{"paper_id":"0fd6517b-007d-47f5-8dd5-725d6a470881","body_text":"Predictive factors for birth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms using a birth-specific measurement: a cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Predictive factors for birth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms using a birth-specific measurement: a cross-sectional study Greta Stén, Anna Malmquist, Katri Nieminen, Hanna Grundström This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722668/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background One third of all childbirths are experienced as traumatic, which is a risk for developing birth-related PTSD (BR-PTSD). Understanding factors that increase the level of BR-PTSD symptoms (BR-PTSS) is crucial for the development of adequate preventive strategies. Most previous research has utilised general PTSD measurements, which negatively impacts its validity. This study therefore aimed to assess predictive factors for BR-PTSS using a birth-specific instrument. Methods In this cross-sectional study, BR-PTSS was measured using City Birth Trauma Scale. Information on prenatal and birth-related predictive factors and comorbid symptoms of postpartum depression was collected via a self-report questionnaire including Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2. Independent significant predictors were analysed using single and multiple linear regression. The results were controlled for comorbidity with postpartum depression. Results Independent significant predictors were previous traumatic experience, primiparity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth, and a negative subjective experience of childbirth. When controlling for comorbidity with postpartum depression, significant predictors were primiparity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth and a negative subjective experience of childbirth. Conclusions This study identifies a negative subjective experience of birth as the most important predictor for BR-PTSS and highlights the importance of modifiable factors. Our findings indicate that implementation of care acknowledging past trauma and primiparity, and evaluating the birth experience can help identify individuals with higher BR-PTSS. Future research should explore the effect on BR-PTSS when evaluating strategies focused on preventing and mitigating the experience of complications in pregnancy and birth, providing safe and supportive care, and promoting agency and self-efficacy during labour. Birth-related PTSD postpartum PTSD risk factors City Birth Trauma Scale City BiTS Introduction Around 140 million births occur each year ( 1 ). Of these, a noteworthy 34–45% are perceived as traumatic ( 2 , 3 ). Traumatic childbirth has been defined as an experience related to childbirth causing profound overwhelming/distressing emotions and reactions leading to a negative impact on the individual’s well-being ( 4 ). Previously viewed as a subject of controversy, it is now acknowledged that traumatic childbirth may lead to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Within the first period after the trauma, these symptoms are referred to as acute stress disorder ( 5 ). While symptoms usually decrease within the first month post-partum, some individuals develop birth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (BR-PTSD). Adding to the substantial burden and distress of general PTSD, specific expressions and consequences of BR-PTSD include great fear of future childbirth, avoidance of future pregnancies ( 6 ), lower rates of breastfeeding, a negative impact on the child’s socio-emotional development ( 7 ), lower relationship satisfaction ( 8 ) and a potentially negative impact on the mental health of partners ( 9 ). Research and awareness of BR-PTSD have increased in the past two decades. Nevertheless, significant knowledge gaps persist and lack of awareness among the public, policymakers and healthcare providers still exists ( 9 – 11 ). According to the most recent Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), PTSD is classified as a trauma and stress-related condition ( 5 ). In BR-PTSD, the trauma criterion (criterion A) reflects on an event during, or near childbirth. Seven more criteria (B-H) must be fulfilled to classify for diagnosis. Symptoms are divided into four clusters: ( 1 ) re-experiencing symptoms (e.g., flashbacks, nightmares), ( 2 ) physical and mental avoidance, ( 3 ) negative changes in cognition and mood (e.g., difficulty concentrating, fear, depressive symptoms,) and lastly ( 4 ) hyperarousal (hypervigilance, easily becoming scared or angry). The presence of a certain degree of PTSS not meeting all diagnostic criteria can be referred to as partial or subclinical PTSD ( 12 ). As previous research has shown, individuals with partial PTSD can be affected negatively as well ( 7 , 8 , 13 ). The fact that they do not classify for an established diagnosis may be a potential barrier to adequate care. Results from meta-analyses show that BR-PTSD affects 3–5% of all people giving birth ( 9 , 14 – 16 ). Reviews have found a broad range of prevalence rates, which have been explained by differences in timing since childbirth, sample selection and data collection method ( 9 , 17 ). Evidence suggests that prevalence rates do not seem to differ significantly when comparing self-reporting methods to clinical diagnostic interviews ( 9 ). Nonetheless, a broad range of questionnaires is being used ( 17 ), few of which address birth-related trauma or are up to date with DSM-5. The first self-report instrument based on DSM-5 and targeting BR-PTSD specifically (City Birth Trauma Scale, City BiTS) was developed in 2018, and facilitates reliable identification of BR-PTSD and measurement of birth-related PTSS (BR-PTSS) ( 18 ). Trauma linked to BR-PTSD occurs in a unique context, differing from other types of traumatic events that might trigger PTSD. Childbirth is commonly expected and seen as a natural part of life, which is partly the reason why BR-PTSD has been a question of debate ( 9 ). Furthermore, the peripartum period includes physical pain, hormonal alterations, breastfeeding, sleep deprivation and parent-baby bonding. Given the special context, Ayers has proposed a theoretical framework for the aetiology specific to BR-PTSD ( 19 ). Derived from the stress-diathesis model, this framework explains the development of PTSD as interactions between individual predisposing vulnerability factors and traumatic experiences. The individual factors are further divided into pre-existing vulnerability factors, factors related to pregnancy or birth, and maintaining factors. Knowledge of these predictive factors is important for developing adequate preventive strategies and peripartum care. Since birth-related trauma typically includes contact with healthcare professionals, better knowledge of modifiable risk factors could contribute to a reduction of symptoms and prevalence rates. Key vulnerability factors identified in previous research are depression during pregnancy, fear of childbirth, poor health and complications during pregnancy, and a history of PTSD. Significant birth-related factors encompass subjective negative birth experiences, operative birth, inadequate support, and dissociation. Lastly, important postnatal risk factors identified are depression as well as stress and poor coping strategies ( 14 , 15 , 17 ). Given that childbirth traditions and care vary globally, risk factors can be expected to differ between countries. Furthermore, a recently published meta-analysis emphasises the importance of studies specifically identifying childbirth as the precipitating trauma to distinguish BR-PTSD/PTSS from PTSD/PTSS in the postnatal period resulting traumatic experiences other than birth ( 9 ). Hence, this study aimed to investigate predictive factors for BR-PTSS using a birth-specific measurement. Methods Participants This multicentre cross-sectional study with the aim to investigate predictive factors for BR-PTSS using a birth-specific measurement was derived from the Swedish part of the International Survey of Childbirth-related Trauma (INTERSECT), an international project focusing on BR-PTSD ( 20 ). Study participants were recruited during September 2021 to January 2022 from five maternity care clinics in different-sized cities in southern Sweden. Eligible participants were those aged ≥ 18 years, who had given birth 6–16 weeks prior to inclusion. Cases of stillbirth were excluded. Eligible study participants were identified via diagnostic codes in medical records. Mailing addresses were provided via the Swedish state personal address register. Sampling was done by stratified random sampling from those meeting the inclusion criteria. The study population was stratified by clinic, and thereafter randomised using Excel’s randomisation tool. The proportion of participants from each clinic was dependent on the size of the city. The original INTERSECT study recommended a sample size of 250, but since the response rate was expected to be low, a total of 2000 participants were contacted ( 20 ). Data collection Data was collected via a self-report questionnaire. Information about the study and a link to an online version of the questionnaire was sent by mail. After two weeks, a reminder was sent to those who had not responded, together with a printed version of the questionnaire. The survey comprised questions regarding demographics, former and current mental health factors and aspects regarding the respondents’ most recent pregnancy and childbirth. Measurements To assess BR-PTSS levels, the Swedish version of City BiTS (City BiTS-Swe) was used ( 21 ). The instrument was developed to aid the diagnostic process of BR-PTSD while also assessing BR-PTSS levels ( 18 ). It comprises 29 questions addressing all diagnostic criteria, symptom categories, and dissociative symptoms, and is answered with ‘yes’/’no’ or a four-graded Likert scale from 0–3, total range 0–60 points. Higher scores indicate a greater symptomatic burden. To evaluate the subjective experience of childbirth, the Swedish Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2 (CEQ2) was used ( 22 ). The instrument consists of four subscales: professional support, agency, perceived security, and self-efficacy. Responses are on a four-point Likert scale ( 1 – 4 ), or a Visual Analogue Scale from 0 to 100 divided into four-scoring categories: 1 (0–40), 2 (41–60), 3 (61–80), and 4 (81–100). Negatively worded statements are reversed in score. The total score range is 1–4, a higher score indicating greater satisfaction and a more positive experience. Postpartum depression symptoms were measured using the Swedish version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) ( 23 ) originally developed by Cox, Holden and Sagovsky ( 24 ). The instrument constitutes ten items, answered on a four-graded Likert scale (0–3). Total scores range from 0 to 30, higher values indicating more severe levels of depression symptoms. Data analysis Each factor was coded as 1 for the level presumed to positively correlate with the City BiTS score, while the other level was coded as 0. Categorical factors with more than two levels were dichotomised to enable linear regression analysis (Appendix A). Descriptive statistics were used for assessing demographical and birth-related aspects of the sample using mean, standard deviation, and percentage of valid answers. Univariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors for the total score of City BiTS. Predictors with significant beta coefficients (p < .05) were included in a multiple linear regression to detect independent predictive factors using the forced entry method. Factors with fewer than ten observations at any level were excluded to minimise overfitting ( 25 ). Since previous traumatic childbirth could only be assessed for multiparous individuals, it was excluded from the overall multiple regression to maintain statistical power. Separate regression analyses were then performed, stratified by parity, to assess the role of previous traumatic childbirth. Predictive factors were controlled for comorbidity with postpartum depression in a second step. Multicollinearity was assessed with variance inflation factor (VIF), values below 5 indicating no considerable multicollinearity ( 26 ). Residuals for the multiple regression model were assessed graphically. Missing values were omitted pairwise in all analyses. The alpha level was set to < .05. All statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 28. Results Altogether, 619 individuals answered the survey, corresponding to a 31% response rate. The participants’ mean age was 32.8 (range 18–47), the majority stated that they lived in an urban environment, had a university education, an average or high household income in comparison to other households, identified as belonging to the ethnic majority and had been born in Sweden. Moreover, the majority were primiparous, had a term childbirth, had given birth vaginally, and did not experience any complications during pregnancy or childbirth. Full sample characteristics are shown in Table 1 . A total of 610 individuals completed City BiTS with a total mean score of 7.9 ± 8.7 (range 