244/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-01-30T21:05:41+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-17T10:38:16+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-02T14:24:28+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"228690742342122181740509168006070515434\",\"date\":\"2025-11-26T20:10:08+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"323674991834129209618175317906475782434\",\"date\":\"2025-11-25T11:43:33+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"292744854321375487264907564326502287407\",\"date\":\"2025-10-17T16:57:50+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"193666576188930669020283754481778446766\",\"date\":\"2025-10-15T03:59:21+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-14T20:37:13+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-14T04:35:26+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-10T13:05:38+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-10T13:05:01+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"date\":\"2025-10-09T08:40:28+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"58cb02f5-b73c-4bb2-acaf-acc241473733\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"October 29th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":56848402,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Neuroscience\"},{\"id\":56848403,\"name\":\"Biological sciences/Psychology\"},{\"id\":56848404,\"name\":\"Social science/Psychology\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-13T11:39:46+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-10-29 11:50:06\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7815244\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7815244\",\"identity\":\"rs-7815244\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}