{"paper_id":"0c220ae7-3d6d-4cdc-a72b-b9bbb745ed8d","body_text":"3d Models as a Source for Neuroanatomy Education: a Stepwise White Matter Dissection Using 3d Images and Photogrammetry Scans | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article 3d Models as a Source for Neuroanatomy Education: a Stepwise White Matter Dissection Using 3d Images and Photogrammetry Scans André de Sá Braga Oliveira, João Vítor Andrade Fernandes, Vera Louise Freire de Albuquerque Figueiredo, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895027/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract White matter dissection (WMD) involves isolating bundles of myelinated axons in the brain and serves to gain insights into brain function and neural mechanisms underlying neurological disorders. While effective, cadaveric brain dissections pose certain challenges mainly due to availability of resources. Technological advancements, such as photogrammetry, have the potential to overcome these limitations by creating detailed three-dimensional (3D) models for immersive learning experiences in neuroanatomy. Objective: This study aimed to provide a detailed step-by-step WMD captured using two-dimensional (2D) images and 3D models (via photogrammetry) to serve as a comprehensive guide for studying white matter tracts of the brain. One formalin-fixed brain specimen was utilized to perform the WMD. The brain was divided in a sagittal plane and both cerebral hemispheres were stored in a freezer at -20°C for 10 days, then thawed under running water at room temperature. Micro-instruments under an operating microscope were used to perform a systematic lateral-to-medial and medial-to-lateral dissection, while 2D images were captured and 3D models were created through photogrammetry during each stage of the dissection. Dissection was performed with comprehensive examination of the location, main landmarks, connections, and functions of the white matter tracts of the brain. Furthermore, high-quality 3D models of the dissections were created and housed on SketchFab ® , allowing for accessible and free of charge viewing for educational and research purposes. Our comprehensive dissection and 3D models have the potential to increase understanding of the intricate white matter anatomy and could provide an accessible platform for the teaching of neuroanatomy. Anatomy Education Neuroanatomy White Matter Dissection Photogrammetry 3D Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION White matter dissection (WMD) is used in neurosciences to isolate and study the bundles of myelinated axons that connect different regions of the brain. The process of performing WMD involves brain removal from the body, fixation (typically in formalin), freezing, and then thawing to allow for removal of grey matter and preservation of the white matter (Klingler, 1935; Dziedzic et al., 2021). Understanding the axonal tracts, as studied through WMD, can provide valuable insights into brain function, neuronal communication, (Le Bihan, 2003; Filley and Fields, 2016; Peer et al., 2017; Bathelt et al., 2019) and the underlying neural mechanisms implicated in various neurological disorders including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia (Nasrabady et al., 2018; Butt et al., 2021; Kochunov et al., 2021). Further, identification and protection of these critical white matter tracts in neurosurgical practice is imperative to minimize the risk of postoperative neurological deficits and preserve neurological function (Essayed et al., 2017; Nakao et al., 2019; Tamura et al., 2021; Ebina et al., 2023). While cadaveric brain dissections serve as an effective method for investigating and studying the white matter tracts of the brain, this process can be complex and challenging without proper guidance and training. Furthermore, ethical discussions, specimen availability, and financial considerations may limit the ability to obtain cadaveric materials. With recent advancements in technology, the use of the virtual models has proven to be an effective resource in neuroanatomical studies that can overcome many limitations inherent to cadaveric study (Morris et al., 2016). Photogrammetry is a technique to obtain precise information about the surface features of an object created by overlapping photographs taken from different angles and converting them into three-dimensional (3D) digital models (Ey-Chmielewska et al., 2015; De Benedictis et al., 2018; Petriceks et al., 2018; de Oliveira et al., 2023). The final result obtained from photogrammetry can be displayed and manipulated on online platforms by the viewers. Given the potential for use of photogrammetry in neuroanatomical study and education (de Oliveira, et al., 2023), the aim of this study was to provide 3D models of a detailed step-by-step WMD (via photogrammetry) and detail their location, main landmarks, connections, and functions. Two-dimensional (2D) images and 3D models of the stepwise dissection were provided to create interactive and immersive learning content for students, researchers, and clinicians studying in white matter tracts in neuroanatomy. Ultimately, our dissections aimed to provide a comprehensive guide for the study of white matter tracts, offering an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the structure and function of the human brain. MATERIALS & METHODS Ethical consideration and specimen preparation This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) 17-005898. All specimens used in this study were provided by the ‘Mayo Clinic Body Donation Program’ in the Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota). One formalin-fixed brain was dissected, photodocumented and scanned using photogrammetry following the guidelines as previously described by our team (de Oliveira, et al., 2023). The meninges were removed and the brain divided in a sagittal plane using a sharp knife and cutting board. Both cerebral hemispheres were separately stored in a freezer at -20°C for 10 days, then thawed under running water at room temperature. The specimen was dissected using surgical micro-instruments including a Rhoton microsurgical set, Penfield dissectors, micro-forceps, and microscissors, under an operating microscope (Leica M320 F12, Leica Microsystems, Germany; 6-40x magnification). The fiber dissection technique was done in a stepwise manner, starting from the lateral-to-medial and medial-to-lateral surfaces. 3D photodocumentation, Photogrammetry scans and 3D models display All steps were photodocumented using the 3D technique as previously described by our group (Leonel et al., 2021). Briefly, the specimen was placed in a black background and pictures were taken mimicking the right and left eye-view. For both eye-views, three images with different exposure times were captured and overlapped using the High Dynamic Range technique by a software (Photomatix Pro Version 6.3) which provided one final image per view (right and left eye). For the photogrammetry technique, the documentation was performed by a scanner (MedReality, Thyng, Chicago, IL, United States ® ) equipped with 5 cameras arranged horizontally and facing the specimen. The process involved taking 2D images of the specimen at various angles with a total of 18 pictures per dissection step. Lastly, the Reality Capture software (Epic Games, Cary, NC, United States ® ) was used to overlay the multiple images into the final 3D model. The final models acquired by photogrammetry were uploaded onto SketchFab ® – a free of charge platform – where they can be accessed through a web link or QR code and shared with a selected audience. Descriptions of our 3D models and the corresponding SketchFab ® website URL and 2D figure can be found in Table 1 . Table 1 – Three-dimensional models created using photogrammetry and accessible on SketchFab® using the included website URL. Each model has been paired with two-dimensional images as represented in Figs. 1 – 4 . Model number Description Corresponding Figure SketchFab® URL 1 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the main sulci, gyri, and other anatomical landmarks Figures 1 A and 1 B https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/right-brain-median-sagital-section-ac44614c317348b4a1428290d133831c 2 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the U fibers and other anatomical landmarks Figure 1 C https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-u-fibers-0d1d9ad9b80a48a89cd2655048de9c68 3 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), insula, and other anatomical landmarks Figure 1 D https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-slf-cr-and-insula-0988731c655f40c6bfc156d3d5c50477 4 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the sagittal stratum (SS), extreme capsule (emc), and other anatomical landmarks Figure 1 F https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-extreme-capsule-and-ss-23daadd24b334e1e8f5e9c1fc5d5f3c9 5 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the corona radiata (CR), sagital stratum (SS), external capsule (elc), middle longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF), and other anatomical landmarks Figure 2 A https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/slf-removed-cr-ss-ec-cl-mdlf-ilf-and-vof-be9c44db5d064596b3925d20e20982e4 6 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the claustrocortical fibers and other anatomical landmarks Figure 2 B https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cr-ss-ec-cl-mdlfilf-ifof-uf-vof-putamen-439164c9b15046f79bd5609172569475 7 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the lateral portion of the putamen (Pu) and other anatomical landmarks Figure 2 C https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cr-ss-eccl-mdlfilf-ifof-uf-vof-putamen2-eb50a9656a6d4efc8393ff3bf3010cab 8 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the lateral portion of the putamen (Pu) and other anatomical landmarks Figure 2 D https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/putamen-and-globus-pallidus-3a24b959506a44f69130fe745d95495d 9 Lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the several parts of the internal capsule, anterior comissure (ac), Meyer’s loop, nucleus accumbens (NAc), anterior perforate substance (aps), and other anatomical landmarks Figure 2 E https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/globus-pallidus-ic-ac-an-aps-f3fe88b20d1348e1a70350f2f4a5ea46 10 lateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the several parts of the caudate nucleus, thalamus (th), amygdala (a), ansa peduncularis (ap), tapetum (tp), ependyma of the lateral ventricle (ep), and other anatomical landmarks Figure 2 F https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/globus-pallidus-ic-ac-an-aps-cn-t-tap-lv-20c432f3115e45bfa582c057a1beb308 11 Medial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the main sulci, gyri, and other anatomical landmarks Figure 3 A https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/left-brain-median-sagital-section-2-bdedf492193e4b229d150c3768d67277 12 Medial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the U fibers, caudate nucleus, lateral ventricle and its ependyma, fornix, choroid plexus, subrostral area, and other anatomical landmarks Figures 3 C and 3 D https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-2-93e1633e69cc4baa8626f80df019a65a 13 Medial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the minor forceps, major forceps, occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, hippocampal formation, and other anatomical landmarks Figures 3 E and 3 F https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-4-b4a9bafc1cd84854b3d918ccb7012702 14 Medial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the lateral ventricle anatomy, fornix crura, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of the hippocampal formation and part of the tapetum Figures 4 A and 4 B https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-6-05afcc9834d44c2e94d300194c72cbf2 15 Medial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the pulvinar of the thalamus, stria terminalis, tapetum fibers, tail of the caudate nucleus, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of choroid plexus and part of the fornix and the ependyma Figures 4 C and 4 D https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateral-step-8-fcb8541337304402a042cdfcc87fe210 16 Medial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the posterior and inferior thalamic peduncles, the components of the ansa peduncularis, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of the tapetum, stria terminalis, tail of the caudate nucleus, part of the amygdala and the main components of the left optic pathway Figures 4 E and 4 F https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateralstep-10-64996e07020042a0b0889f51d7000cc7 17 Medial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the globus palidus, medial and lateral olfactory stria, posterior crus of