0–55). The total mean score for CEQ2 was 3.3 ± 0.5 (range 1.3-4.0) and EPDS 6.2 ± 5.2 (range 0–26). Table 1 Demographical, mental health-, pregnancy- and birth-related sample characteristics. n (%) Mean (SD) Age (n = 619) 32.7 (± 4.5) Educational level (n = 615) No education 1 (< 1) Primary school 7 (1.2) Upper secondary school 113 (18.1) University 494 (79.2) Household income* (n = 614) Below average 30 (4.8) Average 336 (53.8) Above average 248 (39.7) Marital status (n = 616) Married, registered partner 242 (38.8) Partner, cohabitating 357 (57.2) Partner, non-cohabitating 2 (< 1) Single 10 (1.6) Divorced 5 (1.0) Residential area (n = 617) Large city 361 (58.5) Small city 178 (28.8) Rural area 78 (12.6) Ethnicity (n = 587) Ethnic majority in Sweden 525 (84.1) Ethnic minority in Sweden 62 (9.9) Country of birth (n = 616) Sweden 537 (86.1) Other 79 (12.7) Previous traumatic experience** (n = 619) Yes 196 (31.7) No 423 68.3) Previous traumatic childbirth (n = 335) Yes 128 (38.2) No 207 (61.8) Parity (n = 619) Primipara 336 (53.8) Multipara 283 (45.4) Multiple births (n = 619) Single 610 (98.5) Twins 9 (1.5) Gestational age*** (n = 610) 39.6 (± 1.8) Mode of birth (n = 619) Vaginal birth 458 (73.9) Instrumental vaginal birth 48 (7.8) Planned caesarean section 42 (6.8) Emergency caesarean section 71 (11.5) Present birth partner (n = 619) Partner 599 (96.8) Friend 5 (1.0) Relative 8 (1.3) Doula 1 (< 1) None 6 (1.0) Complications in pregnancy/birth (n = 618) None 378 (60.6) Minor 181 (29.0) Major 59 (9.5) Complications, infant (n = 616) None 534 (85.6) Minor 61 (9.8) Major 21 (3.4) Note: % of valid answers. SD = standard deviations. *Household income in comparison to other households in Sweden. **Previous traumatic experience in accordance with DSM-5 criteria. ***Week of delivery. Univariable regression analyses for detecting predictive factors for BR-PTSS showed significant beta coefficients for three prenatal factors (previous traumatic experience, previous traumatic childbirth, parity) and five birth-related factors (prematurity, mode of birth, complications in pregnancy or birth, complications affecting the infant, subjective experience of childbirth). Moreover, the beta coefficient for postpartum depression was also significant. Two groups, those without birth partner and those giving birth to more than one child, comprised less than ten observations and additionally did not prove to be significant in the univariable analyses and were consequently left out of further analyses. Comprehensive results from univariable regression analyses for possible predictive factors are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Univariable linear regression for prenatal predictors, birth-related predictors, and comorbidity regarding symptoms of birth-related PTSD. n (%) or M (± SD) CityBiTS Univariable linear regression M (SD) ß 95% CI R 2 p Prenatal factors Age (n = 619) 32.8 (± 4.5) − .135 − .289; .020 .005 .088 Educational level (n = 615) − .483 -2.238; 1.272 .000 .589 University 494 (80.3) 8.0 (8.7) Other 121 (19.7) 7.5 (8.8) Household income (n = 614) − .401 -3.641; 2.840 .000 .808 Below average 30 (4.9) 7.5 (7.4) Other 584 (95.1) 7.9 (8.8) Living with partner (n = 616) -2.266 -6.520; 1.988 .002 .296 Yes 599 (97.2) 7.9 (8.8) No 17 (2.8) 5.7 (6.1) Ethnicity (n = 587) .124 -2.200; 2.448 .000 .917 Swedish minority 62 (10.6) 8.1 (8.2) Swedish majority 525 (89.4) 8.0 (8.9) Country of birth (n = 616) .202 -1.884; 2.288 .000 .849 Sweden 537 (87.2) 7.9 (8.6) Other 79 (12.8) 8.1 (9.8) Previous traumatic experience (n = 619) 4.684 3.236; 6.133 .062 < .001 Yes 196 (31.7) 8.1 (7.1) No 423 (68.3) 5.8 (7.4) Previous traumatic childbirth (n = 283) 3.180 1.081; 5.279 .031 .003 Yes 108 (38.2) 7.6 (6.4) No 175 (61.8) 5.2 (6.7) Parity (n = 619) 3.313 1.942; 4.685 .036 < .001 Primipara 336 (54.3) 9.4 (9.9) Multipara 283 (45.7) 6.1 (6.7) Birth-related factors Multiple births (n = 619) 5.177 − .660; 10.974 .005 .071 Yes 9 (1.5) 13.0 (13.0) No 610 (98.5) 7.9 (8.7) Prematurity (n = 610) 4.355 .966; 7.745 .011 .012 Yes 27 (4.4) 12.2 (12.1) No 586 (95.6) 7.7 (8.5) Mode of birth (n = 619) 3.689 2.131; 5.247 .034 < .001 Instrumental or operative birth 161 (26.0) 10.7 (11.2) Vaginal birth 458 (74.0) 7.0 (7.5) Present birth partner (n = 619) 3.117 -3.980; 10.213 .001 .389 Yes 613 (99.0) 7.9 (8.6) No 6 (1.0) 11.0 (17.1) Complications in pregnancy/birth (n = 618) 4.690 3.312; 6.069 .068 < .001 Yes 240 (38.8) 10.8 (10.5) No 378 (61.2) 6.1 (6.8) Complications, infant (n = 616) 4.333 2.309; 6.357 .028 < .001 Yes 82 (13.3) 11.7 (10.3) No 534 (86.7) 7.4 (8.4) Subjective experience of birth (CEQ2) (n = 575) 3.3 (± .5) -9.201 -10.345; -8.057 .306 < .001 Comorbidity Postpartum depression (EPDS) (n = 619) 6.2 (± 5.2) 1.229 1.137; 1.322 .529 < .001 Note : CEQ2 = Childbirth Experience Questionnaire version 2. EPDS = Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Bold values indicate p < .05. Significant independent predictors found by multiple linear regression were previous traumatic experience, primiparity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth and a negative subjective experience of childbirth (Table 3 ). As shown in Table 3 , the largest absolute standardised beta coefficient was found for subjective experience of birth (-.497), followed by previous traumatic experience (.148), and parity (.124). Table 3 Multiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD. ß 95% CI Std. ß p Previous traumatic experience 2.778 1.502; 4.055 .148 < .001 Parity 2.168 .969; 3.367 .124 < .001 Prematurity 1.129 -1.816; 4.073 .027 .452 Mode of birth − .350 -1.806; 1.106 − .018 .637 Complications in pregnancy/birth 1.444 .138; 2.750 .081 .030 Complications, infant .743 -1.115; 2.602 .029 .432 Subjective experience of birth (CEQ2) -8.257 -9.451; -7.062 − .497 < .001 Note: CEQ2 = Childbirth Experience Questionnaire version 2. Bold values indicate p < .05. VIF was < 2 for all factors. Univariable and subsequent multiple regression analyses stratified by parity to assess the effect of previous traumatic childbirth in the multiparous group revealed that previous traumatic childbirth was significant in the univariable regression, but did not emerge as significant in the multiple regression analysis (1.215, 95% CI [-.219; 2.650], p = .096) when taking into account other previous traumatic experience, complications in pregnancy or birth, complications affecting the infant and subjective birth experience (Appendix B). When controlling for comorbidity with symptoms of postpartum depression, significant independent predictors were parity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth and the subjective experience of childbirth (Table 4 ). Previous traumatic experience no longer reached a significant level (.943, p = .06). The largest absolute standardised beta coefficient was identified in postpartum depression (.583), followed by the subjective experience of birth (-.283) and parity (.092). Table 4 Multiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD controlled for postpartum depression comorbidity. ß 95% CI Std. ß p Previous traumatic experience .943 − .038; 1.924 .050 .060 Parity 1.615 .707; 2.523 .092 < .001 Prematurity .651 -1.576; 2.879 .015 .566 Mode of birth .591 − .514; 1.696 .030 .294 Complications in pregnancy/birth .147 .108; 2.085 .061 .030 Complications, infant .147 -1.259; 1.554 .006 .837 Subjective experience of birth (CEQ2) -4.710 -5.675; -3.744 − .283 < .001 Postpartum depression (EPDS) .986 .891; 1.081 .583 < .001 Note: CEQ2 = Childbirth Experience Questionnaire version 2. EPDS = Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Bold values indicate p < .05. VIF was < 2 for all factors. Discussion In this study, we used multiple linear regression to investigate significant independent predictive factors for birth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (BR-PTSS) in a Swedish sample using the birth-specific PTSD measurement, the City Birth Trauma Scale (City BiTS). The sample presented overall low levels of BR-PTSS, a positive birth experience and low levels of postpartum depression symptoms, though some individuals reported severe symptoms and negative experiences. The mean score of City BiTS was similar to those in Spanish ( 27 ) and Hebrew-speaking samples ( 28 ), but lower than other European and Asian populations ( 18 , 29 – 33 ). The study found that previous traumatic experience, as defined in DSM-5, and first-time childbirth (primiparity) were significant prenatal vulnerability factors predicting increased BR-PTSS. Additionally, perceived complications in pregnancy or birth, and a negative subjective birth experience, were significant birth-related predictors of BR-PTSS. These findings align with a previous study that also used City BiTS as a measurement ( 34 ), as well as research using general PTSD instruments ( 15 , 17 ). Moreover, a negative birth experience, assessed with CEQ2, emerged as the most important predictor. The mean score of CEQ2 (3.3 ± 0.5) was similar to a large Swedish community sample (3.4 ± 0.4) ( 35 ), but higher than findings in Iranian (2.7 ± 0.7) ( 36 ), Finish (2.9 ± 0.5) ( 37 ) and Portuguese (2.9 ± 0.5) ( 38 ) samples. Although taking into account that birth experience was measured at the same time as BR-PTSS, previous research including several meta-analyses has consistently linked birth experience with BR-PTSD using a variety of measures ( 14 , 15 , 17 , 39 ). It is therefore plausible that methods aiming to improve the experience of childbirth might lead to a decrease in BR-PTSS. For example, continuous support during labour has been linked to a lower risk for a negative birth experience ( 40 ). In addition, CEQ2 covers several aspects of the birth experience: professional support, agency, perceived security, and self-efficacy. Since these are all modifiable factors, high-quality care targeting mentioned fields is also likely to lead to improved mental health postpartum. As exemplified by a previous study, one way to enhance agency and self-efficacy is to involve the birth-giver in the decision-making regarding interventions during birth since this seems to promote a sense of personal achievement and control ( 41 ). The factor of perceived complications in pregnancy or birth, also found to be an important predictor for BR-PTSS, is also a modifiable factor to a certain degree. Conversely, instrumental or operative birth, highlighted as a risk factor in a previous meta-analysis ( 17 ) did not reach a significant level in the multiple regression, indicating that the subjective perception is more important than the medical complication itself in predicting BR-PTSS. While not all complications can be prevented, medical staff can partially reduce the risk and affect how the individual perceives the medical complication or intervention. Approaches that prevent and mitigate complications may therefore decrease BR-PTSS, as exemplified by a systematic review suggesting that preparedness for complications and strategies to minimise interventions improve the birth experience ( 42 ). In contrast, primiparity and previous traumatic experience, both emerging as important predictors in this study, cannot be modified within perinatal care in a similar way. Knowledge of their association with BR-PTSD among caregivers is nonetheless important to ensure the best possible support. Tailored preventive strategies and peripartum care protocols may be relevant for these groups. Overall, the significant predictors identified in this study support the view that low-cost healthcare improvements of recognition of past trauma, providing good support and communication during labour, and assessing childbirth experience advocated by Horsch et al. improve BR-PTSD care ( 11 ). Our results indicate substantial comorbidity between postpartum depression and BR-PTSS, consistent with meta-analyses and a systematic review based on studies using general PTSD measurements ( 14 , 15 , 17 ). When controlling for comorbid symptoms of postpartum depression, the most important predictors for BR-PTSS were primiparity, complications in pregnancy or birth, and a negative subjective experience. Since comorbidity between the two conditions is common, it is important to note that the above-mentioned factors predict BR-PTSS both in those with and without comorbid depression. Even though symptoms partly overlap, recommended treatment and supportive interventions are not identical ( 11 , 43 ). Although postpartum depression awareness is more widespread, screening protocols peripartum regularly overlook BR-PTSD ( 44 ). Therefore, our study highlights the importance of considering BR-PTSD as a potential differential diagnosis or comorbidity in individuals with symptoms of postpartum depression in combination with a negative subjective birth experience, pregnanpcy or birth complications, as well as in primiparous individuals. Previous traumatic childbirth did not prove to be a predictive factor for BR-PTSS in the multiparous group. This is interesting since previous traumatic event was shown to be a significant predictor. This implies that other types of traumatic events might play a more important role than previous traumatic childbirth in predicting BR-PTSS. However, the result is possibly due to