{"paper_id":"0d1b8c66-621d-4020-9500-4b0af42e76cb","body_text":"Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Types and Application Rates on Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Dryland Maize | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Types and Application Rates on Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Dryland Maize wu ri ji musi li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995471/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Dry farming areas are pivotal to agricultural production in China, and agronomic measures, such as tillage and fertilization, markedly influence crop yields. Ditch rain-harvesting planting, an effective water conservation technique, has proven beneficial for enhancing grain production in these regions. Because of the topographical changes from ridges and ditches, combined with moisture retention by mulching films, rainwater harvesting planting technology significantly influences soil water and heat dynamics, promoting temperature and moisture. In this study, \"Xianyu 335\" was used as the experimental material. Eight different fertilization regimens were tested: no fertilization (control, CK), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), phosphorus and potassium (PK), nitrogen and potassium (NK), nitrogen (N: diammonium phosphate 24%, ordinary urea 76%), phosphorus potassium fertilizer (NPK1), nitrogen application (N: slow-release urea 40%, diammonium phosphate 20%, ordinary urea 40%), phosphorus-potassium fertilizer (NPK2), nitrogen application (70%N: slow-release urea), urea release 40%, diammonium phosphate 26%, ordinary urea 34%), phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK3), and nitrogen (85%N: slow-release urea 40%, diammonium phosphate 23%, ordinary urea 37%), phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (NPK4). These treatments were used to investigate their effects on maize grain yield, agronomic efficiency, and fertilizer utilization rate under full-film-covered ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting. The results from 2015 to 2016 indicated that the distinct fertilization methods significantly affected the physiological metrics and leaf area index of maize throughout the growth period, as well as grain yield and dry matter accumulation. Notably, the NPK3 treatment, which employed slow-release fertilizers, outperformed the other treatments. Its average grain yield stood at 8.66 t·hm -2 , demonstrating an increase of 2.15 t·hm -2 (or 28.8%) compared with the control group. Moreover, NPK3 exhibited superior agronomic efficiency and fertilizer utilization. The findings indicate that integrating slow-release fertilizers into ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting systems can enhance maize growth and yield. Agronomy Rainwater harvesting planting technology in furrows Agronomic efficiency Fertilizer utilization rate Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Corn is a principal food crop in the eastern regions of China, leading to both cultivation area and overall output among food crops. Maize is a nutrient-intensive crop dominated by nitrogen [ 1 ], phosphorus, and potassium. However, due to its tolerance to fertilizers, the quantities of fertilizer and methods of fertilization employed are suboptimal, resulting in a low fertilizer utilization rate, nutrient wastage, and decline in soil fertility. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of corn fertilization is crucial for enhancing the yield [ 2 ]. Appropriate application of nitrogen can minimize nitrogen loss and optimize nitrogen absorption by maize. In recent years, despite the increase in field applications of nitrogen, maize yields have not increased and nitrogen use efficiency has declined. Studies have indicated that optimizing nitrogen levels is essential for improving its utilization in corn [ 3 , 4 ]. The interplay between fertilizer ratios and application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as that between corn yield and fertilizer utilization rate, has become a research hotspot [ 5 – 12 ]. Therefore, defining the precise relationships between the utilization rates of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and their application rates is foundational for reducing fertilizer inputs while maximizing corn yields [ 13 – 17 ]. Slow-release urea, a fertilizer suited for minimal application, aligns with crop nutrient requirements and ensures optimal yields [ 18 ]. This slow-release nitrogen fertilizer enhances plant nitrogen absorption, utilization, and yield formation, potentially promoting maize yield by over 10% through the slow release of fertilizer effect [ 19 – 21 ]. In contrast, conventional nitrogen fertilizers can be dissolved rapidly upon soil application but cannot be entirely absorbed and utilized by plants [ 22 ]. Conventional nitrogen fertilizers predominantly offer rapid release, leading to suboptimal nitrogen utilization [ 23 ]. In contrast, slow-release fertilizers, a novel category, can coordinate plant nutrient demands and ensure consistent nutrient delivery, thereby enhancing crop yields. These fertilizers use mechanisms to modulate nutrient release, ensuring synchrony with crop absorption patterns [ 24 ]. They not only mitigate nitrogen losses but also increase nitrogen utilization efficiency, thereby promoting crop growth and yield [ 25 – 27 ]. Specifically, the influence of slow-release urea on maize yield, dry matter accumulation, and leaf area index in drylands has direct implications for grain output [ 28 ]. Leaf area index, a critical metric for the photosynthetic capacity of maize [ 29 – 31 ], minimizes leaf shading between maize leaves and plants, creating optimal ventilation and light penetration. This can ensure efficient light and thermal resource utilization and promote organic matter production [ 32 , 33 ]. Wang et al. reported that dry matter accumulation underpinned superior grain yields, serving as the material basis for yield. Therefore, the exploration of slow-release fertilizer applications is essential for developing sustainable agriculture, particularly in the eastern regions of China [ 34 ]. The Xing'an League region, characterized by a semi-arid climate and expansive sloping farmland, epitomizes dry farming areas. In recent years, meteorological data have revealed exacerbated drought conditions owing to decreased rainfall. In this context, maize remains the principal crop in the Xingganmeng, but its productivity is constrained by declining soil fertility. Addressing this yield challenge is paramount for dryland corn farming in the region. By refining the ordinary semi-film mulching method, a ridge-and-furrow rainwater harvesting approach has emerged. This ground-based micro-topography effectively collects rainfall during the corn growth period, minimizes evaporation, optimizes water and fertilizer use, and enhances corn yield [ 35 ]. In this study, we meticulously analyzed the influence of diverse fertilization measures on the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium across various growth phases based on the rain-harvesting maize model of full mulching in ridges and furrows. This study offers critical insights to guide the establishment, popularization, and application of corn high-yield and efficiency-enhancing technology in ditch rainwater harvesting drylands. Materials and Methods Experiment materials The experiment was conducted at the experimental base of the Xing'an League Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (227°03'E, 46°05'N) from 2015 to 2016. The site features chestnut soil with a pH of 8.40, organic matter content of 31.2 g·kg -1 , total nitrogen of 1.45 g·kg -1 , total phosphorus of 1.12 g·kg -1 , alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen of 54.7 mg·kg -1 , available phosphorus of 7.52 mg·kg -1 , and available potassium of 46.8 mg·kg -1 . Meteorological data analysis from the same period (Table 1 ) revealed that the majority of the precipitation during the maize cultivation season occurred in July and August. The annual rainfall totaled approximately 450 mm, indicating a decline of 61.4% compared with the multi-year average. The maize variety studied was the Xianyu 335. The N fertilizers used were ordinary urea (46.4% nitrogen content), slow-release urea (44% nitrogen content), and diammonium phosphate (45% P 2 O 5 content, nitrogen content 16%). The phosphate fertilizer used was three-material calcium phosphate (43% P 2 O 5 content), and the potassium (K) fertilizer was potassium chloride (K 2 O, 60%). Diammonium phosphate (N-P 2 O-K 2 O: 16-45-0) was obtained from Anhui Liuguo Chemical Co., Ltd. Ordinary urea (nitrogen content ≥ 46.4%) and slow-release urea (44% nitrogen content) were obtained from Inner Mongolia Erdos United Chemical Co., Ltd. Potassium chloride (K 2 O ≥ 60%) was procured from Erenhot Tianyu Trading Co., Ltd. Calcium superphosphate (effective phosphorus P 2 O 5 ≥ 43%) was supplied by Yunnan Yuntianhua International Chemical Co., Ltd. Test design The experiment comprised eight treatments, each occupying an area of 30 m 2 (6.25 m × 4.8 m), with three replicates per treatment. The specific details of these treatments are listed in Table 2 . Maize was sown at a density of 67,500 plants·hm -2 , with a row spacing of 60 cm and plant spacing of 25 cm. Fertilization and irrigation were performed using row spacing, and manual seeding was performed based on the water demand. between May 1st and 5th, activities such as fertilization, irrigation, sowing, and mulching were conducted concurrently. Table 1 Meteorological data in 2015 and 2016. Project May June July August September 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Average temperature current 15.10 17.37 21.40 20.74 24.30 26.25 22.50 24.08 16.00 16.44 calendar 15.30 15.10 20.50 21.40 22.90 24.30 21.00 22.50 14.40 16.00 compared -0.20 2.27 + 0.90 -0.66 + 1.40 1.95 + 1.50 1.58 + 1.60 0.44 Rainfall current 54.10 31.20 156.90 118.30 80.10 33.40 120.30 24.50 38.30 94.40 calendar 28.80 54.10 93.40 156.90 148.60 80.10 89.40 120.30 37.30 38.30 compared + 25.30 -22.90 + 63.50 -38.60 -68.50 -46.70 + 30.90 -95.80 + 1.00 56.10 Sunshine current 208.00 244.30 160.70 