the anterior comissure, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of the amygdaloseptal pathway and dissection at the level of amygdala and anterior commissure (ac) Figures 4 E and 4 F https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateralstep-11-a8a941786eb144c2b92368e266a7c147 RESULTS Stepwise white matter dissections: Lateral-to-medial dissection The first stage of the anatomical dissection involved the removal of all the arachnoid membrane and vessels along the brain. The lateral view of the brain allowed a thorough examination of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, as well as the crucial gyri and sulci (Fig. 1 A, 1 B and Model 1) observed in this view of the hemisphere. Next, dissection of the subcortical U fibers was initiated through the superior temporal sulcus while keeping the cerebral cortex associated with the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) relatively intact throughout its entire length. The grey and white matter of the operculum was also kept intact at this stage of dissection. The U fibers dissection was performed in all superolateral surfaces of the brain. (Fig. 1 C and Model 2). The U fibers were progressively removed, beginning from the temporal pole towards the connection between the temporal and parietal lobes. This step allowed the identification of the vertical portion of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. The dissection of the U fibers then continued above the lateral sulcus, towards the frontal lobe, to obtain a clear view of the horizontal part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (Fig. 1 D and Model 3). During this process, the operculum was also removed to expose the insula and its main components (Fig. 1 D and Model 3). Additionally, the long gyri of insula were removed, which exposed a part of the extreme capsule (Fig. 1 E). Removing a section of the vertical part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus helped to expose the sagittal stratum. This section comprises the fibers of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, anterior commissure, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, middle longitudinal fasciculus, and the optic radiations. At the next step of the dissection, the grey matter of the short gyri of the insula was peeled away until the entirety of the extreme capsule was visible. In particular, removing the grey matter of the limen insula allowed the visualization of a small portion of the superficial layer of the uncinate fasciculus, which is essentially a part of the extreme capsule at this level. This dissection provided a clearer view of most structures housed within the insular region (Fig. 1 F and Model 4). The fibers of the extreme capsule were then removed to expose the anatomy of several structures: external capsule, claustrum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and the uncinate fasciculus at the level of the limen insula (Fig. 2 A and Model 5). At the level of the inferior part of the peri-insular sulcus, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus was seen intermingling with the sagittal stratum. In addition, the dissection of the remaining U fibers and the superior longitudinal fasciculus revealed the corona radiata anatomy, middle longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and the vertical occipital fasciculus, which acts as the posterior limit of the sagittal stratum. Next, a step-by-step approach was followed to expose the putamen by removing a portion of the claustrocortical fibers and the external capsule (Fig. 2 B and Model 6). By carefully dissecting these structures, it is possible to note the pathway of the claustrocortical fibers originating radially from the periphery of the dorsal claustrum and traversing the corona radiata to reach the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, including the supplementary motor area. The dissection process continued with a gradual dissection of the external capsule and claustrum allowing the exposure of the lateral part of the putamen (Fig. 2 C and Model 7). By carefully dissecting the inferior part of the putamen, it is possible to uncover the globus pallidus, as shown in Fig. 2 D (Model 8). Notably, there was a distinct difference in density between these two structures with the globus pallidus exhibiting a firmer consistency compared to the putamen. At this stage of the dissection, the uncinate, inferior fronto-occipital, and middle longitudinal and inferior longitudinal fasciculi were left intact. The putamen, globus pallidus, and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus were then carefully removed, leading to the identification of the anterior commissure, the anterior perforate substance, the accumbens nucleus, and the various parts of the internal capsule (Fig. 2 E and Model 9): anterior, genu, posterior, retrolenticular, and sublenticular limbs. It is worth noting that the sublenticular part of the internal capsule contains the fibers of the anterior optic bundle, known as Meyer’s loop, while the retrolenticular part comprises the middle and posterior optic bundles. During the dissection, it also became evident that the large white matter pathways of the corona radiata and sagittal stratum were in continuity without a distinct demarcation point between them. Additionally, both the external and internal capsules merged with these white matter pathways, forming a cohesive entity, as shown in Fig. 2 E (Model 9). Meticulous dissection of the internal capsule revealed the thalamus and parts of the caudate nucleus (Fig. 2 F and Model 10). The nucleus accumbens, situated in the septal region, was observed below the head of the caudate nucleus. Additionally, gradual resection of the fibers of the uncinate fasciculus exposed the amygdala, which forms the anterior portion and roof of the temporal horn. At the level of the amygdala, it is possible to observe the ansa peduncularis, which connects the amygdaloid nuclei to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and septal region. Further, dissecting the sagittal stratum revealed the fibers of the tapetum and removal of the tapetum exposed the ependyma of the lateral ventricle. The optic radiation, responsible for transmitting visual information directly to the primary visual area, was also observed as depicted in Fig. 2 F. Stepwise white matter dissections: Medial-to-lateral dissection The left hemisphere was used to dissect the structures from the medial surface to the lateral surface. The first step of this dissection was carried out by the inspection of the sulci and gyri of the medial face after the removal of the meninges, as seen in Fig. 3 A (Model 11). This step was followed by the removal of the cerebellum and brainstem through an axial cut at the level of the inferior margin of the superior colliculus (Fig. 3 B). The dissection progressed by carefully peeling away the grey matter to expose the U fibers originating from the medial surface of the cerebrum starting at the cingulum and gradually extending to other gyri on this surface. Special attention was given to the dissection of the cingulum due to the potential for damage where the cingulum isthmus transitions to the parahippocampal gyrus in the temporal lobe (Fig. 3 C and Model 12). During the next stage of dissection, the septum pellucidum was removed, and the corpus callosum was partially resected, leaving behind a thin strip of it. Here, the anatomy of the superior part of the caudate nucleus, the fornix, and the ventricular structures was visible, including the ependyma and the choroid plexus (Fig. 3 C and 3 D and Model 12). In the subrostral area, meticulous dissection uncovered the prehippocampal rudiment (also known as the precommissural hippocampus), which represents the anterior continuation of the indusium griseum and is situated between the paraterminal gyrus and the lamina terminalis (Fig. 3 D and Model 12). The indusium griseum, known as the supracommissural hippocampus, is a thin and rudimentary neuronal lamina derived from the development of the hippocampal cortex on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum. It runs alongside the longitudinal striae, which are two pairs of myelinated fiber bands (also referred to as the peduncles of the corpus callosum). The dissection continued by carefully dissecting the U fibers and white matter of both arms of the cingulum (superior and inferior) to expose three distinct structures: the minor forceps, the major forceps, and the hippocampal formation (Fig. 3 E and Model 13). The minor forceps – located in the frontal region – and the major forceps – situated in the occipital region – form components of the corpus callosum radiation. Their fibers traverse through the splenium and genu, connecting the posterior portions of the occipital lobes and the anterior portions of the frontal lobes, respectively. Immediately below the major forceps, the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle was opened, revealing its floor composed of optic radiation fibers. It is worth noting that the hippocampal formation is closely associated with the anterior part of the atrium, which serves as the junction between the occipital and temporal horns. At this level of the dissection, particular attention was given to delicately dissect the medial thalamic and hypothalamic surfaces (Fig. 3 F and Model 13), exposing the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the fornix. The anterior column of the fornix serves as a connection between the hippocampal formation and the mammillary body. Of note, the firmer consistency of the thalamus presents a challenge during the dissection, especially when attempting to dissect the hypothalamic substance (Fig. 3 D and 3 F and Model 13). In the next step of the dissection, the hippocampal formation was carefully excised along with the fasciolar and dentate gyri, while preserving the crus of the fornix and fimbria (Fig. 4 A and Model 14) to allow for detailed inspection of the temporal horn. The uncal cortex was also dissected to expose a portion of the amygdala. Furthermore, a section of the tapetum was removed to reveal the full extent of the lateral ventricle and to highlight the intricate anatomy of the choroid plexus and its relationship with the caudate nucleus, thalamus, fornix, and all parts of the lateral ventricle (Fig. 4 A and 4 B and Model 14). Next, the choroid plexus and fornix were removed with the anterior column of the fornix being carefully preserved along with the mammillothalamic tract (Fig. 4 C and Model 15). Subsequently, the ependyma of the lateral ventricle was meticulously dissected, revealing the tapetum fibers that arch over the lateral wall of the atrium and form part of the splenium of the corpus callosum. At this level of dissection, the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus and the tail of the caudate nucleus extending towards the amygdala became visible. Notably, the anatomy of the stria terminalis, one of the major efferent connections of the amygdala, can be visualized in the depression between the caudate nucleus and the thalamus (Fig. 4 C and 4 D and Model 15). The stria terminalis courses upward and reaches the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, a structure that is often challenging to observe in routine dissections (Fig. 4 D and Model 15). The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis – located in the basal forebrain, in close proximity to the head of the caudate nucleus – serves as a center for the integration of limbic information and valence monitoring. At the inferior part of the brain, portions of the tapetum, stria terminalis, and tail of the caudate nucleus were removed to expose the inferior and posterior thalamic peduncles (Fig. 4 E and Model 16). Additionally, the amygdala was partially dissected along with the left optic nerve, optic chiasm, and left optic tract, revealing the ansa peduncularis and its components: the amygdalothalamic pathway, amygdalohypothalamic pathway, and amygdaloseptal pathway. An intricate relationship can be observed between the anterior commissure and the components of the ansa peduncularis (Fig. 4 E and 4 F, Models 16 and 17). The amygdalohypothalamic fibers originate from the hypothalamus, while the amygdaloseptal pathway originates from the septal region (the region consisted of the subcallosal cortex and paraterminal gyrus) and is situated anterior to the body of the anterior commissure. The amygdalothalamic pathway runs inferior to the body of the anterior commissure and lateral to the anterior column of the fornix to connect the medial thalamic nucleus with the amygdala and anterior temporal cortex. The removal of the amygdaloseptal pathway exposed the posterior crus of the anterior commissure, as depicted in Fig. 4 F and Model 17. Posterior to it, the globus pallidus becomes visible and the anterior perforated substance is exposed. The lateral olfactory stria courses along the lateral margin of the anterior perforated