underpowered analysis since the multiparous group was much smaller (n = 283) in comparison to the total sample (n = 610). None of the examined demographical factors significantly predicted BR-PTSS. The lack of significant results may be attributed to small participant numbers in certain groups, such as foreign-born individuals and lower educational level. As suggested in a systematic review, socioeconomic rank probably has a limited impact on BR-PTSD development since findings have been inconsistent in previous studies ( 45 ). Hence, the effect sizes of most demographic factors are likely to be small despite a larger sample size. This is one of few studies addressing predictive factors using a birth-specific measurement, which enhances the validity of the results ( 34 ). Another strength is the investigation of predictors for PTSS rather than full PTSD diagnosis, increasing applicability to individuals with partial or subclinical PTSD. The sample aligns with Swedish birth-giving individuals regarding key demographics (age, rates of multiple births, premature birth, emergency and planned caesarean sections, instrumental vaginal births) ( 46 , 47 ), making the sample representative of the population overall. Strengths of this study also include the use of a validated instrument for measuring childbirth experience complexity, and the use of DMS-5 protocols for previous trauma assessment. Readers should nevertheless take note of certain limitations. The proportion of primiparous and highly educated individuals was higher than the corresponding national average, and the proportion of foreign-born persons was considerably lower ( 46 – 48 ) potentially impacting the significance of demographic predictors. The use of self-reporting introduces a certain degree of nonresponse and self-report bias. Moreover, the cross-sectional design entails certain boundaries to the assessment of predictors such as prenatal mental illness and postpartum depression. Further studies using birth-specific instruments such as City BiTS for measurement would enable even more reliable meta-analysis of predictors for BR-PTSS. Research investigating factors associated with various symptomatic profiles, as conducted by Staudt et al., would broaden understanding of risk factors and comorbidity ( 49 ). Moreover, exploring less studied predictive factors such as sexual and gender minorities is important to ensure optimal care. Lastly, controlling for other comorbidities such as anxiety would provide additional insight into predictive factors for individuals with multiple mental health concerns. Conclusions To conclude, this study is one of few assessing predictive factors for BR-PTSS specifically identifying childbirth as the precipitating trauma. A negative subjective birth experience was identified as the most important predictor of BR-PTSS, and the study highlights the significance of modifiable factors and postpartum depression comorbidity. Our findings indicate that implementation of care acknowledging past trauma and primiparity, and evaluating the birth experience, can help identify individuals with higher BR-PTSS. Enhancing strategies to prevent or mitigate the experience of complications in pregnancy and birth, provide safe and supportive care, and promote agency and self-efficacy during labour, may reduce BR-PTSS, and should be further explored in future research. Abbreviations BR-PTSD Birth Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder BR-PTSS Birth Related Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms CEQ2 Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2 City BiTS City Birth Trauma Scale City BiTS-Swe City Birth Trauma Scale Swedish version DSM-5 Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 EPDS Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale INTERSECT International Survey of Childbirth-related Trauma PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSS Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms VIF Variance Inflation Factor Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate By entering a unique study code and filling out the form, written informed consent was given for all included study participants. The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority on 20 August 2021 (Dnr 2021–03968). Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors report no conflicts of interest. Funding This work was supported by Fredrik & Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse under award number 2020-0056, which had no role other than financial support. Authors' contributions Conceptualization (H.G., K.N., A.M.); Formal analysis (G.S.); Interpretation (G.S., H.G., K.N., A.M.); Writing - original draft (G.S.); Writing – review and editing (H.G., K.N., A.M.). Acknowledgements We thank the INTERSECT team for their contribution to the conceptualisation, and the clinic contacts: Margareta Hammar (Länssjukhuset Kalmar), Margareta Risenfors (Sahlgrenska University Hospital), Malin Thorsell (BB Stockholm), and Ana Maria Whitmer-Jacobsson (Hallands Sjukhus). Special thanks go to the individuals participating in the study. References MATERNAL, NEWBORN, CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND AGEING [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2023 [cited 20230109]. Available from: https://platform.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/number-of-births-(thousands). Alcorn KL, O'Donovan A, Patrick JC, Creedy D, Devilly GJ. A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events. Psychol Med. 2010;40(11):1849-59. Soet JE, Brack GA, DiIorio C. Prevalence and predictors of women's experience of psychological trauma during childbirth. Birth. 2003;30(1):36-46. Leinweber J, Fontein-Kuipers Y, Thomson G, Karlsdottir SI, Nilsson C, Ekstrom-Bergstrom A, et al. Developing a woman-centered, inclusive definition of traumatic childbirth experiences: A discussion paper. Birth. 2022;49(4):687-96. APA. 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Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A. Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:18-31. Horsch A, Garthus-Niegel S, Ayers S, Chandra P, Hartmann K, Vaisbuch E, et al. Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3S):S1116-S27. Weiss DS, Marmar CR, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Hough RL, et al. The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in vietnam theater veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1992;5(3):365-76. Stuijfzand S, Garthus-Niegel S, Horsch A. Parental Birth-Related PTSD Symptoms and Bonding in the Early Postpartum Period: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:570727. Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G. Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors. Front Psychol. 2017;8:560. Grekin R, O'Hara MW. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(5):389-401. Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:634-45. Ayers S, Bond R, Bertullies S, Wijma K. The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework. Psychol Med. 2016;46(6):1121-34. Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A. Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:409. Ayers S. Delivery as a traumatic event: prevalence, risk factors, and treatment for postnatal posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;47(3):552-67. INTERSECT. [cited 10 July 2024]. Available from: https://www.intersectstudy.org. Sten G, Ayers S, Malmquist A, Nieminen K, Grundstrom H. Assessment of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth: Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of City Birth Trauma Scale. Psychol Trauma. 2023. Dencker A, Bergqvist L, Berg M, Greenbrook JTV, Nilsson C, Lundgren I. Measuring women's experiences of decision-making and aspects of midwifery support: a confirmatory factor analysis of the revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):199. Wickberg B, Hwang CP. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation on a Swedish community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94(3):181-4. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-6. Babyak MA. What you see may not be what you get: a brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regression-type models. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(3):411-21. Kim JH. Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(6):558-69. Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Romero-Gonzalez B, Peralta-Ramirez MI, Ayers S, Galan-Paredes A, Caracuel-Romero A. Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder among women after childbirth using the City Birth Trauma Scale in Spain. Psychol Trauma. 2021;13(5):545-54. Handelzalts JE, Hairston IS, Matatyahu A. Construct Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Hebrew Version of the City Birth Trauma Scale. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1726. Bayri Bingol F, Bal MD, Dissiz M, Sormagec MT, Yildiz PD. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS). J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;41(7):1023-31. Lai X, Chen J, Li H, Zhou L, Huang Q, Liao Y, et al. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023;162(1):211-21. Osorio FL, Rossini Darwin AC, Bombonetti EA, Ayers S. Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the City Birth Trauma Scale. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2021:1-10. Sandoz V, Hingray C, Stuijfzand S, Lacroix A, El Hage W, Horsch A. Measurement and conceptualization of maternal PTSD following childbirth: Psychometric properties of the City Birth Trauma Scale-French Version (City BiTS-F). Psychol Trauma. 2021. Weigl T, Beck-Hiestermann FML, Stenzel NM, Benson S, Schedlowski M, Garthus-Niegel S. Assessment of Childbirth-Related PTSD: Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the City Birth Trauma Scale. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:731537. Duricekova B, Skodova Z, Baskova M. Risk factors associated with postpartum depression and PTSD after birth in a sample of Slovak women. Heliyon. 2024;10(1):e23560. Nilver H, Wessberg A, Dencker A, Hagberg H, Wennerholm UB, Fadl H, et al. Women's childbirth experiences in the Swedish Post-term Induction Study (SWEPIS): a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021;11(4):e042340. Ghanbari-Homayi S, Fardiazar Z, Meedya S, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Mohammadi E, et al. Predictors of traumatic birth experience among a group of Iranian primipara women: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):182. Place K, Rahkonen L, Verho-Reischl N, Adler K, Heinonen S, Kruit H. Childbirth experience in induced labor: A prospective study using a validated childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ) with a focus on the first birth. PLoS One. 2022;17(10):e0274949. Marques MJP, Zangao O, Miranda L, Sim-Sim M. Childbirth Experience Questionnaire: Cross-cultural validation and psychometric evaluation for European Portuguese. Womens Health (Lond). 2022;18:17455057221128121. Harrison SE, Ayers S, Quigley MA, Stein A, Alderdice F. Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum posttraumatic stress in a population-based maternity survey in England. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:749-56. Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Fukuzawa RK, Cuthbert A. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7(7):CD003766. Downe S, Finlayson K, Oladapo OT, Bonet M, Gulmezoglu AM. What matters to women during childbirth: A systematic qualitative review. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0194906. Taheri M, Takian A, Taghizadeh Z, Jafari N, Sarafraz N. Creating a positive perception of childbirth experience: systematic review and meta-analysis of prenatal and intrapartum interventions. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):73. Stewart DE, Vigod S. Postpartum Depression. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(22):2177-86. Knights JE, Salvatore ML, Simpkins G, Hunter K, Khandelwal M. In search of best practice for postpartum depression screening: is once enough? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;206:99-104. Andersen LB, Melvaer LB, Videbech P, Lamont RF, Joergensen JS. Risk factors for developing post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(11):1261-72. Statistics database for pregnancies, births and newborns. National Board of Health and Welfare. [cited 1 May 2024]. Available from: https://sdb.socialstyrelsen.se/if_mfr_004/val.aspx. Population by region, marital status, age and sex. National Board of Health and Welfare. 2022 [cited 1 May 2024]. Available from: https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101A/BefolkningNy/. Domestic and foreign born by region, age and sex. National Board of Health and Welfare. 2022 [cited 1 May 2024]. Available from: https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/InrUtrFoddaRegAlKon/. Staudt A, Baumann S, Horesh D, Eberhard-Gran M, Horsch A, Garthus-Niegel S. Predictors and comorbidity patterns of maternal birth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms: A Latent Class Analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2023;320:115038. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files AppendixA.pdf Appendix A. File format: .pdf Title: Dichotomisation and coding for categorical factors with more than two levels and gestational age. Description: Appendix A displays a table with the dichotomisation and coding for categorical factors with more than two levels and gestational age. AppendixB.pdf Appendix B. File format: .pdf Title: Multiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD in multiparous individuals, presented with beta coefficients with 95% confidence intervals. Description: Appendix B displays a table presenting the results of multiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD in multiparous individuals. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4722668\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":332196631,\"identity\":\"024c65c6-1f29-4d10-9149-65068b33ab61\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Greta 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06:46:04\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":99814,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAppendix A.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFile format: .pdf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTitle: Dichotomisation and coding for categorical factors with more than two levels and gestational age.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDescription: Appendix A displays a table with the dichotomisation and coding for categorical factors with more than two levels and gestational age.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"AppendixA.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4722668/v1/ad312a6001bdb39a733427ee.pdf\"},{\"id\":61840624,\"identity\":\"13256426-08d7-4609-82d6-8fd15ea50d02\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-08-06 06:38:04\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":101547,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAppendix B.\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFile format: .pdf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTitle: Multiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD in multiparous individuals, presented with beta coefficients with 95% confidence intervals.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDescription: Appendix B displays a table presenting the results of multiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD in multiparous individuals.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"AppendixB.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4722668/v1/7f26354f35dbc62218ef335f.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Predictive factors for birth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms using a birth-specific measurement: a cross-sectional study\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAround 140\\u0026nbsp;million births occur each year (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). Of these, a noteworthy 34\\u0026ndash;45% are perceived as traumatic (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). Traumatic childbirth has been defined as an experience related to childbirth causing profound overwhelming/distressing emotions and reactions leading to a negative impact on the individual\\u0026rsquo;s well-being (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). Previously viewed as a subject of controversy, it is now acknowledged that traumatic childbirth may lead to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Within the first period after the trauma, these symptoms are referred to as acute stress disorder (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). While symptoms usually decrease within the first month post-partum, some individuals develop birth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (BR-PTSD). Adding to the substantial burden and distress of general PTSD, specific expressions and consequences of BR-PTSD include great fear of future childbirth, avoidance of future pregnancies (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e), lower rates of breastfeeding, a negative impact on the child\\u0026rsquo;s socio-emotional development (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e), lower relationship satisfaction (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e) and a potentially negative impact on the mental health of partners (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e). Research and awareness of BR-PTSD have increased in the past two decades. Nevertheless, significant knowledge gaps persist and lack of awareness among the public, policymakers and healthcare providers still exists (\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR10\\\" citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAccording to the most recent Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), PTSD is classified as a trauma and stress-related condition (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). In BR-PTSD, the trauma criterion (criterion A) reflects on an event during, or near childbirth. Seven more criteria (B-H) must be fulfilled to classify for diagnosis. Symptoms are divided into four clusters: (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) re-experiencing symptoms (e.g., flashbacks, nightmares), (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e) physical and mental avoidance, (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e) negative changes in cognition and mood (e.g., difficulty concentrating, fear, depressive symptoms,) and lastly (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e) hyperarousal (hypervigilance, easily becoming scared or angry). The presence of a certain degree of PTSS not meeting all diagnostic criteria can be referred to as partial or subclinical PTSD (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e). As previous research has shown, individuals with partial PTSD can be affected negatively as well (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e). The fact that they do not classify for an established diagnosis may be a potential barrier to adequate care.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResults from meta-analyses show that BR-PTSD affects 3\\u0026ndash;5% of all people giving birth (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR15\\\" citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e). Reviews have found a broad range of prevalence rates, which have been explained by differences in timing since childbirth, sample selection and data collection method (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e). Evidence suggests that prevalence rates do not seem to differ significantly when comparing self-reporting methods to clinical diagnostic interviews (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e). Nonetheless, a broad range of questionnaires is being used (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e), few of which address birth-related trauma or are up to date with DSM-5. The first self-report instrument based on DSM-5 and targeting BR-PTSD specifically (City Birth Trauma Scale, City BiTS) was developed in 2018, and facilitates reliable identification of BR-PTSD and measurement of birth-related PTSS (BR-PTSS) (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTrauma linked to BR-PTSD occurs in a unique context, differing from other types of traumatic events that might trigger PTSD. Childbirth is commonly expected and seen as a natural part of life, which is partly the reason why BR-PTSD has been a question of debate (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e). Furthermore, the peripartum period includes physical pain, hormonal alterations, breastfeeding, sleep deprivation and parent-baby bonding. Given the special context, Ayers has proposed a theoretical framework for the aetiology specific to BR-PTSD (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e). Derived from the stress-diathesis model, this framework explains the development of PTSD as interactions between individual predisposing vulnerability factors and traumatic experiences. The individual factors are further divided into pre-existing vulnerability factors, factors related to pregnancy or birth, and maintaining factors. Knowledge of these predictive factors is important for developing adequate preventive strategies and peripartum care. Since birth-related trauma typically includes contact with healthcare professionals, better knowledge of modifiable risk factors could contribute to a reduction of symptoms and prevalence rates.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKey vulnerability factors identified in previous research are depression during pregnancy, fear of childbirth, poor health and complications during pregnancy, and a history of PTSD. Significant birth-related factors encompass subjective negative birth experiences, operative birth, inadequate support, and dissociation. Lastly, important postnatal risk factors identified are depression as well as stress and poor coping strategies (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e). Given that childbirth traditions and care vary globally, risk factors can be expected to differ between countries. Furthermore, a recently published meta-analysis emphasises the importance of studies specifically identifying childbirth as the precipitating trauma to distinguish BR-PTSD/PTSS from PTSD/PTSS in the postnatal period resulting traumatic experiences other than birth (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e). Hence, this study aimed to investigate predictive factors for BR-PTSS using a birth-specific measurement.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eParticipants\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis multicentre cross-sectional study with the aim to investigate predictive factors for BR-PTSS using a birth-specific measurement was derived from the Swedish part of the International Survey of Childbirth-related Trauma (INTERSECT), an international project focusing on BR-PTSD (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e). Study participants were recruited during September 2021 to January 2022 from five maternity care clinics in different-sized cities in southern Sweden. Eligible participants were those aged\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cspan type=\\\"Underline\\\" class=\\\"Underline\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003e\\u0026ge;\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;18 years, who had given birth 6\\u0026ndash;16 weeks prior to inclusion. Cases of stillbirth were excluded. Eligible study participants were identified via diagnostic codes in medical records. Mailing addresses were provided via the Swedish state personal address register. Sampling was done by stratified random sampling from those meeting the inclusion criteria. The study population was stratified by clinic, and thereafter randomised using Excel\\u0026rsquo;s randomisation tool. The proportion of participants from each clinic was dependent on the size of the city. The original INTERSECT study recommended a sample size of 250, but since the response rate was expected to be low, a total of 2000 participants were contacted (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eData collection\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData was collected via a self-report questionnaire. Information about the study and a link to an online version of the questionnaire was sent by mail. After two weeks, a reminder was sent to those who had not responded, together with a printed version of the questionnaire.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe survey comprised questions regarding demographics, former and current mental health factors and aspects regarding the respondents\\u0026rsquo; most recent pregnancy and childbirth.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eMeasurements\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo assess BR-PTSS levels, the Swedish version of City BiTS (City BiTS-Swe) was used (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e). The instrument was developed to aid the diagnostic process of BR-PTSD while also assessing BR-PTSS levels (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e). It comprises 29 questions addressing all diagnostic criteria, symptom categories, and dissociative symptoms, and is answered with \\u0026lsquo;yes\\u0026rsquo;/\\u0026rsquo;no\\u0026rsquo; or a four-graded Likert scale from 0\\u0026ndash;3, total range 0\\u0026ndash;60 points. Higher scores indicate a greater symptomatic burden.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo evaluate the subjective experience of childbirth, the Swedish Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2 (CEQ2) was used (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e). The instrument consists of four subscales: professional support, agency, perceived security, and self-efficacy. Responses are on a four-point Likert scale (\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR2 CR3\\\" citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e), or a Visual Analogue Scale from 0 to 100 divided into four-scoring categories: 1 (0\\u0026ndash;40), 2 (41\\u0026ndash;60), 3 (61\\u0026ndash;80), and 4 (81\\u0026ndash;100). Negatively worded statements are reversed in score. The total score range is 1\\u0026ndash;4, a higher score indicating greater satisfaction and a more positive experience.