152.30 244.70 183.90 152.30 270.20 208.70 155.50 calendar 287.20 208.00 271.30 160.70 258.00 244.70 270.40 152.30 250.60 208.70 compared -79.20 36.30 -110.30 -8.40 -13.30 -60.80 -118.10 117.90 -41.90 -53.20 Table 2 Design of fertilization treatments. Fertilizer rate (kg·hm -2 ) Design N-P 2 O-K 2 O Slow release urea Ordinary urea KCL Three-material superphosphate CK / / / / / NP 267 / 296 / 296 NK / / 388 150 296 PK / / 150 NPK1 267 / 296 150 296 NPK2 267 125 178 150 296 NPK3 267 87 124 150 296 NPK4 267 106 151 150 296 Test method Five plants were randomly selected from each plot to measure plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index at the seedling, jointing, big-bell mouth, tasseling, grain filling, and maturity stages. These plants were then separated into leaves and other components, and both the fresh and dry weights were recorded. Upon maturity, a 7.5 m 2 section (two rows per plot) was harvested from each plot for yield evaluation. The analytical parameters and methods employed were as follows: soil total nitrogen (semi-micro Kelvin method), soil total phosphorus (NaOH fusion followed by molybdenum-antimony colorimetry), soil total potassium (NaOH fusion with flame photometry), plant total nitrogen (digestion with H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 ), plant total phosphorus (H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 digestion followed by vanadium molybdenum yellow colorimetry), plant total potassium (H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 digestion with flame photometry). organic matter content (potassium dichromate method), alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen content (alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method), available phosphorus content (extraction with 0.5 mol·L -1 NaHCO, followed by molybdenum-antimony colorimetry), available potassium content (NHOAc extraction with flame photometry) [ 36 , 37 ]. Data processing Statistical analysis (analysis of variance) was conducted using SAS 9.2. Microsoft Excel 2007 was adopted to organize, plot, and analyze the data. Results Analysis of Yield Between 2015 and 2016, there were significant differences in corn kernel yield across the different fertilizer treatments (P < 0.05) (Table 3 ). The combined application of slow-release urea consistently produced higher yields than the other treatments did. In 2015, the NPK3 treatment yielded the highest at 10.1 t hm -2 , marking an increase of 2.44 t hm -2 (31.9%) compared to the control (CK). This was closely followed by a yield of 9.93 t·hm -2 , an enhancement of 2.27 t·hm -2 (29.6%) over the CK. In 2016, the NPK3 treatment again recorded the highest yield at 7.20 t·hm -2 , which was 1.83 t·hm -2 (34.1%) higher than that of the CK. The NPK2 treatment resulted in a yield of 7.07 t·hm -2 , a rise of 1.70 t·hm -2 (31.7%) compared with CK. The NPK4 treatment yielded 6.74 t·hm -2 , which was 1.37 t·hm -2 (25.5%) higher than the CK. Analysis of plant morphological characteristics Over the two-year period, there were significant variations in the average leaf area index during each physiological stage (P < 0.05). The tasseling stage had the highest average leaf area index, followed by the filling, mature, large-flare, and jointing stages (Table 4 ). Treatments NPK3 and NPK4, which utilized slow-release urea, consistently exhibited higher leaf area indices than other treatments. Dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption in maize organs At the mature stage, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the N, P, and K contents of the grains (Table 5 ). Grains and leaves treated with slow-release urea consistently exhibited higher N, P, and K contents than those treated with other fertilization methods. Specifically, the average N content in slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) was 65.2 g·hm -2 , compared to 40.8 g·hm -2 in other treatments (NP, NK, PK, and NPK1). Similarly, the average P content was 25.5 g·hm -2 for slow-release urea treatments and 14.5 g·hm -2 for other treatments, while the K content was 62.9 g·hm -2 and 33.3 g·hm -2 , respectively. Furthermore, there were significant disparities (P < 0.05) in leaf N, P, and K contents at maturity (Table 5 ). The average N content for the slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) was 36.8 g·hm -2 compared to 36.8 g·hm -2 of the other treatments. The average value (NP, NK, PK, and NPK1) was 22.9 g·hm -2 . The average P content in slow-release urea treatments was 19.2 g·hm -2 , and 6.91 g·hm -2 in other treatments. For potassium, the average values were 170 g·hm -2 and 96.6 g·hm -2 , respectively. These findings suggest that the application of slow-release urea not only enhanced the leaf area index but also optimized the N, P, and K contents in both grains and vegetative organs. As shown in Table 5 , the nitrogen content of the grains at the mature stage was highest in the NPK3 treatment. Correspondingly, NPK3 exhibited the highest agronomic efficiency and fertilizer utilization (Tables 6 – 8 ). This indicated that the agronomic efficiency and fertilizer utilization rate of the combined application of slow-release urea improved with an increase in N, P, and K contents in both leaves and grains. Over the two-year period from 2015 to 2016, there was a significant difference in average dry matter accumulation (P < 0.05). The NPK3-treated plants demonstrated a slightly higher dry matter accumulation and distribution than the other treatments. Leaf dry matter accumulation, inclusive of leaf sheaths, ranged from 41.1 to 96.1 g·strain -1 . The distribution ratios ranged from 45.9–52.2% during the jointing stage, 44.2–49.4% at the large flare stage, 45.7–50.3% at the tasseling stage, 31.2–37.5% during the grain-filling stage, and 32.2–34.9% at maturity (Fig. 1 ). Stem dry matter accumulation varied between 49.7 and 100 g·plant -1 . The distribution ratios were 47.8%-54.1% during the jointing stage, 50.2%-55.9% at the large flare stage, 49.7%-54.3% at the tasseling stage, 28.8%-34.5% during the grain-filling stage, and 25.7%-33.2% at maturity (Fig. 2 ). The grain dry weight during the grain filling stage was between 72.1 and 98.1 g·plant -1 , with a distribution ratio of 30.6%-38.7%. At maturity, the grain dry weight ranged from 71.0 to 127 g·plant -1 , and its distribution ratio was between 31.9% and 41.9% (Fig. 3 ). Fertilizer Agronomic Efficiency and Fertilizer Efficiency Analysis The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen across various fertilization treatments ranged from 4.10 to 16.2 kg·kg -1 (Table 6 ). NPK3 exhibited a slightly higher agronomic efficiency of N at 16.2 kg·kg -1 than the other treatments. The agronomic efficiency values for P and K in certain fertilization treatments exceeded those of the alternative treatments. In the different fertilization treatments, the value of NPK3 slightly surpassed that of the other treatments (Table 7 ), while the value of NPK2 in K nutrient uptake was slightly higher than that of the other treatments. The fertilizer utilization rate (Table 8 ) revealed that the nitrogen utilization rate for slow-release urea treatments exceeded that of the standard urea treatments. Both P and K fertilizer use efficiencies increased in tandem with an increase in N fertilizer use efficiency. The NPK3 treatment demonstrated increased fertilizer utilization rates for N, P, and K compared to other treatments. The nitrogen utilization rate ranged between 5.90% and 42.1%, with an average of 21.0%. Notably, the NPK3 treatment achieved a peak nitrogen utilization rate of 42.1%, whereas the NP treatment was the lowest at 5.90%. Phosphate fertilizer utilization ranged from 4.00–23.4%, and potassium fertilizer utilization ranged from 32.8–51.2%. Table 3 Effects of different fertilizations on maize grain yields in2015-2016. Design 2015 2016 Yield/(t·hm -2 ) Increase/% Yield/(t·hm -2 ) Increase/% CK 7.66 d 0.00 5.37c 0.00 NP 8.46 cd 10.4 6.10bc 13.6 NK 8.84 bc 15.4 6.20b 15.5 PK 8.02 cd 4.64 5.40c 0.56 NPK1 9.80 a 27.9 6.47ab 20.5 NPK2 9.93 a 29.6 7.0a 31.7 NPK3 10.1 a 31.9 7.2a 34.1 NPK4 9.58 ab 25.1 6.74 ab 25.5 Table 4 Leaf area index (LAI) under different fertilizations at different growth stages. LAI Jointing period Big trumpet period Tasseling period Filling period Maturity 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 CK 2.2 e 2.6 c 2.8 f 3.5 e 3.9 f 3.5 f 3.3 f 3.2 d 3.5 f 3.1 e NP 2.3 d 2.7 b 3.5 d 3.7 c 3.8 g 4.1 d 4.2 d 3.8 b 3.9 e 3.1 e NK 2.4 c 2.6 c 3.4 e 4.0 a 4.5 d 4.3 b 4.8 c 3.8 b 4.5 c 3.3 d PK 2.3 d 2.4 d 3.2 e 3.6 d 4.0e 4.0 e 4.0 e 3.2 d 3.9 e 2.8 f NPK1 3.0 a 2.7 b 4.0 a 3.9 b 5.3 a 4.2 c 5.2 a 3.8 b 5.1 a 3.5 b NPK2 2.8 b 2.7 b 3.9 b 3.9 b 5.0 b 4.2 c 5.2 a 4.0 a 5.1 a 3.6 a NPK3 2.8 b 2.8 a 3.7 c 3.9 b 5.0 b 4.2 c 5.2 a 3.6 c 5.0b 3.3 b NPK4 2.8 b 2.8 a 3.6 d 4.0 a 4.9 c 4.5 a 5.0 b 3.6 c 4.4 d 3.4 c Table 5 Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in leaves and seeds at maturing stage (g·hm 2 ). Design Seed Leaf N P K N P K CK 13.1 h 5.67g 13.6 g 6.38 h 1.43 g 73.0 h NP 54.3 e 18.1 d 23.8 f 31.7 d 5.68 f 87.4 g NK 41.6 f 9.10 f 42.3 e 29.6 f 1.73 g 98.5 f PK 23.2 g 16.4 e 41.1 e 13.7 g 14.6 c 11 d NPK1 72.0 a 23.3 c 45.8 d 33.1 c 11.1 d 10 e NPK2 69.1 b 29.0 b 80.7 a 41.8 a 16.8 b 193 a NPK3 66.8 c 16.5 e 48.8 c 30.2 e 8.83 e 135 c NPK4 59.7 d 31.0 a 59.2 b 38.5 b 31.9 a 182 b Table 6 Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium under different fertilizations (kg·kg -1 ). Design N P 2 O 5 K 2 O CK — — — NP 4.10 -2.40 — NK 5.70 — 3.20 PK — -8.50 -8.10 NPK1 10.2 6.80 12.2 NPK2 14.6 13.4 21.1 NPK3 16.2 12.2 19.5 NPK4 14.6 6.80 12.3 Table 7 Nutrient uptakes of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium under different fertilizations (kg·hm -2 ). Design N P 2 O 5 K 2 O CK 46.7 42.1 68.2 NP 66.3 53.7 98.8 NK 88.1 74.5 128 PK 55.6 61.7 77.5 NPK1 89.2 73.1 143 NPK2 79.9 86.9 148 NPK3 120 103 145 NPK4 90.9 79.3 120 Table 8 Utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium under different fertilizations (%). Design N P 2 O 5 K 2 O CK - — — NP 5.90 11.6 — NK 18.0 — 32.8 PK — -13.2 -42.1 NPK1 18.6 16.3 49. 2 NPK2 13.5 10.4 -50.7 NPK3 42.1 23.4 51.2 NPK4 28. 