{"paper_id":"0e4aa5fb-d56b-4ff1-87a5-0e2561acef95","body_text":"Abstract\nRecently, tumor budding (TB) found at the invasive margin has been related to lymph node involvement (LNI), local recurrence, and poor prognosis in various cancers. We assessed the presence of TB in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC), and examined the immunohistochemical (IHC) profiles to define its clinicopathological significance. Ninety-six EECs were obtained from 2008 to 2013. During the follow-up, ten patients experienced disease progression; of these, three patients succumbed to the disease. All hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were scrutinized for the presence of TB. IHC stainings for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), β-catenin, and E-cadherin were performed. All cases were grouped as FIGO grade (G) 1 (47.9%), G2 (29.2%), and G3 (22.9%). The distribution for depth of invasion (DOI) was 68.5% with a DOI of less than half and 31.5% with a DOI of more than half. Myometrial invasion was characterized as infiltrating pattern (52.1%), adenomyosis-like (20.8%), microcystic, elongated, and fragmented (17.7%), or expansile (9.4%). TB was identified in 63 cases (65.6%). Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and LNI were identified in 47 and 37 cases, respectively. TB was associated with deep DOI (p = 0.001), higher FIGO grade (p = 0.006), LVI (p < 0.0001), and LNI (p < 0.0001). TB showed loss of ER (p < 0.0001) and PR (p < 0.0001), reduced E-cadherin (p < 0.0001) expression, and aberrant β-catenin expression (p = 0.042). In EECs, TB was associated with deep DOI, less-differentiated histology, frequent LVI, and LNI; furthermore, TB was closely related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype and downregulation of hormonal receptors. Therefore, TB might be a determinant histologic clue for prediction of disease progression in EECs.\nSimilar content being viewed by others\nAbbreviations\n- AM :\n-\nadenomyosis\n- DOI :\n-\ndepth of invasion\n- EEC :\n-\nendometrial endometrioid carcinoma\n- EMT :\n-\nepithelial-mesenchymal transition\n- ER :\n-\nestrogen receptor\n- FIGO :\n-\ninternational federation of gynecology and obstetrics\n- IHC :\n-\nimmunohistochemical\n- LN :\n-\nlymph node\n- LNI :\n-\nlymph node involvement\n- LUS :\n-\nlower uterine segment\n- LVI :\n-\nlymphovascular invasion\n- MELF :\n-\nmicrocystic, elongated, and fragmented\n- MI :\n-\nmyometrial invasion\n- MPA :\n-\nmedroxyprogesterone acetate\n- PR :\n-\nprogesterone receptor\nReferences\nCole AJ, Quick CM (2013) Patterns of myoinvasion in endometrial adenocarcinoma: recognition and implications. 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PLoS One 7(1):e30840\nAcknowledgements\nThis research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1D1A1B03036519).\nAuthor information\nAuthors and Affiliations\nCorresponding author\nEthics declarations\nEthical Approval and Informed Consent\nAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research board (KNUMCBIO_14–1008) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study formal consent is not required.\nConflicts of Interest\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\nAdditional information\nPublisher’s Note\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nRights and permissions\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nPark, J.Y., Hong, D.G., Chong, G.O. et al. Tumor Budding is a Valuable Diagnostic Parameter in Prediction of Disease Progression of Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 25, 723–730 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-018-0554-x\nReceived:\nAccepted:\nPublished:\nVersion of record:\nIssue date:\nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-018-0554-x","source_license":"public-domain-us","license_restricted":false}