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePostpartum depression symptoms were measured using the Swedish version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e) originally developed by Cox, Holden and Sagovsky (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e). The instrument constitutes ten items, answered on a four-graded Likert scale (0\\u0026ndash;3). Total scores range from 0 to 30, higher values indicating more severe levels of depression symptoms.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eData analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEach factor was coded as 1 for the level presumed to positively correlate with the City BiTS score, while the other level was coded as 0. Categorical factors with more than two levels were dichotomised to enable linear regression analysis (Appendix A). Descriptive statistics were used for assessing demographical and birth-related aspects of the sample using mean, standard deviation, and percentage of valid answers. Univariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors for the total score of City BiTS. Predictors with significant beta coefficients (p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.05) were included in a multiple linear regression to detect independent predictive factors using the forced entry method. Factors with fewer than ten observations at any level were excluded to minimise overfitting (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e). Since previous traumatic childbirth could only be assessed for multiparous individuals, it was excluded from the overall multiple regression to maintain statistical power. Separate regression analyses were then performed, stratified by parity, to assess the role of previous traumatic childbirth. Predictive factors were controlled for comorbidity with postpartum depression in a second step. Multicollinearity was assessed with variance inflation factor (VIF), values below 5 indicating no considerable multicollinearity (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e). Residuals for the multiple regression model were assessed graphically. Missing values were omitted pairwise in all analyses. The alpha level was set to \\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.05. All statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 28.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAltogether, 619 individuals answered the survey, corresponding to a 31% response rate. The participants\\u0026rsquo; mean age was 32.8 (range 18\\u0026ndash;47), the majority stated that they lived in an urban environment, had a university education, an average or high household income in comparison to other households, identified as belonging to the ethnic majority and had been born in Sweden. Moreover, the majority were primiparous, had a term childbirth, had given birth vaginally, and did not experience any complications during pregnancy or childbirth. Full sample characteristics are shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. A total of 610 individuals completed City BiTS with a total mean score of 7.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;8.7 (range 0\\u0026ndash;55). The total mean score for CEQ2 was 3.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5 (range 1.3-4.0) and EPDS 6.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.2 (range 0\\u0026ndash;26).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDemographical, mental health-, pregnancy- and birth-related sample characteristics.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003en\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean (SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAge \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.7 (\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEducational level \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;615)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo education\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrimary school\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUpper secondary school\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e113\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(18.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUniversity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e494\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(79.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHousehold income* \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;614)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBelow average\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(4.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e336\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(53.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAbove average\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e248\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(39.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMarital status \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;616)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMarried, registered partner\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e242\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(38.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePartner, cohabitating\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e357\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(57.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePartner, non-cohabitating\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSingle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDivorced\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResidential area \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;617)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLarge city\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e361\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(58.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSmall city\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e178\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(28.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRural area\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e78\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(12.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEthnicity \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;587)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEthnic majority in Sweden\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e525\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(84.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEthnic minority in Sweden\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(9.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCountry of birth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;616)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSweden\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e537\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(86.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOther\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(12.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious traumatic experience** \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e196\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(31.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e423\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious traumatic childbirth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;335)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e128\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(38.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e207\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(61.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParity \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrimipara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e336\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(53.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMultipara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e283\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(45.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMultiple births \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSingle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e610\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(98.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTwins\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGestational age*** \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;610)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"\\u0026plusmn;\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39.6 (\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMode of birth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVaginal birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e458\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(73.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInstrumental vaginal birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(7.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlanned caesarean section\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(6.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEmergency caesarean section\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(11.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePresent birth partner \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePartner\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e599\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(96.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFriend\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRelative\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDoula\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNone\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications in pregnancy/birth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;618)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNone\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e378\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(60.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMinor\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e181\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(29.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMajor\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(9.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications, infant \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;616)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNone\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e534\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(85.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMinor\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(9.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMajor\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(3.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNote: % of valid answers. SD\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;standard deviations. *Household income in comparison to other households in Sweden. **Previous traumatic experience in accordance with DSM-5 criteria. ***Week of delivery.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUnivariable regression analyses for detecting predictive factors for BR-PTSS showed significant beta coefficients for three prenatal factors (previous traumatic experience, previous traumatic childbirth, parity) and five birth-related factors (prematurity, mode of birth, complications in pregnancy or birth, complications affecting the infant, subjective experience of childbirth). Moreover, the beta coefficient for postpartum depression was also significant. Two groups, those without birth partner and those giving birth to more than one child, comprised less than ten observations and additionally did not prove to be significant in the univariable analyses and were consequently left out of further analyses. Comprehensive results from univariable regression analyses for possible predictive factors are shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUnivariable linear regression for prenatal predictors, birth-related predictors, and comorbidity regarding symptoms of birth-related PTSD.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003en (%) or\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eM (\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCityBiTS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUnivariable linear regression\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eM (SD)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026szlig;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95% CI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePrenatal factors\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c7\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAge \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;4.