0 4.00 55.4 Discussion Liu Zhiqin [ 38 ] suggested that nitrogen deficiency primarily contributed to reduced plant height, stem diameter, ear height, and ear length. Nitrogen is a crucial mineral nutrient for crop growth [ 39 ]. When maize experiences nitrogen deficiency during its initial growth phase, its growth decelerates and adopts a greenish-yellow hue. As it transitions to the mid-growth stage, the plant exhibits pronounced yellow coloration, with the lower leaves starting to wither. Subsequently, the plants progressively dry from the tip to the mid-rib, thereby influencing grain yield [ 40 ]. In this study, the grain yield and dry matter accumulation of the P and K treatments were lower than those of the other treatments (Figs. 1 – 3 ). This observation aligns with the findings of Zhu Guangfeng et al. [ 41 ] and Huang Lida et al. [ 42 ], who noted premature senescence and early maturation in nitrogen-free regions, primarily due to inadequate nitrogen supply in later stages, subsequently affecting yield trends. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate serves as a primary indicator of crop absorption and use of nitrogen fertilizer, exemplifying the effect of nutrients within plants [ 43 ]. In this study, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate across treatments ranged from 5.90–42.2%, marginally surpassing the rates reported by Zhao Ying et al. [ 6 ]. Such variations may be attributed to the different soil and ecological conditions that influence the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization. However, further research is required to explore these discrepancies. The efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer use declined with increasing levels of soil-available phosphorus and with increasing fertilizer application rates. The combined application of nitrogen and K fertilizers enhanced phosphorus fertilizer utilization. In this experiment, phosphorus utilization was notably low without nitrogen application. However, with increasing nitrogen application and minimal phosphorus addition, the utilization rate of phosphorus markedly improved [ 44 ]. The phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate of the slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) in this study ranged from 4.00–23.4%, which is consistent with previous findings. However, fertilizer utilization rate typically decreases with increasing application rates. Hence, enhancing utilization should not dictate fertilizer application rates [ 44 ]. Optimal adjustment of N, P, and K dosages is essential to maximize fertilizer utilization and fully harness the benefits of fertilizers. Li Bo et al. highlighted the substantial potassium demand in corn, noting its optimal absorption before the tasseling period. The application of potassium fertilizer facilitated the transfer of potassium from vegetative organs to grains [ 45 ] and significantly boosted plant potassium uptake [ 46 ]. In this study, potassium treatments increased potassium absorption by 12.0%-53.9% relative to CK, consistent with the findings of Zhang Weitao et al. [ 47 ]. Field application of chemical fertilizers was not only for higher yields but also for enhanced economic returns. In recent years, the trend among farmers to prioritize yield, often using excessive chemical fertilizers, has negatively influenced both corn yield and input costs, thereby reducing economic returns. This indicates the need for continued research on the economic implications of fertilizer usage. Maize exhibited a substantial demand for fertilizer and both the method and quantity of fertilization critically influence nutrient absorption and dry matter accumulation. Within a given range, as dry matter accumulates, there is a corresponding increase in grain yield, underscoring the fundamental role of dry matter in yield generation [ 48 ]. This study revealed that the dry matter accumulation of maize at maturity in slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) surpassed that in the standard urea treatments, which could be due to enhanced nitrogen provision. This aligns with the findings of Zhao Bin et al. [ 49 ]. The proportion of dry matter in stem accumulation demonstrated a declining trend, whereas the distribution of dry matter between stems and leaves (including leaf sheaths) increased. From the middle to the late growth stages, this distribution in stems and leaves decreases, whereas grain distribution increases [ 50 ]. In this study, compared with the standard urea treatment, the slow-release urea treatment resulted in a decreased distribution of dry matter in stems and leaves (including leaf sheaths) during the tasseling stage. In the mature stage, the grain distribution reached 31.9%-41.9% (Figues 1–3), which was significantly higher than that of the standard urea treatment. These results suggest that slow-release urea enhanced the grain distribution ratio, facilitating efficient translocation of dry matter from leaves and stems to grains in later growth stages, which in turn promoted maize yield. Therefore, utilizing slow-release urea not only improved the leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, but also promoted production, thereby refining agronomic efficiency and fertilizer optimization. Field trials have revealed that slow-release urea could elevate straw yield and enhance economic returns. In practical applications, overfertilization can impede the nutrient absorption of maize and lower the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, leading to both fertilizer wastage and increased environmental pollution. Surprisingly, this intensification in fertilization did not consistently result in maize yield increases, and in some instances, may even reduce yields, indicating the need for further investigation. This study utilized the rainwater harvesting method in furrows for maize cultivation and established various fertilization treatments, aligning with Wang Ke et al.'s experiment [ 51 ]. The combination of rainwater harvesting in furrows and the use of slow-release urea presented an optimal fertilization strategy for dryland maize in Xing'an League. Fertilization, notably nitrogen application, is a significant source of agricultural contamination. Rational nitrogen application and enhancement of its utilization rate are crucial for agricultural environmental conservation. These measures provide valuable guidance for controlling pollution sources. Conclusions Corn treated with slow-release urea fertilization exhibited enhanced grain yield, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, agronomic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and fertilizer utilization compared to those treated with regular urea fertilization. The combined use of slow-release urea optimized the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate. Furthermore, the full-film double-furrow planting method facilitated superior crop growth, thereby elevating crop yield. Declarations Author Contributions All authors contributed to the manuscript preparation. Conceptualization, Li Wurijumisi, Gao Xinmei, Xu Xingjian; formal analysis, Li Wurijumisi,Qi ge qi , Lv Qiushi; investigation,Li Wurijumisi , Fu Ying ; resources,Li Wurijumisi ,LI Fengjiao and Tao menghui; software,Li Wurijumisi; writing—original draft preparation, Li Wurijumisi; writing—review and editing, Li Wurijumisi; visualization,Li Wurijumisi and Tao menghui; supervision, Li Wurijumisi; project administration,Li Wurijumisi and Lv Qiushi; funding acquisition,Li Wurijumisi. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the\"Research on new wheat variety breeding and Improvement of wheat Quality by gene editing technology\"and”Innovation and benefit of color wheat germplasm resources with adverse functional nutrition in cold areas need”(2022ZY0069 ) Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. Data Availability Statement Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. 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Cultivation and Cultivation 6: 29-31. Zhang M, Tang SH, Huang QY, Pang YW, Yi Q, Huang X, Li P, Fu HT (2018) The nutrient supply characteristics of co-application of slow-release urea and common urea in double cropping rice. Sci. Agric. Sin. 51: 3985-3995. Bai QQ, Shi GQ, Yang MY, Shi SY, Xiao K (2019) Controlled N release urea combined application affects plant nitrogen absorption and yield of high-yield summer maize. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 35: 7-13. Xu RM, Wu WG, Chen TH (2014) Effect of loss-controlled compound fertilizer on yield of wheat in the north of Anhui Province. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizer 29: 79-81. Yu SF, Yang L, Zhang M, Wu W, Ju X, Tian Y (2010) Effects of controlled-release urea on wheat- corn’s yield and soil nitrogen. J. Agro-Environ. Sci. 29: 1744-1749. Li W (2012) The application effect of controlled-release blended fertilizer in wheat-corn-corn rotation system. Tai'an: Shandong Agricultural University. Dong KL, Hou QC, Wang BK, Zhang PC (1993) The environment background and administration way of wind-water erosion crisscross region and Shenmu experimental area on the Loess Plateau. Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Water, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2: 2-15. He XS, Li SX, Li XH, Lv DQ (1998) The progress of studies on controlled avaliability fertilizers. J Plant Nutr. Fertilizer 4: 97-106. Fan XL, Liu F, Liao ZY, Zhen XZ, Yu JG (2009) Present situation andprospect of controlled release fertilizer research in China. J Plant Nutr. Fertilizer. 15: 463-473. Li W, Ye J, Zhen JL, Yue YJ (2017) Effect of slow-release urea on soil inorganic N and yield in drip-irrigated cotton field. Agric. Res. Arid. Areas. 35: 166-171. Azeem B, Ku SK, Man Z, Basit A (2014) Review on materials＆methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer. J Control Release. 