substance, reaching the piriform region. These fibers terminate in the piriform cortex and the corticomedial part of the amygdaloid nuclear complex. The medial olfactory stria is also partially observed and merges with the subcallosal and paraterminal gyrus. Together, the subcallosal area and paraterminal gyrus form the septal area, beneath which lie the septal nuclei. The septal region is situated on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, directly facing the anterior commissure. DISCUSSION Future advancements in neuroanatomical education This study provided a comprehensive guide of white matter dissections (WMD) structures of the brain and aims to serve as valuable tool for neuroanatomy education and professional medical practice. For students and teachers, white matter dissection plays a vital role in providing hands-on learning experiences. It offers the opportunity to develop a deep understanding of the complex three-dimensional organization of the brain's white matter tracts. However, documentation of WMD in studies has been largely limited to 2D representations, such as textbooks or atlases, which often fail to capture the intricacies of the multiple planes that constitute white matter pathways. Alternatively, the use of 3D models created through photogrammetry provides an innovative dimension for neuroanatomy education (de Oliveira, et al., 2023). Compared to 2D images, the WMD models created in this study provided a realistic representation of the brain, allowing for a deeper understanding of the complex connections and relationships within the white matter pathways. While other techniques exist for creating 3D models, including 3D segmentation from magnetic resonance or computed tomography (CT) pre-acquired images (Petriceks, et al., 2018; Gurses et al., 2021), photogrammetry offers the advantage of capturing more realistic features, colors, and textures of the specimen of interest. Wide dissemination of neuroanatomical knowledge is also possible through housing photogrammetry-acquired 3D models on platforms to be then accessed on personal devices (i.e. computers or mobile phones) and are free of charge for viewers. This method can allow students, educators, and medical professionals to have an easy access to these valuable resources and eliminates financial constraints inherent to other anatomical resources, such as cadaveric dissection or other textbooks/atlases. Further, creation of digital libraries of anatomical specimens captured with photogrammetry allows to documentation of anatomical variations that may be otherwise difficult to find routinely in the laboratory setting. The incorporation of photogrammetry as an imaging technique leverages recent advancements in technology-assisted anatomical studies and adds further depth to anatomical investigation (de Oliveira, et al., 2023; Oliveira et al., 2023). Additionally, the utilization of 3D models in neuroanatomy education has garnered substantial attention due to its potential to enhance the comprehension of intricate brain structures (Allen et al., 2016). By associating hands-on dissections with 3D models, learners can better visualize and manipulate structures in space, improving their spatial reasoning and conceptual understanding (Berney et al., 2015; Park et al., 2019). Further, juxtaposing 2D images and interactive 3D models – as was performed in this article – represents a novel approach that accentuates the advantages of both imaging formats and provides a comprehensive platform for grasping the nuanced distribution of white matter in the brain. This unique amalgamation of imaging not only has the potential to enrich an interactive learning experience, but also can enhance clarity in identification and interpretation of white matter structures, thereby establishing a robust foundation for advanced neuroanatomical knowledge. Elucidating white matter anatomy By seamlessly integrating various media of visual resources (such as juxtaposing 2D images with 3D models, as we completed in our study), it is possible to provide sharper insights and original perspectives on points of anatomical divergence that can have significant clinical and scientific implications. Within the realm of macroscopic and functional neuroanatomy, the present study also aimed to clarify on some anatomical controversies regarding white matter tracts previously documented in the existing literature. For instance, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), a white matter pathway that intricately interconnects Wernicke’s, Geschwind’s and Broca’s territories, is the target of different interpretations in the literature. Some anatomists and researchers describe this structure as an entity composed of a superficial layer, with fibers in horizontal and vertical direction, and a deep layer, which many authors refer to as the arcuate fascicle (Martino et al., 2011; De Benedictis et al., 2014). Other studies (Latini et al., 2015; Flores-Justa et al., 2019), including the authors of the present study, understand the SLF as a different entity from the arcuate fascicle. This difference becomes apparent when the SLF is linked to dysarthria and anarthria (functioning as an 'articulatory loop'), which is involved in verbal working memory and oro-facial motor control, while the arcuate fascicle represents the dorsal phonological stream of language processing within the dominant hemisphere and can lead to a phonemic paraphasia if damaged (Duffau et al., 2003; Makris et al., 2004; Duffau et al., 2014). The sagittal stratum (SS) is also a focus of different interpretations regarding its composition, especially since it houses different bundles of white matter. Most studies consider it to be a union of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the optic radiations (Türe et al., 2000; Peuskens et al., 2004). However, recent advancements driven by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) extend the boundaries of the SS beyond these structures, with the potential inclusion of the inferior longitudinal fascicle and the middle longitudinal fascicle, reshaping the understanding of this important part of the brain’s white matter (Di Carlo et al., 2019). These findings from DTI studies were confirmed in the present study, where sequential dissections from lateral to medial clearly denote the contribution of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, middle longitudinal fasciculus, the optical radiations and fibers of the anterior commissure in the formation of the SS. The structures below the rostrum of the corpus callosum – including the subrostral/subcallosal area gyri, and other related structures, such as the precommissural hippocampus, the indusium griseum, and the longitudinal stria – are often difficult to isolate in routine dissections and were clearly visualized through 2D and 3D images, thus further elucidating their intricate relationship. These structures are strongly related to the limbic system. However, it is still unclear whether the indusium griseum and longitudinal stria are embryological remnants or active functional components that integrate functions related to emotional behavior or memory (Di Ieva et al., 2015). Other levels of dissection were deepened in this study, such as the relationship between the stria terminalis and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The neuroanatomical studies available on these structures only contain MRI findings or illustrated diagrams to represent them (Lebow and Chen, 2016; Clauss, 2019). To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first that presents an anatomical dissection of this intricated anatomy. Other structures, such as the ansa peduncularis, the inferior and posterior thalamic peduncles, and the Meyers loop also have descriptions in the literature that use imaging, however, most of them were associated with white matter dissection or included dissection as the unique method to present this anatomy (Goga and Türe, 2015; Serra et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020). The present study tried to give another point of view for the dissection and the concept of these white matter bundles to increase understanding of this anatomy and its clinical implications. Limitations Despite the advantages of the dissections and the use of 3D models, there are some limitations to this technique. In order to generate a final 3D model, several photogrammetry setups are required to combine multiple 2D images. Although it is possible to use a single-camera setup to generate the 3D models, the process becomes slower and more arduous, requiring complicated equations and sophisticated software for 3D reconstruction (Habib et al., 2014; Shintaku et al., 2019; Struck et al., 2019). At our institution, we employ five cameras to photograph the specimen, which makes the creation of these models more expensive. Further, while this five-camera arrangement allows for advanced imaging capabilities, our machine was still prone to inconsistency resulting in occasional suboptimal final image quality and resolution, which potentially can impact the accuracy of the resultant 3D models. To address this challenge, we used fine tune adjustments on the SketchFab ® platform to be effectively enhance the image quality and resolution. However, it is worth noting that this solution demanded a nuanced understanding of the platform's settings, underscoring the importance of technical proficiency when working with intricate tools such as photogrammetry software. Finally, our study was limited to the use of a single brain specimen for dissection and analysis, which does not account for any potential anatomic variation. Despite these limitations, the integration of dissection and photogrammetric 3D models in neuroanatomy education opens new horizons for understanding complex 3D brain anatomy. These tools provide neurosurgeons and students with immersive, interactive, and easily accessible learning experiences, supplementing traditional 2D methods. The step-by-step 3D models created in the present study provide a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of fiber dissection techniques and white matter pathways in a medium that is accessible to all. CONCLUSION This comprehensive study on white matter dissection and the creation of 3D models using photogrammetry presents a significant advancement in neuroanatomy education and professional practice. The meticulous dissection process captured in text, photos and 3D models provides a detailed roadmap for understanding the intricate anatomy of the brain's white matter tracts. By combining interactive 3D models with traditional 2D images, this study bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, offering a comprehensive platform for neuroanatomy education. Further, these guidelines and 3D models can serve as invaluable resources for students, educators, and medical professionals alike to facilitate a deeper understanding of white matter anatomy. Looking ahead, the integration of advanced technologies and methodologies holds promise for further democratizing the study of neuroanatomy and improving surgical outcomes. Ultimately, the combination of hands-on dissection techniques and cutting-edge visualization tools have the potential to drastically shape the future of neuroanatomy education and research. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the generosity of the families and the body donors who generously donated their bodies to the Mayo Clinic Body Donation Program in the Department of Clinical Anatomy, MN, USA. They were essential for carrying out this research. Ethics approval All aspects of this research were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) 17-005898 – Mayo Clinic, Rochester-MN, US. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Competing interests All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Funding This study was funded by Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and the Joseph and Barbara Ashkins Endowed Professorship in Surgery and the Radiology Department, Charles B. and Ann L. Johnson Endowed Professorship in Neurosurgery Department Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota. References Allen LK, Ren HZ, Eagleson R, de Ribaupierre S. 2016. Development of a Web-Based 3D Module for Enhanced Neuroanatomy Education. Studies in health technology and informatics 220:5-8. Bathelt J, Scerif G, Nobre AC, Astle DE. 2019. Whole-brain white matter organization, intelligence, and educational attainment. Trends Neurosci Educ 15:38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.tine.2019.02.004). Berney S, Bétrancourt M, Molinari G, Hoyek N. 2015. How spatial abilities and dynamic visualizations interplay when learning functional anatomy with 3D anatomical models. Anatomical sciences education 8:452-462. doi: 10.1002/ase.1524). 