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.135\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.289; .020\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.005\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.088\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEducational level \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;615)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.483\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-2.238; 1.272\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.589\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUniversity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e494\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(80.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOther\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e121\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(19.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHousehold income \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;614)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.401\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-3.641; 2.840\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.808\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBelow average\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(4.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(7.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOther\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e584\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(95.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLiving with partner \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;616)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-2.266\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-6.520; 1.988\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.002\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.296\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e599\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(97.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(2.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(6.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEthnicity \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;587)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-2.200; 2.448\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.917\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSwedish minority\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(10.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSwedish majority\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e525\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(89.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCountry of birth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;616)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.202\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.884; 2.288\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.849\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSweden\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e537\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(87.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOther\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(12.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(9.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious traumatic experience \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.684\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.236; 6.133\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.062\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e196\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(31.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(7.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e423\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(68.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(7.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious traumatic childbirth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;283)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.180\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.081; 5.279\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.031\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e.003\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e108\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(38.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(6.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e175\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(61.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(6.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParity \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.313\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.942; 4.685\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.036\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrimipara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e336\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(54.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(9.9)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMultipara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e283\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(45.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(6.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eBirth-related factors\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMultiple births \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.177\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.660; 10.974\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.005\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.071\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(13.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e610\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(98.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrematurity \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;610)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.355\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.966; 7.745\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.011\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e.012\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(4.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(12.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e586\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(95.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMode of birth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.689\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.131; 5.247\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.034\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInstrumental or operative birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e161\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(26.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(11.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVaginal birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e458\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(74.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(7.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePresent birth partner \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.117\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-3.980; 10.213\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.001\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.389\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e613\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(99.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.6)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(17.1)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications in pregnancy/birth \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;618)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.690\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.312; 6.069\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.068\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e240\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(38.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(10.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e378\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(61.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(6.8)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications, infant \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;616)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.333\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.309; 6.357\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.028\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(13.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(10.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e534\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(86.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(8.4)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSubjective experience of birth (CEQ2) \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;575)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;.5)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-9.201\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-10.345; -8.057\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.306\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eComorbidity\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c7\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePostpartum depression\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(EPDS) \\u003cem\\u003e(n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;619)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;5.2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.229\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.137; 1.322\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.529\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNote\\u003c/em\\u003e: \\u003cem\\u003eCEQ2\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Childbirth Experience Questionnaire version 2. EPDS\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Bold values indicate p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.05.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSignificant independent predictors found by multiple linear regression were previous traumatic experience, primiparity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth and a negative subjective experience of childbirth (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). As shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, the largest absolute standardised beta coefficient was found for subjective experience of birth (-.497), followed by previous traumatic experience (.148), and parity (.124).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMultiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026szlig;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95% CI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStd. \\u0026szlig;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious traumatic experience\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.778\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.502; 4.055\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.148\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.168\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.969; 3.367\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrematurity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.129\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.816; 4.073\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.027\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.452\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMode of birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.350\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.806; 1.106\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.018\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.637\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications in pregnancy/birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.444\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.138; 2.750\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.081\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e.030\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications, infant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.743\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.115; 2.602\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.029\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.432\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSubjective experience of birth (CEQ2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-8.257\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-9.451; -7.062\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.497\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNote: CEQ2\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Childbirth Experience Questionnaire version 2. Bold values indicate p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.05. VIF was \\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;2 for all factors.