181: 11-21. Xia HX (2017) Effects of Fertilizer Management on Maize yield，soil moisture and water and fertilizer use efficiency in Ridge Rain harvesting. Yangling: Northwestern University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology. Wang XM, Cui K, Song LR (2006) Studies on correlation between plant density and growth and quality of maize. J. Jilin Agric. Sci. 31: 3-6. Zhang JW, Wang KJ, Hu CH, Dong ST, Liu P (2002) Eect of different nitrogen application stages on forage nutritive value of summer maize. Sci. Agric. Sin. 35: 1337-1342. Liu KL, Gao JL, Lv SG, Cui WF, Li W, Liu W, Song RY (2004) Studies on characteristics of silage production of different types of maize. J Maize Sci. 12: 41-43, 53. Khan MNA, Murayama S, Ishimine Y, Tsuzuki E, Nakamura I (1998) Physiomorphological studies of F1 hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Prod. Sci. 1: 231-239. Mao QW, Wu GL, Yan LB, Chen JX, Wei D, Huang ZH (2010) Study on leaf area and dry matter accumulation in different density of maize Zhengdan 958. J. Anhui Agric. Sci. 38: 16171-16172, 16174. Wang QC, Liu KC (2004) The theory and practice of high-yield cultivation of summer maize in Shandong Province. J Maize Sci. 12: 60-62, 65. Hu TT, Xiao L, Li G, Wei YD (1999) The effects of fertilization on nutrient absorption and yield formation of spring maize. Acta University of Agricultural Boreali-occidentalis 27: 11-16. Bao SD (2005) Soil agrochemical analysis. 3rd ed. Beijing: China Agricultural Publishing House. Cheng L, Qu J, Gao JQ, Liu JF, Ding H, Zhang ZM (2016) Effects of mulch drip irrigation on fertilizer agronomic efficiency and fertilizer utilization efficiency in peanut. J Peanut Sci. 45: 53-56. Liu ZQ (2016) Preliminary report on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization efficiency of maize. Shanghai Vegetables 2: 61-63. Guo YF, Zhai ZL, Zhang Y, Zhang XP, Chen XW, Liang AZ (2018) Effects of earthworm and straw return on soil nitrogen under different tillage methods. Soils and Crops 7: 130-138. Zhang XJ (2018) Control measures of insect pests and deficiency in corn planting in our county. Nong Jia Can Mou 19: 67. Zhu GF, Guan YX, Tao T (2016) Study on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization efficiency of maize in 2015. Agric. Sci. Technol. Information. 26: 91-93, 99. Huang LD (2013) Preliminary study on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rate for maize in Xingren. Tillage and Cultivation 6: 29-31. Wang PS, Ma ZM, Han H, Yang HD, Huang QY, Zhao WQ (2016) Effects of nitrogen application rates on corn yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrate content in northern terraced dry land. Soil and Crops 5: 150-158. Li Y, Zhang N, Xing WY (2002) Major factors influencing phosphorus use efficiency of winter wheat. Plant Nutr. Fertil. Sci. 8: 424-427. Li B, Zhang JW, Jin LB, Cui HY, Dong ST, Liu P, Zhao B (2012) Effects of K fertilization on yield, K use efficiency of summer maize under high yield conditions. Plant Nutr. Fertil. Sci. 18: 832-838. Zhang SQ, Huang SM, Nie SW, Guo DD, Lin S (2014) Effects of Long-term fertilization on potassium uptake of summer maize and potassium dynamics of fluvo-aquic soil. J. Plant Nutr. Fertil. 20: 56-63. Zhang WT, Liu ZG, Zhang M, Dong ST, Chen JQ (2017) Effects of controlled-release potassium fertilizeron the yield of maize, potassium use efficiency and soil available potassium. J Soil Water Conserv. 31: 241-247. Chen GP (1994) Dry matter production anddistribution of maize. Maize Sci. 1: 48-53. Zhao B, Dong ST, Zhang JW, Liu P (2010) Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on yield and nitrogen accumulation and distribution of summer maize. Acta crop 36: 1760-1768. Wu P, Yang KJ, Wang YF, Zhang YF, Zhang WC, Qiong WU, Chen TY, Zhang PF, Pang C, Wang HP (2018) The effects of slow-release urea on soil and plant nitrogen content, dry matter and yield of maize. Agric. Res. Arid Areas. 36: 94-101. Wang K, Wei T, Dong ZY, Zhang P, Jia ZK (2016) Effects of fertilizer application rates on soil water use and wheat yield under ridge-furrow practice with plastic mulching of the ridge. Agric. Res. Arid Areas. 34: 93-98, 200. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3995471\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":275301009,\"identity\":\"0c19f8f5-44ac-4ce8-85f7-aa8a479b8855\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"wu ri ji musi li\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACefmHDQc+VPyzY2NvIFKLYUNy48MZZw4k8/EcINaaA+nNxrxtBxjnSSQQqYOx4WCbBM+ZO8xsko833mCosYkmqIWdsbFNQqLiGR+bdFqxBcOxtNwGgrY0M7ZJGJxhZmaTzjGTYGw4TFgLwzGglsQ2ZsY2yTPEajnD2GxwsO0wUCMPkVoMZzA2Pmw4k5bMxgP0SwIxfpGXYH9w+E+FjZ18++GNNz7U2BDhMCRgQHTUIGkhVccoGAWjYBSMDAAAQYlBHD55BD4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"wu\",\"middleName\":\"ri ji musi\",\"lastName\":\"li\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-02-28 03:13:02\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":{\"humanSubjects\":true,\"vertebrateSubjects\":true,\"conflictsOfInterestStatement\":false,\"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":true,\"humanSubjectConsent\":true,\"humanSubjectClinicalTrial\":false,\"humanSubjectCaseReport\":false,\"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":true,\"coiExplicitlySet\":false},\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995471/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995471/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":51785057,\"identity\":\"d1bd82b4-f9ed-45c4-a987-d0ea9685dad3\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-29 02:55:37\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":70903,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eChanges in leaf dry matter accumulation under different fertilization treatments at different growth stages.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3995471/v1/367b0629185142489e05139c.png\"},{\"id\":51785056,\"identity\":\"ff417b9b-bae2-435a-8e82-8952974e3bc0\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-29 02:55:36\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":64856,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eChanges in stem dry matter accumulation under different fertilization treatments at different growth stages.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3995471/v1/84ad2575e0a42e2a10ebb181.png\"},{\"id\":51785053,\"identity\":\"6d0b67c1-62f6-4a3e-a84d-932247a148cb\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-29 02:55:36\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":46986,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eChanges in Seed dry matter accumulation under different fertilization treatments at different growth stages.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3995471/v1/5361fc06251af2fe0f58d294.png\"},{\"id\":51785261,\"identity\":\"f27444d7-28b1-4be8-84dd-6db260a40ef3\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-02-29 03:03:21\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":421864,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3995471/v1/5182cd33-c9ea-4277-8d53-0694ba9852da.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"The authors declare no competing interests.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEffects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Types and Application Rates on Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Dryland Maize\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCorn is a principal food crop in the eastern regions of China, leading to both cultivation area and overall output among food crops. Maize is a nutrient-intensive crop dominated by nitrogen [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e], phosphorus, and potassium. However, due to its tolerance to fertilizers, the quantities of fertilizer and methods of fertilization employed are suboptimal, resulting in a low fertilizer utilization rate, nutrient wastage, and decline in soil fertility. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of corn fertilization is crucial for enhancing the yield [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Appropriate application of nitrogen can minimize nitrogen loss and optimize nitrogen absorption by maize. In recent years, despite the increase in field applications of nitrogen, maize yields have not increased and nitrogen use efficiency has declined. Studies have indicated that optimizing nitrogen levels is essential for improving its utilization in corn [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The interplay between fertilizer ratios and application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as that between corn yield and fertilizer utilization rate, has become a research hotspot [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11\\\" citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Therefore, defining the precise relationships between the utilization rates of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and their application rates is foundational for reducing fertilizer inputs while maximizing corn yields [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR14 CR15 CR16\\\" citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSlow-release urea, a fertilizer suited for minimal application, aligns with crop nutrient requirements and ensures optimal yields [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This slow-release nitrogen fertilizer enhances plant nitrogen absorption, utilization, and yield formation, potentially promoting maize yield by over 10% through the slow release of fertilizer effect [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR20\\\" citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In contrast, conventional nitrogen fertilizers can be dissolved rapidly upon soil application but cannot be entirely absorbed and utilized by plants [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Conventional nitrogen fertilizers predominantly offer rapid release, leading to suboptimal nitrogen utilization [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In contrast, slow-release fertilizers, a novel category, can coordinate plant nutrient demands and ensure consistent nutrient delivery, thereby enhancing crop yields. These fertilizers use mechanisms to modulate nutrient release, ensuring synchrony with crop absorption patterns [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]. They not only mitigate nitrogen losses but also increase nitrogen utilization efficiency, thereby promoting crop growth and yield [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR26\\\" citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Specifically, the influence of slow-release urea on maize yield, dry matter accumulation, and leaf area index in drylands has direct implications for grain output [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e28\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Leaf area index, a critical metric for the photosynthetic capacity of maize [\\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\\\"CR30\\\" citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e], minimizes leaf shading between maize leaves and plants, creating optimal ventilation and light penetration. This can ensure efficient light and thermal resource utilization and promote organic matter production [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Wang et al. reported that dry matter accumulation underpinned superior grain yields, serving as the material basis for yield. Therefore, the exploration of slow-release fertilizer applications is essential for developing sustainable agriculture, particularly in the eastern regions of China [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe Xing'an League region, characterized by a semi-arid climate and expansive sloping farmland, epitomizes dry farming areas. In recent years, meteorological data have revealed exacerbated drought conditions owing to decreased rainfall. In this context, maize remains the principal crop in the Xingganmeng, but its productivity is constrained by declining soil fertility. Addressing this yield challenge is paramount for dryland corn farming in the region. By refining the ordinary semi-film mulching method, a ridge-and-furrow rainwater harvesting approach has emerged. This ground-based micro-topography effectively collects rainfall during the corn growth period, minimizes evaporation, optimizes water and fertilizer use, and enhances corn yield [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e35\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In this study, we meticulously analyzed the influence of diverse fertilization measures on the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium across various growth phases based on the rain-harvesting maize model of full mulching in ridges and furrows. This study offers critical insights to guide the establishment, popularization, and application of corn high-yield and efficiency-enhancing technology in ditch rainwater harvesting drylands.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eExperiment materials\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe experiment was conducted at the experimental base of the Xing'an League Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (227\\u0026deg;03'E, 46\\u0026deg;05'N) from 2015 to 2016. The site features chestnut soil with a pH of 8.40, organic matter content of 31.2 g\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, total nitrogen of 1.45 g\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, total phosphorus of 1.12 g\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen of 54.7 mg\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, available phosphorus of 7.52 mg\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, and available potassium of 46.8 mg\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. Meteorological data analysis from the same period (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) revealed that the majority of the precipitation during the maize cultivation season occurred in July and August. The annual rainfall totaled approximately 450 mm, indicating a decline of 61.4% compared with the multi-year average.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe maize variety studied was the Xianyu 335. The N fertilizers used were ordinary urea (46.4% nitrogen content), slow-release urea (44% nitrogen content), and diammonium phosphate (45% P\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e5\\u003c/sub\\u003e content, nitrogen content 16%). The phosphate fertilizer used was three-material calcium phosphate (43% P\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e5\\u003c/sub\\u003e content), and the potassium (K) fertilizer was potassium chloride (K\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO, 60%). Diammonium phosphate (N-P\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO-K\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO: 16-45-0) was obtained from Anhui Liuguo Chemical Co., Ltd. Ordinary urea (nitrogen content\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;46.4%) and slow-release urea (44% nitrogen content) were obtained from Inner Mongolia Erdos United Chemical Co., Ltd. Potassium chloride (K\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;60%) was procured from Erenhot Tianyu Trading Co., Ltd. Calcium superphosphate (effective phosphorus P\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e5\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;43%) was supplied by Yunnan Yuntianhua International Chemical Co., Ltd.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eTest design\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe experiment comprised eight treatments, each occupying an area of 30 m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e (6.25 m \\u0026times; 4.8 m), with three replicates per treatment. The specific details of these treatments are listed in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e. Maize was sown at a density of 67,500 plants\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, with a row spacing of 60 cm and plant spacing of 25 cm. Fertilization and irrigation were performed using row spacing, and manual seeding was performed based on the water demand. between May 1st and 5th, activities such as fertilization, irrigation, sowing, and mulching were conducted concurrently.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeteorological data in 2015 and 2016.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eProject\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMay\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c6\\\" namest=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eJune\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eJuly\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c10\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAugust\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c12\\\" namest=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeptember\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAverage temperature\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecurrent\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.74\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.25\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.08\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecalendar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecompared\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;0.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.66\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;1.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.95\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;1.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.58\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;1.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRainfall\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecurrent\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e156.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e118.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e80.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e120.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecalendar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28.80\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e156.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e148.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e80.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e120.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecompared\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;25.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-22.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;63.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-38.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-68.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-46.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;30.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-95.80\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e+\\u0026thinsp;1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSunshine\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecurrent\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e208.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e244.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e160.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e152.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e244.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e183.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e152.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e270.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e208.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e155.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecalendar\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e287.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e208.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e271.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e160.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e258.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e244.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e270.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e152.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e250.60\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e208.70\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecompared\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-79.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-110.