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Tamura M, Kurihara H, Saito T, Nitta M, Maruyama T, Tsuzuki S, Fukui A, Koriyama S, Kawamata T, Muragaki Y. 2021. Combining Pre-operative Diffusion Tensor Images and Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Images in the Navigation Is Useful for Detecting White Matter Tracts During Glioma Surgery. Front Neurol 12:805952. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.805952). Türe U, Yaşargil MG, Friedman AH, Al-Mefty O. 2000. Fiber dissection technique: lateral aspect of the brain. Neurosurgery 47:417-426; discussion 426-417. doi: 10.1097/00006123-200008000-00028). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 26 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 27 Jan, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jan, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 25 Jan, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 24 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-3895027\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":269605576,\"identity\":\"35a6c915-a7e9-4bc9-aba3-cc1bfae9a9e7\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"André de Sá Braga Oliveira\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Federal University of Paraíba\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"André\",\"middleName\":\"de Sá Braga\",\"lastName\":\"Oliveira\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":269605577,\"identity\":\"3452c925-414b-43d8-b9cf-ff6f176c410d\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"João Vítor Andrade Fernandes\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Federal University of Paraíba\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"João\",\"middleName\":\"Vítor Andrade\",\"lastName\":\"Fernandes\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":269605578,\"identity\":\"84edfb76-db39-406d-8a5f-dd4b84e37bd4\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Vera Louise Freire de Albuquerque Figueiredo\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Federal University of Paraíba\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Vera\",\"middleName\":\"Louise Freire de Albuquerque\",\"lastName\":\"Figueiredo\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":269605579,\"identity\":\"4bb12108-f98a-48d0-a007-7c6ae5f972ba\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Luciano César Pereira Campos Leonel\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Mayo Clinic\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Luciano\",\"middleName\":\"César Pereira Campos\",\"lastName\":\"Leonel\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":269605580,\"identity\":\"0c6f764d-f418-40f8-874f-57489c8f30d4\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Megan M. 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Link\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Mayo Clinic\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Michael\",\"middleName\":\"J.\",\"lastName\":\"Link\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":269605582,\"identity\":\"c859b5c2-26c5-4c95-88fe-1dfa00ac1f46\",\"order_by\":6,\"name\":\"Maria Peris-Celda\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,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\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Mayo Clinic\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Maria\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Peris-Celda\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-01-24 19:14:13\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895027/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895027/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":50331716,\"identity\":\"e481aa0b-76cf-4508-874c-e7dfce364e9d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-29 21:49:55\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":2957291,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eRight hemisphere of the brain used for the lateral-to-medial dissection. (A and B) Lateral view of the cadaveric specimen, highlighting its main gyri and sulcus. (C) Presentation of U-fibers after dissection of the cerebral cortex, with demonstration of the main previously indicated gyri. (D) Further dissection of white matter, demonstrating the horizontal and the vertical parts of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and structures of the insula, such as the long gyri, the peri-insular sulcus, the limen insulae, the insular apex, the central insular sulcus, and the short gyri. (E) Removal of the vertical part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus exposed the sagittal stratum and removal of the long gyri of the insula exposed the extreme capsule. (F) Close-up picture after removal of the grey matter of the short gyri of the insula, exposing the entire extreme capsule. The uncinate fasciculus is also observed after removing the grey matter of the limen insulae. Legend: AnG = angular gyrus, Apex = insular apex, cas = calcarine sulcus, ceis = central insular sulcus, cs = central sulcus, emc = extreme capsule, fb = frontoorbital operculum, fp = frontoparietal operculum, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, IFGOp = opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, IFGTr = triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, IFGOr = orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus, ifs = inferior frontal sulcus, ips = intraparietal sulcus, ITG = inferior temporal gyrus, its = inferior temporal sulcus, lg = long gyri of the insula, Li \\u0026nbsp;= limen insulae, ls = lunate sulcus, MFG = middle frontal gyrus, MTG = middle temporal gyrus, OcP = occipital pole, pis = peri-insular sulcus, PoG = post central gyrus, pos = post central sulcus, PrG = precentral gyrus, prs = precentral sulcus, sf = sylvian fissure, SFG = superior frontal gyrus, sfs = superior frontal sulcus, sg = short gyri of the insula, SLFh = horizontal part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, SLFv = vertical part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, SMG = supramarginal gyrus, sstr = sagittal stratum, STG = superior temporal gyrus, sts = superior temporal sulcus, t = temporal operculum, tos = transversal occipital sulcus, uf = uncinate fasciculus\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895027/v1/b640784138a472d8f100178d.png\"},{\"id\":50332181,\"identity\":\"d5a936c3-6e09-4c63-bb79-d4a69457b509\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-29 21:57:55\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":4304593,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eRight hemisphere of the brain used for the lateral-to-medial dissection. (A) Lateral view of the specimen showing the external capsule, sagittal stratum, vertical occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, middle longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fascicle, claustrum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and corona radiata. (B) A close-up picture after the removal of the claustrocortical fibers and the external capsule, revealing the putamen. (C) Exposure of the lateral portion of the putamen after gradual dissection of the external capsule and claustrum. (D) After the removal of the inferior portion of the putamen, globus pallidus was exposed. (E) Exposure of all parts of the internal capsule, Meyers loop and anterior perforated substance, after complete removal of the putamen, globus pallidus, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. (F) A zoom out of the specimen after the dissection of part of the internal capsule. Dissection of the sagittal stratum revealed the fibers of the tapetum, and their removal exposes the ependyma of the lateral ventricle. The thalamus and parts of caudate nucleus are identified in the picture. Gradual resection of the fibers of uncinate fasciculus exposes the amygdala and the ansa peduncularis. The anterior commissure, nucleus accumbens, and optic radiation are also visible at this point. Legend: a = amygdala, ac = anterior commissure, alic = anterior limb of the internal capsule, ap = ansa peduncularis, aps = anterior perforate substance, Cl = claustrum, cn-b = body of caudate nucleus, cn-h = head of caudate nucleus, cn-t = tail of caudate nucleus, Cr = corona radiata, elc = external capsule, ep = ependyma of lateral ventricle, gic = genu of the internal capsule, IFOF = inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, ILF = inferior longitudinal fasciculus, Gp = globus pallidus, MdlF = middle longitudinal fasciculus, Ml = Meyers loop, NAc = nucleus accumbens, or = optic radiation, plic = posterior limb of the internal capsule, Pu = putamen, rlic = retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule, slic = sublenticular limb of the internal capsule, sstr = sagittal stratum, th = thalamus, tp = tapetum, uf = uncinate fasciculus, VOF = vertical occipital fasciculus\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895027/v1/1666486cc57a0acb11d188ec.png\"},{\"id\":50331717,\"identity\":\"9a7377df-7a6e-4278-b224-15d9270e836c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-29 21:49:55\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":6352306,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eMedial view of the left-brain hemisphere used in the medial-to-lateral dissection. (A) The main gyri were exposed after the removal of the meninges. (B) The same cadaveric specimen in A highlighting the main sulci and gyri of the medial view of the brain and other important landmarks after the removal of the brainstem and the cerebellum (C) Cerebral cortex of the medial surface was dissected to present the U-fibers. Septum pellucidum was removed and the corpus callosum was resected to expose the lateral ventricle and its ependyma, fornix, choroid plexus, mammillary body, and the head and body of caudate nucleus. Subrostral area and other important landmarks can be seen at this level of the dissection. (D) A close-up photo revealing the indusium griseum, longitudinal striae, anterior commissure, the lamina terminalis, and other related structures, such as the paraterminal gyrus, which is a part of the subrostral area. (E) Removal of the U-fibers of the cingulum allowed the inspection of the forceps major, forceps minor, and hippocampal formation. Occipital horn and atrium of the lateral ventricle were opened. (F) A close-up photo highlighting the thalamus, mammillothalamic tract, anterior column of the fornix, and other important landmarks. Legend: ac = anterior commissure, acfn = anterior column of the fornix, at = atrium of the lateral ventricle, bcc = body of the corpus callosum, cas = calcarine sulcus, CG = cingulate gyrus, cgs = cingulate sulcus, chp = choroid plexus, cls = callosal sulcus, Cn = cuneus, cn-b = body of caudate nucleus, cn-h = head of caudate nucleus, cos = collateral sulcus, cs = central sulcus, ep = ependyma, fh = frontal horn of the lateral ventricle, fm = forceps major, fmr = forceps minor, fn = fornix, FuG = fusiform gyrus, gcc = genu of the corpus callosum, hif = hippocampal formation, IG = indusium griseum, istc = isthmus of cingulate gyrus, LG = lingual gyrus, ls = longitudinal striae, LT = lamina terminalis, MB = mammillary body, MeFG = medial frontal gyrus, mgs = marginal sulcus, mtt = mammillothalamic tract, OcP = occipital pole, oh = occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, ots = occipitotemporal sulcus, PCg = paracingulate gyrus, PCL = paracentral lobule, pcs = paracentral sulcus, Phig = parahippocampal gyrus, pos = parieto-occipital sulcus, PrCn = pre-cuneus, PTG = paraterminal gyrus, Rog = rostral gyrus, scc = splenium of the corpus callosum, SG = straight gyrus, sps = subparietal sulcus, SRA = subrostral area, th = thalamus, Un = uncus\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895027/v1/c98ee5f1abe581ef23a0fa96.png\"},{\"id\":50331718,\"identity\":\"b8b78e64-55ed-46ed-af6b-0fa681d70caf\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-29 21:49:55\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":6246593,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eContinuation of the dissection shown in Figure 3. (A) Exposure of the choroid plexus, crus of the fornix, occipital horn, fimbria, temporal horn, amygdala, and caudate nucleus after carefully remove the hippocampal formation and part of the tapetum. (B) A close-up photo of the specimen shown in A revealing a superior view of the lateral ventricle and other related structures. (C) Removal of the choroid plexus, part of the fornix and ependyma revealed the pulvinar of the thalamus, stria terminalis, tapetum fibers, and the tail of caudate nucleus. The mammillothalamic tract was kept intact. (D) A close-up photo of the dissection shown in C emphasizing the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the stria terminalis. (E) Inferior view of the specimen after removal of the tapetum, stria terminalis, tail of the caudate nucleus, part of the amygdala, and the main components of the left optic pathway, such as the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. This process allowed the exposure of the posterior and the inferior