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUnivariable and subsequent multiple regression analyses stratified by parity to assess the effect of previous traumatic childbirth in the multiparous group revealed that previous traumatic childbirth was significant in the univariable regression, but did not emerge as significant in the multiple regression analysis (1.215, 95% CI [-.219; 2.650], p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.096) when taking into account other previous traumatic experience, complications in pregnancy or birth, complications affecting the infant and subjective birth experience (Appendix B).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhen controlling for comorbidity with symptoms of postpartum depression, significant independent predictors were parity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth and the subjective experience of childbirth (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). Previous traumatic experience no longer reached a significant level (.943, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.06). The largest absolute standardised beta coefficient was identified in postpartum depression (.583), followed by the subjective experience of birth (-.283) and parity (.092).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMultiple linear regression for predictors of symptoms of birth-related PTSD controlled for postpartum depression comorbidity.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026szlig;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e95% CI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStd. \\u0026szlig;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious traumatic experience\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.943\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.038; 1.924\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.050\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.060\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.615\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.707; 2.523\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.092\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrematurity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.651\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.576; 2.879\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.566\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMode of birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.591\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.514; 1.696\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.030\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.294\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications in pregnancy/birth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.147\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.108; 2.085\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.061\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e.030\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eComplications, infant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.147\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-1.259; 1.554\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.006\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e.837\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSubjective experience of birth (CEQ2)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-4.710\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-5.675; -3.744\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;.283\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePostpartum depression (EPDS)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.986\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.891; 1.081\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e.583\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNote: CEQ2\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Childbirth Experience Questionnaire version 2. EPDS\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Bold values indicate p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.05. VIF was \\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;2 for all factors.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, we used multiple linear regression to investigate significant independent predictive factors for birth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (BR-PTSS) in a Swedish sample using the birth-specific PTSD measurement, the City Birth Trauma Scale (City BiTS). The sample presented overall low levels of BR-PTSS, a positive birth experience and low levels of postpartum depression symptoms, though some individuals reported severe symptoms and negative experiences. The mean score of City BiTS was similar to those in Spanish (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e) and Hebrew-speaking samples (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e), but lower than other European and Asian populations (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR30 CR31 CR32\\\" citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe study found that previous traumatic experience, as defined in DSM-5, and first-time childbirth (primiparity) were significant prenatal vulnerability factors predicting increased BR-PTSS. Additionally, perceived complications in pregnancy or birth, and a negative subjective birth experience, were significant birth-related predictors of BR-PTSS. These findings align with a previous study that also used City BiTS as a measurement (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e), as well as research using general PTSD instruments (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e). Moreover, a negative birth experience, assessed with CEQ2, emerged as the most important predictor. The mean score of CEQ2 (3.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5) was similar to a large Swedish community sample (3.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.4) (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e), but higher than findings in Iranian (2.7\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.7) (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e), Finish (2.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5) (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e) and Portuguese (2.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5) (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e) samples. Although taking into account that birth experience was measured at the same time as BR-PTSS, previous research including several meta-analyses has consistently linked birth experience with BR-PTSD using a variety of measures (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e). It is therefore plausible that methods aiming to improve the experience of childbirth might lead to a decrease in BR-PTSS. For example, continuous support during labour has been linked to a lower risk for a negative birth experience (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition, CEQ2 covers several aspects of the birth experience: professional support, agency, perceived security, and self-efficacy. Since these are all modifiable factors, high-quality care targeting mentioned fields is also likely to lead to improved mental health postpartum. As exemplified by a previous study, one way to enhance agency and self-efficacy is to involve the birth-giver in the decision-making regarding interventions during birth since this seems to promote a sense of personal achievement and control (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe factor of perceived complications in pregnancy or birth, also found to be an important predictor for BR-PTSS, is also a modifiable factor to a certain degree. Conversely, instrumental or operative birth, highlighted as a risk factor in a previous meta-analysis (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e) did not reach a significant level in the multiple regression, indicating that the subjective perception is more important than the medical complication itself in predicting BR-PTSS. While not all complications can be prevented, medical staff can partially reduce the risk and affect how the individual perceives the medical complication or intervention. Approaches that prevent and mitigate complications may therefore decrease BR-PTSS, as exemplified by a systematic review suggesting that preparedness for complications and strategies to minimise interventions improve the birth experience (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e). In contrast, primiparity and previous traumatic experience, both emerging as important predictors in this study, cannot be modified within perinatal care in a similar way. Knowledge of their association with BR-PTSD among caregivers is nonetheless important to ensure the best possible support. Tailored preventive strategies and peripartum care protocols may be relevant for these groups. Overall, the significant predictors identified in this study support the view that low-cost healthcare improvements of recognition of past trauma, providing good support and communication during labour, and assessing childbirth experience advocated by Horsch et al. improve BR-PTSD care (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOur results indicate substantial comorbidity between postpartum depression and BR-PTSS, consistent with meta-analyses and a systematic review based on studies using general PTSD measurements (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e). When controlling for comorbid symptoms of postpartum depression, the most important predictors for BR-PTSS were primiparity, complications in pregnancy or birth, and a negative subjective experience. Since comorbidity between the two conditions is common, it is important to note that the above-mentioned factors predict BR-PTSS both in those with and without comorbid depression. Even though symptoms partly overlap, recommended treatment and supportive interventions are not identical (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e). Although postpartum depression awareness is more widespread, screening protocols peripartum regularly overlook BR-PTSD (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e). Therefore, our study highlights the importance of considering BR-PTSD as a potential differential diagnosis or comorbidity in individuals with symptoms of postpartum depression in combination with a negative subjective birth experience, pregnanpcy or birth complications, as well as in primiparous individuals.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePrevious traumatic childbirth did not prove to be a predictive factor for BR-PTSS in the multiparous group. This is interesting since previous traumatic event was shown to be a significant predictor. This implies that other types of traumatic events might play a more important role than previous traumatic childbirth in predicting BR-PTSS. However, the result is possibly due to underpowered analysis since the multiparous group was much smaller (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;283) in comparison to the total sample (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;610).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNone of the examined demographical factors significantly predicted BR-PTSS. The lack of significant results may be attributed to small participant numbers in certain groups, such as foreign-born individuals and lower educational level. As suggested in a systematic review, socioeconomic rank probably has a limited impact on BR-PTSD development since findings have been inconsistent in previous studies (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e). Hence, the effect sizes of most demographic factors are likely to be small despite a larger sample size.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis is one of few studies addressing predictive factors using a birth-specific measurement, which enhances the validity of the results (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e). Another strength is the investigation of predictors for PTSS rather than full PTSD diagnosis, increasing applicability to individuals with partial or subclinical PTSD. The sample aligns with Swedish birth-giving individuals regarding key demographics (age, rates of multiple births, premature birth, emergency and planned caesarean sections, instrumental vaginal births) (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e), making the sample representative of the population overall. Strengths of this study also include the use of a validated instrument for measuring childbirth experience complexity, and the use of DMS-5 protocols for previous trauma assessment. Readers should nevertheless take note of certain limitations. The proportion of primiparous and highly educated individuals was higher than the corresponding national average, and the proportion of foreign-born persons was considerably lower (\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR47\\\" citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e) potentially impacting the significance of demographic predictors. The use of self-reporting introduces a certain degree of nonresponse and self-report bias. Moreover, the cross-sectional design entails certain boundaries to the assessment of predictors such as prenatal mental illness and postpartum depression.