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-8.40\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-13.30\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-60.80\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-118.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e117.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-41.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-53.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDesign of fertilization treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"5\\\" nameend=\\\"c6\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFertilizer rate (kg\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDesign\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eN-P\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO-K\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSlow release urea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOrdinary urea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKCL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThree-material superphosphate\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e388\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e/\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e125\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e178\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e106\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e151\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eTest method\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFive plants were randomly selected from each plot to measure plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index at the seedling, jointing, big-bell mouth, tasseling, grain filling, and maturity stages. These plants were then separated into leaves and other components, and both the fresh and dry weights were recorded. Upon maturity, a 7.5 m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e section (two rows per plot) was harvested from each plot for yield evaluation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe analytical parameters and methods employed were as follows: soil total nitrogen (semi-micro Kelvin method), soil total phosphorus (NaOH fusion followed by molybdenum-antimony colorimetry), soil total potassium (NaOH fusion with flame photometry), plant total nitrogen (digestion with H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eSO\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e-H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e), plant total phosphorus (H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eSO\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e-H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e digestion followed by vanadium molybdenum yellow colorimetry), plant total potassium (H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eSO\\u003csub\\u003e4\\u003c/sub\\u003e-H\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e digestion with flame photometry). organic matter content (potassium dichromate method), alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen content (alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method), available phosphorus content (extraction with 0.5 mol\\u0026middot;L\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e NaHCO, followed by molybdenum-antimony colorimetry), available potassium content (NHOAc extraction with flame photometry) [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eData processing\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStatistical analysis (analysis of variance) was conducted using SAS 9.2. Microsoft Excel 2007 was adopted to organize, plot, and analyze the data.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAnalysis of Yield\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBetween 2015 and 2016, there were significant differences in corn kernel yield across the different fertilizer treatments (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). The combined application of slow-release urea consistently produced higher yields than the other treatments did. In 2015, the NPK3 treatment yielded the highest at 10.1 t hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, marking an increase of 2.44 t hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e (31.9%) compared to the control (CK). This was closely followed by a yield of 9.93 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, an enhancement of 2.27 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e (29.6%) over the CK. In 2016, the NPK3 treatment again recorded the highest yield at 7.20 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, which was 1.83 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e (34.1%) higher than that of the CK. The NPK2 treatment resulted in a yield of 7.07 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, a rise of 1.70 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e (31.7%) compared with CK. The NPK4 treatment yielded 6.74 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, which was 1.37 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e (25.5%) higher than the CK.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAnalysis of plant morphological characteristics\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOver the two-year period, there were significant variations in the average leaf area index during each physiological stage (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). The tasseling stage had the highest average leaf area index, followed by the filling, mature, large-flare, and jointing stages (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e). Treatments NPK3 and NPK4, which utilized slow-release urea, consistently exhibited higher leaf area indices than other treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eDry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption in maize organs\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt the mature stage, there were significant differences (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the N, P, and K contents of the grains (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Grains and leaves treated with slow-release urea consistently exhibited higher N, P, and K contents than those treated with other fertilization methods. Specifically, the average N content in slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) was 65.2 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, compared to 40.8 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e in other treatments (NP, NK, PK, and NPK1). Similarly, the average P content was 25.5 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e for slow-release urea treatments and 14.5 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e for other treatments, while the K content was 62.9 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 33.3 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, respectively. Furthermore, there were significant disparities (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05) in leaf N, P, and K contents at maturity (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). The average N content for the slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) was 36.8 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e compared to 36.8 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e of the other treatments. The average value (NP, NK, PK, and NPK1) was 22.9 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The average P content in slow-release urea treatments was 19.2 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, and 6.91 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e in other treatments. For potassium, the average values were 170 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 96.6 g\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, respectively. These findings suggest that the application of slow-release urea not only enhanced the leaf area index but also optimized the N, P, and K contents in both grains and vegetative organs.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, the nitrogen content of the grains at the mature stage was highest in the NPK3 treatment. Correspondingly, NPK3 exhibited the highest agronomic efficiency and fertilizer utilization (Tables\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e). This indicated that the agronomic efficiency and fertilizer utilization rate of the combined application of slow-release urea improved with an increase in N, P, and K contents in both leaves and grains.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOver the two-year period from 2015 to 2016, there was a significant difference in average dry matter accumulation (P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;0.05). The NPK3-treated plants demonstrated a slightly higher dry matter accumulation and distribution than the other treatments. Leaf dry matter accumulation, inclusive of leaf sheaths, ranged from 41.1 to 96.1 g\\u0026middot;strain\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The distribution ratios ranged from 45.9\\u0026ndash;52.2% during the jointing stage, 44.2\\u0026ndash;49.4% at the large flare stage, 45.7\\u0026ndash;50.3% at the tasseling stage, 31.2\\u0026ndash;37.5% during the grain-filling stage, and 32.2\\u0026ndash;34.9% at maturity (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStem dry matter accumulation varied between 49.7 and 100 g\\u0026middot;plant\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. The distribution ratios were 47.8%-54.1% during the jointing stage, 50.2%-55.9% at the large flare stage, 49.7%-54.3% at the tasseling stage, 28.8%-34.5% during the grain-filling stage, and 25.7%-33.2% at maturity (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The grain dry weight during the grain filling stage was between 72.1 and 98.1 g\\u0026middot;plant\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, with a distribution ratio of 30.6%-38.7%. At maturity, the grain dry weight ranged from 71.0 to 127 g\\u0026middot;plant\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, and its distribution ratio was between 31.9% and 41.9% (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFertilizer Agronomic Efficiency and Fertilizer Efficiency Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe agronomic efficiency of nitrogen across various fertilization treatments ranged from 4.10 to 16.2 kg\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e). NPK3 exhibited a slightly higher agronomic efficiency of N at 16.2 kg\\u0026middot;kg\\u003csup\\u003e-1\\u003c/sup\\u003e than the other treatments. The agronomic efficiency values for P and K in certain fertilization treatments exceeded those of the alternative treatments.