thalamic peduncles, and ansa peduncularis with its components: the amygdalohypothalamic, amygdalothalamic, and amygdaloseptal pathways. The substantia nigra and the lateral geniculate body are also visible. (F) A high-resolution close-up picture of the inferior view of the specimen after removing the amygdaloseptal pathway and further dissection at the level of amygdala and anterior commissure. Note the globus pallidus, medial and lateral olfactory stria, anterior perforate substance, posterior crus of the anterior commissure, and the septal area. Legend: a = amygdala, ac = anterior commissure, acfn = anterior column of the fornix, ahp = amygdalohypothalamic pathway, ap = ansa peduncularis, aps = anterior perforate substance, asp = amygdaloseptal pathway, atp = amygdalothalamic pathway, bnst = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, cfn = crus of the fornix, chp = choroid plexus, cn = caudate nucleus, cn-b = body of caudate nucleus, cn-h = head of caudate nucleus, cn-t = tail of caudate nucleus, ep = ependyma, fh = frontal horn of the lateral ventricle, fmb = fimbria, fn = fornix, Gp = globus pallidus, lgb = lateral geniculate body, los = lateral olfactory stria, MB = mammillary body, mos = medial olfactory stria, mtt = mammillothalamic tract, oh = occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, ot = optic tract, pcac = posterior crus of anterior commissure, SA = septal area, sn = substantia nigra, st = stria terminalis, th = thalamus, th-p = pulvinar of the thalamus, thp-i = inferior thalamic penducle, thp-p = posterior thalamic peduncle, tp = tapetum, tph = temporal horn of the lateral ventricle\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Fig4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895027/v1/f6a8bd871309694329e0d562.png\"},{\"id\":50332351,\"identity\":\"0fcecb00-ec31-4a80-929c-1f7fc1a409d6\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-01-29 22:06:02\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":10966419,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3895027/v1/279fdf9e-f093-4a9a-8a08-5287b06f2e28.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e3d Models as a Source for Neuroanatomy Education: a Stepwise White Matter Dissection Using 3d Images and Photogrammetry Scans\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"INTRODUCTION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWhite matter dissection (WMD) is used in neurosciences to isolate and study the bundles of myelinated axons that connect different regions of the brain. The process of performing WMD involves brain removal from the body, fixation (typically in formalin), freezing, and then thawing to allow for removal of grey matter and preservation of the white matter (Klingler, 1935; Dziedzic et al., 2021). Understanding the axonal tracts, as studied through WMD, can provide valuable insights into brain function, neuronal communication, (Le Bihan, 2003; Filley and Fields, 2016; Peer et al., 2017; Bathelt et al., 2019) and the underlying neural mechanisms implicated in various neurological disorders including Parkinson\\u0026rsquo;s disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia (Nasrabady et al., 2018; Butt et al., 2021; Kochunov et al., 2021). Further, identification and protection of these critical white matter tracts in neurosurgical practice is imperative to minimize the risk of postoperative neurological deficits and preserve neurological function (Essayed et al., 2017; Nakao et al., 2019; Tamura et al., 2021; Ebina et al., 2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhile cadaveric brain dissections serve as an effective method for investigating and studying the white matter tracts of the brain, this process can be complex and challenging without proper guidance and training. Furthermore, ethical discussions, specimen availability, and financial considerations may limit the ability to obtain cadaveric materials. With recent advancements in technology, the use of the virtual models has proven to be an effective resource in neuroanatomical studies that can overcome many limitations inherent to cadaveric study (Morris et al., 2016). Photogrammetry is a technique to obtain precise information about the surface features of an object created by overlapping photographs taken from different angles and converting them into three-dimensional (3D) digital models (Ey-Chmielewska et al., 2015; De Benedictis et al., 2018; Petriceks et al., 2018; de Oliveira et al., 2023). The final result obtained from photogrammetry can be displayed and manipulated on online platforms by the viewers.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGiven the potential for use of photogrammetry in neuroanatomical study and education (de Oliveira, et al., 2023), the aim of this study was to provide 3D models of a detailed step-by-step WMD (via photogrammetry) and detail their location, main landmarks, connections, and functions. Two-dimensional (2D) images and 3D models of the stepwise dissection were provided to create interactive and immersive learning content for students, researchers, and clinicians studying in white matter tracts in neuroanatomy. Ultimately, our dissections aimed to provide a comprehensive guide for the study of white matter tracts, offering an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the structure and function of the human brain.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"MATERIALS \\u0026 METHODS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eEthical consideration and specimen preparation\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis research was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) 17-005898. All specimens used in this study were provided by the \\u0026lsquo;Mayo Clinic Body Donation Program\\u0026rsquo; in the Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota). One formalin-fixed brain was dissected, photodocumented and scanned using photogrammetry following the guidelines as previously described by our team (de Oliveira, et al., 2023). The meninges were removed and the brain divided in a sagittal plane using a sharp knife and cutting board. Both cerebral hemispheres were separately stored in a freezer at -20\\u0026deg;C for 10 days, then thawed under running water at room temperature.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe specimen was dissected using surgical micro-instruments including a Rhoton microsurgical set, Penfield dissectors, micro-forceps, and microscissors, under an operating microscope (Leica M320 F12, Leica Microsystems, Germany; 6-40x magnification). The fiber dissection technique was done in a stepwise manner, starting from the lateral-to-medial and medial-to-lateral surfaces.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e3D photodocumentation, Photogrammetry scans and 3D models display\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAll steps were photodocumented using the 3D technique as previously described by our group (Leonel et al., 2021). Briefly, the specimen was placed in a black background and pictures were taken mimicking the right and left eye-view. For both eye-views, three images with different exposure times were captured and overlapped using the High Dynamic Range technique by a software (Photomatix Pro Version 6.3) which provided one final image per view (right and left eye). For the photogrammetry technique, the documentation was performed by a scanner (MedReality, Thyng, Chicago, IL, United States\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e) equipped with 5 cameras arranged horizontally and facing the specimen. The process involved taking 2D images of the specimen at various angles with a total of 18 pictures per dissection step. Lastly, the Reality Capture software (Epic Games, Cary, NC, United States\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e) was used to overlay the multiple images into the final 3D model. The final models acquired by photogrammetry were uploaded onto SketchFab\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026ndash; a free of charge platform \\u0026ndash; where they can be accessed through a web link or QR code and shared with a selected audience. Descriptions of our 3D models and the corresponding SketchFab\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e website URL and 2D figure can be found in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ndash; Three-dimensional models created using photogrammetry and accessible on SketchFab\\u0026reg; using the included website URL. Each model has been paired with two-dimensional images as represented in Figs.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026ndash;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eModel number\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDescription\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCorresponding Figure\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSketchFab\\u0026reg; URL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the main sulci, gyri, and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eA and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/right-brain-median-sagital-section-ac44614c317348b4a1428290d133831c\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/right-brain-median-sagital-section-ac44614c317348b4a1428290d133831c\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the U fibers and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-u-fibers-0d1d9ad9b80a48a89cd2655048de9c68\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-u-fibers-0d1d9ad9b80a48a89cd2655048de9c68\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the 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\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the sagittal stratum (SS), extreme capsule (emc), and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-extreme-capsule-and-ss-23daadd24b334e1e8f5e9c1fc5d5f3c9\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-extreme-capsule-and-ss-23daadd24b334e1e8f5e9c1fc5d5f3c9\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the corona radiata (CR), sagital stratum (SS), external capsule (elc), middle longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF), and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan 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align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cr-ss-ec-cl-mdlfilf-ifof-uf-vof-putamen-439164c9b15046f79bd5609172569475\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cr-ss-ec-cl-mdlfilf-ifof-uf-vof-putamen-439164c9b15046f79bd5609172569475\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the lateral portion of the putamen (Pu) and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cr-ss-eccl-mdlfilf-ifof-uf-vof-putamen2-eb50a9656a6d4efc8393ff3bf3010cab\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cr-ss-eccl-mdlfilf-ifof-uf-vof-putamen2-eb50a9656a6d4efc8393ff3bf3010cab\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the lateral portion of the putamen (Pu) and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eD\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/putamen-and-globus-pallidus-3a24b959506a44f69130fe745d95495d\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/putamen-and-globus-pallidus-3a24b959506a44f69130fe745d95495d\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the several parts of the internal capsule, anterior comissure (ac), Meyer\\u0026rsquo;s loop, nucleus accumbens (NAc), anterior perforate substance (aps), and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/globus-pallidus-ic-ac-an-aps-f3fe88b20d1348e1a70350f2f4a5ea46\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/globus-pallidus-ic-ac-an-aps-f3fe88b20d1348e1a70350f2f4a5ea46\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003elateral surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the several parts of the caudate nucleus, thalamus (th), amygdala (a), ansa peduncularis (ap), tapetum (tp), ependyma of the lateral ventricle (ep), and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/globus-pallidus-ic-ac-an-aps-cn-t-tap-lv-20c432f3115e45bfa582c057a1beb308\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/globus-pallidus-ic-ac-an-aps-cn-t-tap-lv-20c432f3115e45bfa582c057a1beb308\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the main sulci, gyri, and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/left-brain-median-sagital-section-2-bdedf492193e4b229d150c3768d67277\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/left-brain-median-sagital-section-2-bdedf492193e4b229d150c3768d67277\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the U fibers, caudate nucleus, lateral ventricle and its ependyma, fornix, choroid plexus, subrostral area, and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eC and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eD\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-2-93e1633e69cc4baa8626f80df019a65a\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-2-93e1633e69cc4baa8626f80df019a65a\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the