{"paper_id":"0bbf20cc-db02-4dae-8a79-4c125596c20e","body_text":"Substrate Effects on Performance Enhancement in a Gap Coupled E-Shaped Microstrip Antenna with Air gap for S-BandApplications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Substrate Effects on Performance Enhancement in a Gap Coupled E-Shaped Microstrip Antenna with Air gap for S-BandApplications Akanksha Gupta, Pranav Saxena, Komal Sharma, Manish Kumar, Dheeraj Bhardwaj This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9037174/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this paper, a novel design of the E-shaped gap-couple patch antenna for performance improvement in S-band application is proposed and analyzed. The air gap can be used to improve impedance matching and broaden bandwidth due to the reduced effective permittivity and the field distribution alteration around the radiating structure. In order to investigate the effect of substrate selection, three substrates e.g., RT/Duroid 5880, Rogers RO4003 and FR-4 were examined in the light of bandwidth, gain, radiation efficiency and axial ratio.Additionally, the impact of the dielectric constant and loss tangent of each substrate on current distribution, field confinement, surface-wave excitation and coupling behaviour is also discussed in this work. Simulation results have demonstrated that RT/Duroid 5880 would be the best option as it achieves maximum gain, higher efficiency and wider bandwidth with low permittivity and loss. In comparison FR-4 has higher losses while providing worse performance and Rogers RO4003 is a nicely balanced option in terms of cost versus antenna efficiency. In general, the results indicate that substrates have a great impact on the performance of air-gap-coupled patch antennas and they are useful for guiding preparation of suitable materialsfor S-band applications. Microstrip Patch Antenna Dielectric Substrate Gap Coupled S- Band Air Gap Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-9037174\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":601061583,\"identity\":\"e81af899-1577-4be5-9aec-b5894f8f253e\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Akanksha Gupta\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"JECRC University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Akanksha\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Gupta\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":601061584,\"identity\":\"81af85f8-7646-477e-9a3a-f525265ea41c\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Pranav 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