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn the different fertilization treatments, the value of NPK3 slightly surpassed that of the other treatments (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e), while the value of NPK2 in K nutrient uptake was slightly higher than that of the other treatments. The fertilizer utilization rate (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e) revealed that the nitrogen utilization rate for slow-release urea treatments exceeded that of the standard urea treatments. Both P and K fertilizer use efficiencies increased in tandem with an increase in N fertilizer use efficiency. The NPK3 treatment demonstrated increased fertilizer utilization rates for N, P, and K compared to other treatments. The nitrogen utilization rate ranged between 5.90% and 42.1%, with an average of 21.0%. Notably, the NPK3 treatment achieved a peak nitrogen utilization rate of 42.1%, whereas the NP treatment was the lowest at 5.90%. Phosphate fertilizer utilization ranged from 4.00\\u0026ndash;23.4%, and potassium fertilizer utilization ranged from 32.8\\u0026ndash;51.2%.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEffects of different fertilizations on maize grain yields in2015-2016.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDesign\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYield/(t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIncrease/%\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eYield/(t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIncrease/%\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.66 d\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.37c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.46 cd\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.10bc\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.84 bc\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.20b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.02 cd\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.64\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.40c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.80 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.47ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.93 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.0a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.1 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.2a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.58 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.74 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaf area index (LAI) under different fertilizations at different growth stages.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLAI\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eJointing period\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBig trumpet period\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c7\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTasseling period\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c9\\\" namest=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFilling period\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c11\\\" namest=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMaturity\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2015\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2016\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.2 e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.6 c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.8 f\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.5 e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.9 f\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.5 f\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.3 f\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.2 d\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.5 f\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.1 e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.3 d\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e 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colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e98.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e74.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e128\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e77.5\\u003c/p\\u003e 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\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e103\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e145\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e90.9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e120\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab8\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 8\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUtilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium under different fertilizations (%).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDesign\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eN\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eP\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e5\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eK\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026mdash;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026mdash;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.90\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026mdash;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026mdash;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePK\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026mdash;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-13.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-42.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e49. 2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-50.7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42.1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51.2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNPK4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28. 0\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55.4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLiu Zhiqin [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e] suggested that nitrogen deficiency primarily contributed to reduced plant height, stem diameter, ear height, and ear length. Nitrogen is a crucial mineral nutrient for crop growth [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e]. When maize experiences nitrogen deficiency during its initial growth phase, its growth decelerates and adopts a greenish-yellow hue. As it transitions to the mid-growth stage, the plant exhibits pronounced yellow coloration, with the lower leaves starting to wither. Subsequently, the plants progressively dry from the tip to the mid-rib, thereby influencing grain yield [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, the grain yield and dry matter accumulation of the P and K treatments were lower than those of the other treatments (Figs.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). This observation aligns with the findings of Zhu Guangfeng et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e] and Huang Lida et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e], who noted premature senescence and early maturation in nitrogen-free regions, primarily due to inadequate nitrogen supply in later stages, subsequently affecting yield trends. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate serves as a primary indicator of crop absorption and use of nitrogen fertilizer, exemplifying the effect of nutrients within plants [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate across treatments ranged from 5.90\\u0026ndash;42.2%, marginally surpassing the rates reported by Zhao Ying et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Such variations may be attributed to the different soil and ecological conditions that influence the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization. However, further research is required to explore these discrepancies.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer use declined with increasing levels of soil-available phosphorus and with increasing fertilizer application rates. The combined application of nitrogen and K fertilizers enhanced phosphorus fertilizer utilization. In this experiment, phosphorus utilization was notably low without nitrogen application. However, with increasing nitrogen application and minimal phosphorus addition, the utilization rate of phosphorus markedly improved [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate of the slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) in this study ranged from 4.00\\u0026ndash;23.4%, which is consistent with previous findings. However, fertilizer utilization rate typically decreases with increasing application rates. Hence, enhancing utilization should not dictate fertilizer application rates [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Optimal adjustment of N, P, and K dosages is essential to maximize fertilizer utilization and fully harness the benefits of fertilizers.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLi Bo et al. highlighted the substantial potassium demand in corn, noting its optimal absorption before the tasseling period. The application of potassium fertilizer facilitated the transfer of potassium from vegetative organs to grains [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e] and significantly boosted plant potassium uptake [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In this study, potassium treatments increased potassium absorption by 12.0%-53.9% relative to CK, consistent with the findings of Zhang Weitao et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Field application of chemical fertilizers was not only for higher yields but also for enhanced economic returns. In recent years, the trend among farmers to prioritize yield, often using excessive chemical fertilizers, has negatively influenced both corn yield and input costs, thereby reducing economic returns. This indicates the need for continued research on the economic implications of fertilizer usage.