minor forceps, major forceps, occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, hippocampal formation, and other anatomical landmarks\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eE and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-4-b4a9bafc1cd84854b3d918ccb7012702\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-4-b4a9bafc1cd84854b3d918ccb7012702\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the lateral ventricle anatomy, fornix crura, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of the hippocampal formation and part of the tapetum\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eA and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eB\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-6-05afcc9834d44c2e94d300194c72cbf2\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-step-6-05afcc9834d44c2e94d300194c72cbf2\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the pulvinar of the thalamus, stria terminalis, tapetum fibers, tail of the caudate nucleus, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of choroid plexus and part of the fornix and the ependyma\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eC and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eD\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateral-step-8-fcb8541337304402a042cdfcc87fe210\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateral-step-8-fcb8541337304402a042cdfcc87fe210\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the posterior and inferior thalamic peduncles, the components of the ansa peduncularis, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of the tapetum, stria terminalis, tail of the caudate nucleus, part of the amygdala and the main components of the left optic pathway\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eE and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateralstep-10-64996e07020042a0b0889f51d7000cc7\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateralstep-10-64996e07020042a0b0889f51d7000cc7\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedial surface dissection of a human cadaveric brain, highlighting the globus palidus, medial and lateral olfactory stria, posterior crus of the anterior comissure, and other anatomical landmarks after removal of the amygdaloseptal pathway and dissection at the level of amygdala and anterior commissure (ac)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigures \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eE and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateralstep-11-a8a941786eb144c2b92368e266a7c147\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/white-matter-dissection-medial-to-lateralstep-11-a8a941786eb144c2b92368e266a7c147\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"RESULTS\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStepwise white matter dissections: Lateral-to-medial dissection\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe first stage of the anatomical dissection involved the removal of all the arachnoid membrane and vessels along the brain. The lateral view of the brain allowed a thorough examination of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, as well as the crucial gyri and sulci (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eA, \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eB and Model 1) observed in this view of the hemisphere.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNext, dissection of the subcortical U fibers was initiated through the superior temporal sulcus while keeping the cerebral cortex associated with the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) relatively intact throughout its entire length. The grey and white matter of the operculum was also kept intact at this stage of dissection. The U fibers dissection was performed in all superolateral surfaces of the brain. (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eC and Model 2).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe U fibers were progressively removed, beginning from the temporal pole towards the connection between the temporal and parietal lobes. This step allowed the identification of the vertical portion of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. The dissection of the U fibers then continued above the lateral sulcus, towards the frontal lobe, to obtain a clear view of the horizontal part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eD and Model 3). During this process, the operculum was also removed to expose the insula and its main components (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eD and Model 3). Additionally, the long gyri of insula were removed, which exposed a part of the extreme capsule (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eE). Removing a section of the vertical part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus helped to expose the sagittal stratum. This section comprises the fibers of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, anterior commissure, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, middle longitudinal fasciculus, and the optic radiations.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt the next step of the dissection, the grey matter of the short gyri of the insula was peeled away until the entirety of the extreme capsule was visible. In particular, removing the grey matter of the limen insula allowed the visualization of a small portion of the superficial layer of the uncinate fasciculus, which is essentially a part of the extreme capsule at this level. This dissection provided a clearer view of most structures housed within the insular region (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003eF and Model 4).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe fibers of the extreme capsule were then removed to expose the anatomy of several structures: external capsule, claustrum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and the uncinate fasciculus at the level of the limen insula (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eA and Model 5). At the level of the inferior part of the peri-insular sulcus, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus was seen intermingling with the sagittal stratum. In addition, the dissection of the remaining U fibers and the superior longitudinal fasciculus revealed the corona radiata anatomy, middle longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and the vertical occipital fasciculus, which acts as the posterior limit of the sagittal stratum.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNext, a step-by-step approach was followed to expose the putamen by removing a portion of the claustrocortical fibers and the external capsule (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eB and Model 6). By carefully dissecting these structures, it is possible to note the pathway of the claustrocortical fibers originating radially from the periphery of the dorsal claustrum and traversing the corona radiata to reach the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, including the supplementary motor area.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe dissection process continued with a gradual dissection of the external capsule and claustrum allowing the exposure of the lateral part of the putamen (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eC and Model 7). By carefully dissecting the inferior part of the putamen, it is possible to uncover the globus pallidus, as shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eD (Model 8). Notably, there was a distinct difference in density between these two structures with the globus pallidus exhibiting a firmer consistency compared to the putamen. At this stage of the dissection, the uncinate, inferior fronto-occipital, and middle longitudinal and inferior longitudinal fasciculi were left intact.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe putamen, globus pallidus, and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus were then carefully removed, leading to the identification of the anterior commissure, the anterior perforate substance, the accumbens nucleus, and the various parts of the internal capsule (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eE and Model 9): anterior, genu, posterior, retrolenticular, and sublenticular limbs. It is worth noting that the sublenticular part of the internal capsule contains the fibers of the anterior optic bundle, known as Meyer\\u0026rsquo;s loop, while the retrolenticular part comprises the middle and posterior optic bundles. During the dissection, it also became evident that the large white matter pathways of the corona radiata and sagittal stratum were in continuity without a distinct demarcation point between them. Additionally, both the external and internal capsules merged with these white matter pathways, forming a cohesive entity, as shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eE (Model 9).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeticulous dissection of the internal capsule revealed the thalamus and parts of the caudate nucleus (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eF and Model 10). The nucleus accumbens, situated in the septal region, was observed below the head of the caudate nucleus. Additionally, gradual resection of the fibers of the uncinate fasciculus exposed the amygdala, which forms the anterior portion and roof of the temporal horn. At the level of the amygdala, it is possible to observe the ansa peduncularis, which connects the amygdaloid nuclei to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and septal region. Further, dissecting the sagittal stratum revealed the fibers of the tapetum and removal of the tapetum exposed the ependyma of the lateral ventricle. The optic radiation, responsible for transmitting visual information directly to the primary visual area, was also observed as depicted in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eF.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStepwise white matter dissections: Medial-to-lateral dissection\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe left hemisphere was used to dissect the structures from the medial surface to the lateral surface. The first step of this dissection was carried out by the inspection of the sulci and gyri of the medial face after the removal of the meninges, as seen in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eA (Model 11). This step was followed by the removal of the cerebellum and brainstem through an axial cut at the level of the inferior margin of the superior colliculus (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eB).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe dissection progressed by carefully peeling away the grey matter to expose the U fibers originating from the medial surface of the cerebrum starting at the cingulum and gradually extending to other gyri on this surface. Special attention was given to the dissection of the cingulum due to the potential for damage where the cingulum isthmus transitions to the parahippocampal gyrus in the temporal lobe (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eC and Model 12).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDuring the next stage of dissection, the septum pellucidum was removed, and the corpus callosum was partially resected, leaving behind a thin strip of it. Here, the anatomy of the superior part of the caudate nucleus, the fornix, and the ventricular structures was visible, including the ependyma and the choroid plexus (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eC and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eD and Model 12). In the subrostral area, meticulous dissection uncovered the prehippocampal rudiment (also known as the precommissural hippocampus), which represents the anterior continuation of the indusium griseum and is situated between the paraterminal gyrus and the lamina terminalis (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eD and Model 12). The indusium griseum, known as the supracommissural hippocampus, is a thin and rudimentary neuronal lamina derived from the development of the hippocampal cortex on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum. It runs alongside the longitudinal striae, which are two pairs of myelinated fiber bands (also referred to as the peduncles of the corpus callosum).