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFurther studies using birth-specific instruments such as City BiTS for measurement would enable even more reliable meta-analysis of predictors for BR-PTSS. Research investigating factors associated with various symptomatic profiles, as conducted by Staudt et al., would broaden understanding of risk factors and comorbidity (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e). Moreover, exploring less studied predictive factors such as sexual and gender minorities is important to ensure optimal care. Lastly, controlling for other comorbidities such as anxiety would provide additional insight into predictive factors for individuals with multiple mental health concerns.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTo conclude, this study is one of few assessing predictive factors for BR-PTSS specifically identifying childbirth as the precipitating trauma. A negative subjective birth experience was identified as the most important predictor of BR-PTSS, and the study highlights the significance of modifiable factors and postpartum depression comorbidity. Our findings indicate that implementation of care acknowledging past trauma and primiparity, and evaluating the birth experience, can help identify individuals with higher BR-PTSS. Enhancing strategies to prevent or mitigate the experience of complications in pregnancy and birth, provide safe and supportive care, and promote agency and self-efficacy during labour, may reduce BR-PTSS, and should be further explored in future research.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Abbreviations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBR-PTSD\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBirth Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBR-PTSS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBirth Related Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCEQ2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eChildbirth Experience Questionnaire 2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCity BiTS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCity Birth Trauma Scale\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCity BiTS-Swe\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCity Birth Trauma Scale Swedish version\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDSM-5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDiagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEPDS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEdinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eINTERSECT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eInternational Survey of Childbirth-related Trauma\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePTSD\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePost Traumatic Stress Disorder\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePTSS\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePost Traumatic Stress Symptoms\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"31.29139072847682%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVIF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd width=\\\"68.70860927152317%\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVariance Inflation Factor\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eBy entering a unique study code and filling out the form, written informed consent was given for all included study participants. The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority on 20 August 2021 (Dnr 2021–03968).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eConsent for publication\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAvailability of data and materials\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors report no conflicts of interest.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFunding\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis work was supported by Fredrik \\u0026amp; Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse under award number 2020-0056, which had no role other than financial support.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAuthors' contributions\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eConceptualization (H.G., K.N., A.M.); Formal analysis (G.S.); Interpretation (G.S., H.G., K.N., A.M.); Writing - original draft (G.S.); Writing – review and editing (H.G., K.N., A.M.).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWe thank the INTERSECT team for their contribution to the conceptualisation, and the clinic contacts: Margareta Hammar (Länssjukhuset Kalmar), Margareta Risenfors (Sahlgrenska University Hospital), Malin Thorsell (BB Stockholm), and Ana Maria Whitmer-Jacobsson (Hallands Sjukhus). Special thanks go to the individuals participating in the study. \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eMATERNAL, NEWBORN, CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND AGEING [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2023 [cited 20230109]. Available from: https://platform.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/number-of-births-(thousands).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAlcorn KL, O\\u0026apos;Donovan A, Patrick JC, Creedy D, Devilly GJ. A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events. Psychol Med. 2010;40(11):1849-59.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSoet JE, Brack GA, DiIorio C. Prevalence and predictors of women\\u0026apos;s experience of psychological trauma during childbirth. Birth. 2003;30(1):36-46.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLeinweber J, Fontein-Kuipers Y, Thomson G, Karlsdottir SI, Nilsson C, Ekstrom-Bergstrom A, et al. Developing a woman-centered, inclusive definition of traumatic childbirth experiences: A discussion paper. Birth. 2022;49(4):687-96.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAPA. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 5 ed: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGottvall K, Waldenstrom U. Does a traumatic birth experience have an impact on future reproduction? BJOG. 2002;109(3):254-60.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGarthus-Niegel S, Ayers S, Martini J, von Soest T, Eberhard-Gran M. The impact of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms on child development: a population-based, 2-year follow-up study. Psychol Med. 2017;47(1):161-70.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGarthus-Niegel S, Horsch A, Handtke E, von Soest T, Ayers S, Weidner K, et al. The Impact of Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms on Couples\\u0026apos; Relationship Satisfaction: A Population-Based Prospective Study. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1728.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHeyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;94:102157.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCook N, Ayers S, Horsch A. Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:18-31.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eHorsch A, Garthus-Niegel S, Ayers S, Chandra P, Hartmann K, Vaisbuch E, et al. Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3S):S1116-S27.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWeiss DS, Marmar CR, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Hough RL, et al. The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in vietnam theater veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1992;5(3):365-76.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eStuijfzand S, Garthus-Niegel S, Horsch A. Parental Birth-Related PTSD Symptoms and Bonding in the Early Postpartum Period: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:570727.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G. Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors. Front Psychol. 2017;8:560.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGrekin R, O\\u0026apos;Hara MW. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(5):389-401.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L. 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Assessment of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth: Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of City Birth Trauma Scale. Psychol Trauma. 2023.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDencker A, Bergqvist L, Berg M, Greenbrook JTV, Nilsson C, Lundgren I. Measuring women\\u0026apos;s experiences of decision-making and aspects of midwifery support: a confirmatory factor analysis of the revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):199.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWickberg B, Hwang CP. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation on a Swedish community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94(3):181-4.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782-6.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBabyak MA. 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Available from: https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/InrUtrFoddaRegAlKon/.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eStaudt A, Baumann S, Horesh D, Eberhard-Gran M, Horsch A, Garthus-Niegel S. Predictors and comorbidity patterns of maternal birth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms: A Latent Class Analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2023;320:115038.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Birth-related PTSD, postpartum PTSD, risk factors, City Birth Trauma Scale, City BiTS \",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722668/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722668/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBackground\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eOne third of all childbirths are experienced as traumatic, which is a risk for developing birth-related PTSD (BR-PTSD). Understanding factors that increase the level of BR-PTSD symptoms (BR-PTSS) is crucial for the development of adequate preventive strategies. Most previous research has utilised general PTSD measurements, which negatively impacts its validity. This study therefore aimed to assess predictive factors for BR-PTSS using a birth-specific instrument.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMethods\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn this cross-sectional study, BR-PTSS was measured using City Birth Trauma Scale. Information on prenatal and birth-related predictive factors and comorbid symptoms of postpartum depression was collected via a self-report questionnaire including Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2. Independent significant predictors were analysed using single and multiple linear regression. The results were controlled for comorbidity with postpartum depression.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eResults\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIndependent significant predictors were previous traumatic experience, primiparity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth, and a negative subjective experience of childbirth. When controlling for comorbidity with postpartum depression, significant predictors were primiparity, complications in pregnancy or childbirth and a negative subjective experience of childbirth.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConclusions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study identifies a negative subjective experience of birth as the most important predictor for BR-PTSS and highlights the importance of modifiable factors. Our findings indicate that implementation of care acknowledging past trauma and primiparity, and evaluating the birth experience can help identify individuals with higher BR-PTSS. Future research should explore the effect on BR-PTSS when evaluating strategies focused on preventing and mitigating the experience of complications in pregnancy and birth, providing safe and supportive care, and promoting agency and self-efficacy during labour.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Predictive factors for birth-related post-traumatic stress symptoms using a birth-specific measurement: a cross-sectional study\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-08-06 06:38:00\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722668/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"5b5df230-ddad-411b-8241-f2ce50f83062\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"August 6th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-07-30T13:38:57+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-08-06 06:38:00\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4722668\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4722668\",\"identity\":\"rs-4722668\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"CiT4i_kKBbxQbnFL0ufpk\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}