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMaize exhibited a substantial demand for fertilizer and both the method and quantity of fertilization critically influence nutrient absorption and dry matter accumulation. Within a given range, as dry matter accumulates, there is a corresponding increase in grain yield, underscoring the fundamental role of dry matter in yield generation [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e]. This study revealed that the dry matter accumulation of maize at maturity in slow-release urea treatments (NPK2, NPK3, and NPK4) surpassed that in the standard urea treatments, which could be due to enhanced nitrogen provision. This aligns with the findings of Zhao Bin et al. [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The proportion of dry matter in stem accumulation demonstrated a declining trend, whereas the distribution of dry matter between stems and leaves (including leaf sheaths) increased. From the middle to the late growth stages, this distribution in stems and leaves decreases, whereas grain distribution increases [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In this study, compared with the standard urea treatment, the slow-release urea treatment resulted in a decreased distribution of dry matter in stems and leaves (including leaf sheaths) during the tasseling stage. In the mature stage, the grain distribution reached 31.9%-41.9% (Figues 1\\u0026ndash;3), which was significantly higher than that of the standard urea treatment. These results suggest that slow-release urea enhanced the grain distribution ratio, facilitating efficient translocation of dry matter from leaves and stems to grains in later growth stages, which in turn promoted maize yield. Therefore, utilizing slow-release urea not only improved the leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, but also promoted production, thereby refining agronomic efficiency and fertilizer optimization. Field trials have revealed that slow-release urea could elevate straw yield and enhance economic returns. In practical applications, overfertilization can impede the nutrient absorption of maize and lower the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, leading to both fertilizer wastage and increased environmental pollution. Surprisingly, this intensification in fertilization did not consistently result in maize yield increases, and in some instances, may even reduce yields, indicating the need for further investigation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis study utilized the rainwater harvesting method in furrows for maize cultivation and established various fertilization treatments, aligning with Wang Ke et al.'s experiment [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The combination of rainwater harvesting in furrows and the use of slow-release urea presented an optimal fertilization strategy for dryland maize in Xing'an League. Fertilization, notably nitrogen application, is a significant source of agricultural contamination. Rational nitrogen application and enhancement of its utilization rate are crucial for agricultural environmental conservation. These measures provide valuable guidance for controlling pollution sources.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusions\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCorn treated with slow-release urea fertilization exhibited enhanced grain yield, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, agronomic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and fertilizer utilization compared to those treated with regular urea fertilization. The combined use of slow-release urea optimized the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate. Furthermore, the full-film double-furrow planting method facilitated superior crop growth, thereby elevating crop yield.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor Contributions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll authors contributed to the manuscript preparation. Conceptualization, Li Wurijumisi, Gao Xinmei, Xu Xingjian; formal analysis, Li Wurijumisi,Qi ge qi , Lv Qiushi; investigation,Li Wurijumisi , Fu Ying ; resources,Li Wurijumisi ,LI Fengjiao and Tao menghui; software,Li Wurijumisi; writing—original draft preparation, Li Wurijumisi; writing—review and editing, Li Wurijumisi; visualization,Li Wurijumisi and Tao menghui; supervision, Li Wurijumisi; project administration,Li Wurijumisi and Lv Qiushi; funding acquisition,Li Wurijumisi. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis work was supported by the\\\"Research on new wheat variety breeding and Improvement of wheat Quality by gene editing technology\\\"and”Innovation and benefit of color wheat germplasm resources with adverse functional nutrition in cold areas need”(2022ZY0069 )\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData Availability Statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflicts of Interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eLang JQ, Wang Y, Liu SG (2014) Research on fertilization techniques of high production of corn. Agricultural Science. Eng. Technol. 9: 5-6.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eZhao LP,\\u0026nbsp;Wang HB Liu HQ,\\u0026nbsp;Wang YL,\\u0026nbsp;Liu SX,\\u0026nbsp;Wang Y\\u0026nbsp;(2006)\\u0026nbsp;Mechanism of fertility degradation of black soil in corn belt of Songliao Plain. Acta Pedologica Sinica\\u0026nbsp;43:\\u0026nbsp;79-84.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eMi GH,\\u0026nbsp;Chen FJ,\\u0026nbsp;Chun L,\\u0026nbsp;Guo YF,\\u0026nbsp;Tian QY,\\u0026nbsp;Zhang FS\\u0026nbsp;(2007)\\u0026nbsp;Biological characteristics of nitrogen efficient maize genotypes. J. Plant Nutr. Fertil. 13:\\u0026nbsp;155-159.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eHirel B,\\u0026nbsp;Le Gouis J,\\u0026nbsp;Ney B,\\u0026nbsp;Gallais A\\u0026nbsp;(2007)\\u0026nbsp;The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. 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Arid Areas. 34: 93-98, 200.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Department of Science and Technology of Inner Mongolia\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Rainwater harvesting planting technology in furrows, Agronomic efficiency, Fertilizer utilization rate\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995471/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995471/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eDry farming areas are pivotal to agricultural production in China, and agronomic measures, such as tillage and fertilization, markedly influence crop yields. Ditch rain-harvesting planting, an effective water conservation technique, has proven beneficial for enhancing grain production in these regions. Because of the topographical changes from ridges and ditches, combined with moisture retention by mulching films, rainwater harvesting planting technology significantly influences soil water and heat dynamics, promoting temperature and moisture. In this study, \\\"Xianyu 335\\\" was used as the experimental material. Eight different fertilization regimens were tested: no fertilization (control, CK), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), phosphorus and potassium (PK), nitrogen and potassium (NK), nitrogen (N: diammonium phosphate 24%, ordinary urea 76%), phosphorus potassium fertilizer (NPK1), nitrogen application (N: slow-release urea 40%, diammonium phosphate 20%, ordinary urea 40%), phosphorus-potassium fertilizer (NPK2), nitrogen application (70%N: slow-release urea), urea release 40%, diammonium phosphate 26%, ordinary urea 34%), phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK3), and nitrogen (85%N: slow-release urea 40%, diammonium phosphate 23%, ordinary urea 37%), phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (NPK4). These treatments were used to investigate their effects on maize grain yield, agronomic efficiency, and fertilizer utilization rate under full-film-covered ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting. The results from 2015 to 2016 indicated that the distinct fertilization methods significantly affected the physiological metrics and leaf area index of maize throughout the growth period, as well as grain yield and dry matter accumulation. Notably, the NPK3 treatment, which employed slow-release fertilizers, outperformed the other treatments. Its average grain yield stood at 8.66 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e, demonstrating an increase of 2.15 t\\u0026middot;hm\\u003csup\\u003e-2\\u003c/sup\\u003e (or 28.8%) compared with the control group. Moreover, NPK3 exhibited superior agronomic efficiency and fertilizer utilization. The findings indicate that integrating slow-release fertilizers into ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting systems can enhance maize growth and yield.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Types and Application Rates on Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Dryland Maize\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-02-29 02:55:12\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3995471/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"6eb15bcc-2bb8-4b2f-a191-7afb4214558b\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"February 29th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":29017319,\"name\":\"Agronomy\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-02-29T02:55:13+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-02-29 02:55:12\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3995471\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3995471\",\"identity\":\"rs-3995471\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"zQwnuV7TCBrMSSSToR1PI\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}