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe dissection continued by carefully dissecting the U fibers and white matter of both arms of the cingulum (superior and inferior) to expose three distinct structures: the minor forceps, the major forceps, and the hippocampal formation (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eE and Model 13). The minor forceps \\u0026ndash; located in the frontal region \\u0026ndash; and the major forceps \\u0026ndash; situated in the occipital region \\u0026ndash; form components of the corpus callosum radiation. Their fibers traverse through the splenium and genu, connecting the posterior portions of the occipital lobes and the anterior portions of the frontal lobes, respectively. Immediately below the major forceps, the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle was opened, revealing its floor composed of optic radiation fibers. It is worth noting that the hippocampal formation is closely associated with the anterior part of the atrium, which serves as the junction between the occipital and temporal horns. At this level of the dissection, particular attention was given to delicately dissect the medial thalamic and hypothalamic surfaces (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eF and Model 13), exposing the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the fornix. The anterior column of the fornix serves as a connection between the hippocampal formation and the mammillary body. Of note, the firmer consistency of the thalamus presents a challenge during the dissection, especially when attempting to dissect the hypothalamic substance (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eD and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003eF and Model 13).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn the next step of the dissection, the hippocampal formation was carefully excised along with the fasciolar and dentate gyri, while preserving the crus of the fornix and fimbria (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eA and Model 14) to allow for detailed inspection of the temporal horn. The uncal cortex was also dissected to expose a portion of the amygdala. Furthermore, a section of the tapetum was removed to reveal the full extent of the lateral ventricle and to highlight the intricate anatomy of the choroid plexus and its relationship with the caudate nucleus, thalamus, fornix, and all parts of the lateral ventricle (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eA and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eB and Model 14).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNext, the choroid plexus and fornix were removed with the anterior column of the fornix being carefully preserved along with the mammillothalamic tract (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eC and Model 15). Subsequently, the ependyma of the lateral ventricle was meticulously dissected, revealing the tapetum fibers that arch over the lateral wall of the atrium and form part of the splenium of the corpus callosum. At this level of dissection, the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus and the tail of the caudate nucleus extending towards the amygdala became visible. Notably, the anatomy of the stria terminalis, one of the major efferent connections of the amygdala, can be visualized in the depression between the caudate nucleus and the thalamus (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eC and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eD and Model 15). The stria terminalis courses upward and reaches the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, a structure that is often challenging to observe in routine dissections (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eD and Model 15). The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis \\u0026ndash; located in the basal forebrain, in close proximity to the head of the caudate nucleus \\u0026ndash; serves as a center for the integration of limbic information and valence monitoring.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt the inferior part of the brain, portions of the tapetum, stria terminalis, and tail of the caudate nucleus were removed to expose the inferior and posterior thalamic peduncles (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eE and Model 16). Additionally, the amygdala was partially dissected along with the left optic nerve, optic chiasm, and left optic tract, revealing the ansa peduncularis and its components: the amygdalothalamic pathway, amygdalohypothalamic pathway, and amygdaloseptal pathway. An intricate relationship can be observed between the anterior commissure and the components of the ansa peduncularis (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eE and \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eF, Models 16 and 17). The amygdalohypothalamic fibers originate from the hypothalamus, while the amygdaloseptal pathway originates from the septal region (the region consisted of the subcallosal cortex and paraterminal gyrus) and is situated anterior to the body of the anterior commissure. The amygdalothalamic pathway runs inferior to the body of the anterior commissure and lateral to the anterior column of the fornix to connect the medial thalamic nucleus with the amygdala and anterior temporal cortex.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe removal of the amygdaloseptal pathway exposed the posterior crus of the anterior commissure, as depicted in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003eF and Model 17. Posterior to it, the globus pallidus becomes visible and the anterior perforated substance is exposed. The lateral olfactory stria courses along the lateral margin of the anterior perforated substance, reaching the piriform region. These fibers terminate in the piriform cortex and the corticomedial part of the amygdaloid nuclear complex. The medial olfactory stria is also partially observed and merges with the subcallosal and paraterminal gyrus. Together, the subcallosal area and paraterminal gyrus form the septal area, beneath which lie the septal nuclei. The septal region is situated on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, directly facing the anterior commissure.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"DISCUSSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eFuture advancements in neuroanatomical education\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis study provided a comprehensive guide of white matter dissections (WMD) structures of the brain and aims to serve as valuable tool for neuroanatomy education and professional medical practice. For students and teachers, white matter dissection plays a vital role in providing hands-on learning experiences. It offers the opportunity to develop a deep understanding of the complex three-dimensional organization of the brain's white matter tracts. However, documentation of WMD in studies has been largely limited to 2D representations, such as textbooks or atlases, which often fail to capture the intricacies of the multiple planes that constitute white matter pathways.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAlternatively, the use of 3D models created through photogrammetry provides an innovative dimension for neuroanatomy education (de Oliveira, et al., 2023). Compared to 2D images, the WMD models created in this study provided a realistic representation of the brain, allowing for a deeper understanding of the complex connections and relationships within the white matter pathways. While other techniques exist for creating 3D models, including 3D segmentation from magnetic resonance or computed tomography (CT) pre-acquired images (Petriceks, et al., 2018; Gurses et al., 2021), photogrammetry offers the advantage of capturing more realistic features, colors, and textures of the specimen of interest. Wide dissemination of neuroanatomical knowledge is also possible through housing photogrammetry-acquired 3D models on platforms to be then accessed on personal devices (i.e. computers or mobile phones) and are free of charge for viewers. This method can allow students, educators, and medical professionals to have an easy access to these valuable resources and eliminates financial constraints inherent to other anatomical resources, such as cadaveric dissection or other textbooks/atlases. Further, creation of digital libraries of anatomical specimens captured with photogrammetry allows to documentation of anatomical variations that may be otherwise difficult to find routinely in the laboratory setting.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe incorporation of photogrammetry as an imaging technique leverages recent advancements in technology-assisted anatomical studies and adds further depth to anatomical investigation (de Oliveira, et al., 2023; Oliveira et al., 2023). Additionally, the utilization of 3D models in neuroanatomy education has garnered substantial attention due to its potential to enhance the comprehension of intricate brain structures (Allen et al., 2016). By associating hands-on dissections with 3D models, learners can better visualize and manipulate structures in space, improving their spatial reasoning and conceptual understanding (Berney et al., 2015; Park et al., 2019). Further, juxtaposing 2D images and interactive 3D models \\u0026ndash; as was performed in this article \\u0026ndash; represents a novel approach that accentuates the advantages of both imaging formats and provides a comprehensive platform for grasping the nuanced distribution of white matter in the brain. This unique amalgamation of imaging not only has the potential to enrich an interactive learning experience, but also can enhance clarity in identification and interpretation of white matter structures, thereby establishing a robust foundation for advanced neuroanatomical knowledge.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eElucidating white matter anatomy\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBy seamlessly integrating various media of visual resources (such as juxtaposing 2D images with 3D models, as we completed in our study), it is possible to provide sharper insights and original perspectives on points of anatomical divergence that can have significant clinical and scientific implications. Within the realm of macroscopic and functional neuroanatomy, the present study also aimed to clarify on some anatomical controversies regarding white matter tracts previously documented in the existing literature. For instance, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), a white matter pathway that intricately interconnects Wernicke\\u0026rsquo;s, Geschwind\\u0026rsquo;s and Broca\\u0026rsquo;s territories, is the target of different interpretations in the literature. Some anatomists and researchers describe this structure as an entity composed of a superficial layer, with fibers in horizontal and vertical direction, and a deep layer, which many authors refer to as the arcuate fascicle (Martino et al., 2011; De Benedictis et al., 2014). Other studies (Latini et al., 2015; Flores-Justa et al., 2019), including the authors of the present study, understand the SLF as a different entity from the arcuate fascicle. This difference becomes apparent when the SLF is linked to dysarthria and anarthria (functioning as an 'articulatory loop'), which is involved in verbal working memory and oro-facial motor control, while the arcuate fascicle represents the dorsal phonological stream of language processing within the dominant hemisphere and can lead to a phonemic paraphasia if damaged (Duffau et al., 2003; Makris et al., 2004; Duffau et al., 2014).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe sagittal stratum (SS) is also a focus of different interpretations regarding its composition, especially since it houses different bundles of white matter. Most studies consider it to be a union of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the optic radiations (T\\u0026uuml;re et al., 2000; Peuskens et al., 2004). However, recent advancements driven by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) extend the boundaries of the SS beyond these structures, with the potential inclusion of the inferior longitudinal fascicle and the middle longitudinal fascicle, reshaping the understanding of this important part of the brain\\u0026rsquo;s white matter (Di Carlo et al., 2019). These findings from DTI studies were confirmed in the present study, where sequential dissections from lateral to medial clearly denote the contribution of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, middle longitudinal fasciculus, the optical radiations and fibers of the anterior commissure in the formation of the SS.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe structures below the rostrum of the corpus callosum \\u0026ndash; including the subrostral/subcallosal area gyri, and other related structures, such as the precommissural hippocampus, the indusium griseum, and the longitudinal stria \\u0026ndash; are often difficult to isolate in routine dissections and were clearly visualized through 2D and 3D images, thus further elucidating their intricate relationship. These structures are strongly related to the limbic system. However, it is still unclear whether the indusium griseum and longitudinal stria are embryological remnants or active functional components that integrate functions related to emotional behavior or memory (Di Ieva et al., 2015).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOther levels of dissection were deepened in this study, such as the relationship between the stria terminalis and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The neuroanatomical studies available on these structures only contain MRI findings or illustrated diagrams to represent them (Lebow and Chen, 2016; Clauss, 2019). To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first that presents an anatomical dissection of this intricated anatomy. Other structures, such as the ansa peduncularis, the inferior and posterior thalamic peduncles, and the Meyers loop also have descriptions in the literature that use imaging, however, most of them were associated with white matter dissection or included dissection as the unique method to present this anatomy (Goga and T\\u0026uuml;re, 2015; Serra et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020). The present study tried to give another point of view for the dissection and the concept of these white matter bundles to increase understanding of this anatomy and its clinical implications.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLimitations\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDespite the advantages of the dissections and the use of 3D models, there are some limitations to this technique. In order to generate a final 3D model, several photogrammetry setups are required to combine multiple 2D images. Although it is possible to use a single-camera setup to generate the 3D models, the process becomes slower and more arduous, requiring complicated equations and sophisticated software for 3D reconstruction (Habib et al., 2014; Shintaku et al., 2019; Struck et al., 2019). At our institution, we employ five cameras to photograph the specimen, which makes the creation of these models more expensive. Further, while this five-camera arrangement allows for advanced imaging capabilities, our machine was still prone to inconsistency resulting in occasional suboptimal final image quality and resolution, which potentially can impact the accuracy of the resultant 3D models. To address this challenge, we used fine tune adjustments on the SketchFab\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026reg;\\u003c/sup\\u003e platform to be effectively enhance the image quality and resolution. However, it is worth noting that this solution demanded a nuanced understanding of the platform's settings, underscoring the importance of technical proficiency when working with intricate tools such as photogrammetry software. Finally, our study was limited to the use of a single brain specimen for dissection and analysis, which does not account for any potential anatomic variation. Despite these limitations, the integration of dissection and photogrammetric 3D models in neuroanatomy education opens new horizons for understanding complex 3D brain anatomy. These tools provide neurosurgeons and students with immersive, interactive, and easily accessible learning experiences, supplementing traditional 2D methods. The step-by-step 3D models created in the present study provide a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of fiber dissection techniques and white matter pathways in a medium that is accessible to all.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"CONCLUSION\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis comprehensive study on white matter dissection and the creation of 3D models using photogrammetry presents a significant advancement in neuroanatomy education and professional practice. The meticulous dissection process captured in text, photos and 3D models provides a detailed roadmap for understanding the intricate anatomy of the brain's white matter tracts. By combining interactive 3D models with traditional 2D images, this study bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, offering a comprehensive platform for neuroanatomy education. Further, these guidelines and 3D models can serve as invaluable resources for students, educators, and medical professionals alike to facilitate a deeper understanding of white matter anatomy. Looking ahead, the integration of advanced technologies and methodologies holds promise for further democratizing the study of neuroanatomy and improving surgical outcomes. Ultimately, the combination of hands-on dissection techniques and cutting-edge visualization tools have the potential to drastically shape the future of neuroanatomy education and research.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors wish to thank the generosity of the families and the body donors who generously donated their bodies to the Mayo Clinic Body Donation Program in the Department of Clinical Anatomy, MN, USA. They were essential for carrying out this research.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll aspects of this research were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) 17-005898 \\u0026ndash; Mayo Clinic, Rochester-MN, US. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study was funded by Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and the Joseph and Barbara Ashkins Endowed Professorship in Surgery and the Radiology Department, Charles B. and Ann L. Johnson Endowed Professorship in Neurosurgery Department Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAllen LK, Ren HZ, Eagleson R, de Ribaupierre S. 2016. Development of a Web-Based 3D Module for Enhanced Neuroanatomy Education. Studies in health technology and informatics 220:5-8.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBathelt J, Scerif G, Nobre AC, Astle DE. 2019. Whole-brain white matter organization, intelligence, and educational attainment. Trends Neurosci Educ 15:38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.tine.2019.02.004).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBerney S, B\\u0026eacute;trancourt M, Molinari G, Hoyek N. 2015. How spatial abilities and dynamic visualizations interplay when learning functional anatomy with 3D anatomical models. Anatomical sciences education 8:452-462. doi: 10.1002/ase.1524).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eButt A, Kamtchum-Tatuene J, Khan K, Shuaib A, Jickling GC, Miyasaki JM, Smith EE, Camicioli R. 2021. White matter hyperintensities in patients with Parkinson\\u0026apos;s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 426:117481. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117481).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eClauss J. 2019. Extending the neurocircuitry of behavioural inhibition: a role for the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in risk for anxiety disorders. General psychiatry 32:e100137. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100137).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDe Benedictis A, Duffau H, Paradiso B, Grandi E, Balbi S, Granieri E, Colarusso E, Chioffi F, Marras CE, Sarubbo S. 2014. Anatomo-functional study of the temporo-parieto-occipital region: dissection, tractographic and brain mapping evidence from a neurosurgical perspective. Journal of anatomy 225:132-151. doi: 10.1111/joa.12204).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDe Benedictis A, Nocerino E, Menna F, Remondino F, Barbareschi M, Rozzanigo U, Corsini F, Olivetti E, Marras CE, Chioffi F, Avesani P, Sarubbo S. 2018. Photogrammetry of the Human Brain: A Novel Method for Three-Dimensional Quantitative Exploration of the Structural Connectivity in Neurosurgery and Neurosciences. World neurosurgery 115:e279-e291. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.036).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ede Oliveira AdSB, Leonel LCPC, LaHood ER, Hallak H, Link MJ, Maleszewski JJ, Pinheiro-Neto CD, Morris JM, Peris-Celda M. 2023. Foundations and guidelines for high-quality three-dimensional models using photogrammetry: A technical note on the future of neuroanatomy education. 16:870-883. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2274).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDi Carlo DT, Benedetto N, Duffau H, Cagnazzo F, Weiss A, Castagna M, Cosottini M, Perrini P. 2019. 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Front Neurol 12:805952. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.805952).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eT\\u0026uuml;re U, Yaşargil MG, Friedman AH, Al-Mefty O. 2000. Fiber dissection technique: lateral aspect of the brain. Neurosurgery 47:417-426; discussion 426-417. doi: 10.1097/00006123-200008000-00028).\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"brain-topography\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"btop\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Brain Topography](http://link.springer.com/journal/10548)\",\"snPcode\":\"10548\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10548/3\",\"title\":\"Brain Topography\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Anatomy, Education, Neuroanatomy, White Matter Dissection, Photogrammetry, 3D \",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895027/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895027/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWhite matter dissection (WMD) involves isolating bundles of myelinated axons in the brain and serves to gain insights into brain function and neural mechanisms underlying neurological disorders. While effective, cadaveric brain dissections pose certain challenges mainly due to availability of resources. Technological advancements, such as photogrammetry, have the potential to overcome these limitations by creating detailed three-dimensional (3D) models for immersive learning experiences in neuroanatomy. Objective: This study aimed to provide a detailed step-by-step WMD captured using two-dimensional (2D) images and 3D models (via photogrammetry) to serve as a comprehensive guide for studying white matter tracts of the brain. One formalin-fixed brain specimen was utilized to perform the WMD. The brain was divided in a sagittal plane and both cerebral hemispheres were stored in a freezer at -20°C for 10 days, then thawed under running water at room temperature. Micro-instruments under an operating microscope were used to perform a systematic lateral-to-medial and medial-to-lateral dissection, while 2D images were captured and 3D models were created through photogrammetry during each stage of the dissection. Dissection was performed with comprehensive examination of the location, main landmarks, connections, and functions of the white matter tracts of the brain. Furthermore, high-quality 3D models of the dissections were created and housed on SketchFab\\u003csup\\u003e®\\u003c/sup\\u003e, allowing for accessible and free of charge viewing for educational and research purposes. Our comprehensive dissection and 3D models have the potential to increase understanding of the intricate white matter anatomy and could provide an accessible platform for the teaching of neuroanatomy.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"3d Models as a Source for Neuroanatomy Education: a Stepwise White Matter Dissection Using 3d Images and Photogrammetry Scans\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-01-29 21:49:50\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3895027/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2024-04-26T19:56:18+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-04-26T17:11:07+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"13b67dad-cbda-4a80-9b27-96d73a2abc64_SNPRID\",\"date\":\"2024-04-18T20:33:20+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-01-27T15:01:38+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"91f6bead-7ee1-4ed4-8d4e-0304464c0ba6\",\"date\":\"2024-01-27T06:36:57+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"daea600b-61d0-4f84-9fda-90d9574dd492\",\"date\":\"2024-01-25T20:52:11+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-01-25T20:28:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-01-25T13:01:09+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-01-25T06:28:37+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Brain Topography\",\"date\":\"2024-01-24T19:10:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"brain-topography\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"btop\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Brain Topography](http://link.springer.com/journal/10548)\",\"snPcode\":\"10548\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10548/3\",\"title\":\"Brain Topography\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"683cf887-0b5d-4694-a27d-9c6868ff8a3b\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 29th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-05-12T21:53:20+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-01-29 21:49:50\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-3895027\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-3895027\",\"identity\":\"rs-3895027\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}