{"paper_id":"0b8dcd1f-b2ae-474a-aa81-820169ccdc6d","body_text":"Youth Perceptions of Climate Change in Southern Somalia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Youth Perceptions of Climate Change in Southern Somalia Mohamed Muhudin Ali, Ali Ahmed Fodey This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7002089/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores youth perceptions of climate change in Southern Somalia, emphasizing their critical role in addressing the region's vulnerabilities, including frequent droughts, flooding, and resource scarcity. While climate change impacts in Somalia are well-documented, including erratic rainfall patterns (Ajuang Ogallo et al., 2018 ) and socio-economic disparities, youth perspectives remain underexplored. Global evidence highlights the vital contributions of youth in climate advocacy (Han & Ahn, 2020 ), yet in Somalia, 53% of educated youth earn less than $ 1 per month (World Bank, 2022 ), indicating economic challenges that may hinder their engagement in climate action. Addressing this gap, the study assessed youth awareness of climate change, perceptions of human contributions, and observed impacts, while identifying implications for policy and practice. A quantitative survey was conducted with 536 respondents aged 15–24, selected through stratified random sampling to ensure demographic diversity. Data analysis using SPSS revealed moderate to high awareness of climate change among most participants, with younger respondents (19–24) demonstrating the highest awareness. Droughts and floods were identified as the most significant impacts, yet misconceptions about human contributions to climate change persisted among 73.3% of respondents. Economic disparities, despite high education levels, further complicate youth engagement in climate initiatives. The findings underscore the need for targeted climate education programs, particularly for older demographics, and the integration of youth insights into national strategies. Promoting economic opportunities through green job creation and aligning policies with global frameworks like the Paris Agreement can enhance resilience, support sustainable development, and empower youth in climate action. Climate change droughts floods climate education green jobs sustainable development economic disparities Paris Agreement resilience 1.0. Introduction Southern Somalia is characterized by a complex interplay of economic, social, and environmental factors that have shaped its development and ongoing conflicts. The region's economy is heavily dependent on nomadic pastoralism, with more than half of the population engaged in this traditional livelihood (Tempia et al., 2010 ). Livestock trade, particularly cattle, plays a crucial role in the local economy, with traders adapting to market uncertainties and political instability through diversification strategies and social relationships (Little, 1992 ). The area has been plagued by prolonged civil unrest for over two decades, leading to environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources. One significant issue is the rapid loss of woody biomass due to illegal charcoal production, which has been fueling war economies and supporting extremist groups like Al Shabaab (Rembold et al., 2013 ). This environmental destruction has had severe consequences for the region's ecology and economy. Interestingly, despite the ongoing conflicts, Southern Somalia's urban areas have shown resilience and economic activity. Satellite imagery of night-time light emissions has been used to analyze economic patterns, revealing contrasts between stable northern regions and the more chaotic southern areas (Shortland et al., 2013 ). The conflict has also led to the emergence of social orders of violence beyond the state, with non-state actors establishing alternative forms of authority and economic systems (Bakonyi & Stuvøy, 2005 ). Climate change has significant impacts on South Central Somalia, particularly affecting food security, livelihoods, and environmental conditions. The region experiences severe weather events such as droughts and floods, which have devastating consequences for local communities (M. A. Ahmed et al., 2022 ; Said, 2023 ). In Somalia, climate change has led to significant changes in precipitation and temperature patterns, resulting in land degradation and environmental challenges. These changes have caused water shortages and degradation of crops and livestock, ultimately leading to food insecurity and famine (Said, 2023 ). The Middle Shebelle region, in particular, has been severely affected by droughts, which have resulted in the deaths of children and mothers, as well as negative impacts on crops and cattle (M. A. Ahmed et al., 2022 ). Interestingly, while the Somali people are aware of natural disasters like droughts and floods and have some capacity to deal with their consequences, the government lacks comprehensive environmental laws and strategic plans to prevent or control these disasters effectively. This lack of preparedness exacerbates the vulnerability of communities to climate change impacts (M. A. Ahmed et al., 2022 ). The survey titled \"Youth Perception on Climate Change: A Study in Southern Somalia\" aims to evaluate young people's awareness of climate change and its causes, understand their views on human contributions to this issue, and document the impacts they have observed in their region. It explores the perceived economic effects of climate change, particularly on agricultural productivity and food security, while also collecting demographic data to contextualize responses. Additionally, the survey seeks to provide insights that can inform policies and awareness campaigns, ultimately contributing to research that supports climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Southern Somalia. Southern Somalia is facing significant challenges due to the impacts of climate change, including increased droughts, flooding, and resource scarcity, which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Despite the critical role that youth play in addressing these issues, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their perceptions, attitudes, and responses to climate change. This gap in knowledge hampers the development of effective policies and interventions that engage young people in climate action. Without recognizing the insights and experiences of youth, community resilience efforts may be undermined, limiting the potential for innovative solutions and hindering progress toward sustainable development. Therefore, it is essential to investigate youth perceptions of climate change in Southern Somalia to inform targeted strategies that enhance their involvement and support adaptive measures in their communities. 2.0. Literature review 2.1. Global Context of Youth and Climate Change 2.1.1. Overview of how youth worldwide perceive climate change. Youth worldwide perceive climate change as one of the most significant threats to their future, driving them to take action and demand change on a global scale. The climate crisis has galvanized young people to become agents of change in the global climate change arena, with many participating in climate strikes and other forms of activism (Han & Ahn, 2020 ). Young people are using digital platforms to perform climate activism and construct new political subjectivities through affective investments (Rousell et al., 2021 ). This digital engagement allows youth to dramatize climate change and elaborate speculative performances of this complex philosophical problem. Additionally, Indigenous youth are playing a crucial role in climate governance, particularly in remote communities where their expertise and engagement can help offset climate anxiety(MacKay et al., 2020 ). Interestingly, while youth are at the forefront of climate activism, they face significant challenges. These include being bombarded by fossil fuel corporations sponsoring climate change education and experiencing \"youth-washing\" at international gatherings (Sloan Morgan et al., 2024 ). Moreover, anti-protest laws and media shaping of public perceptions pose context-specific challenges to youth climate activism in countries like Australia (Sloan Morgan et al., 2024 ). In conclusion, youth worldwide perceive climate change as an urgent issue requiring immediate action. Their involvement ranges from digital activism to participation in global forums like COP24. However, they also face obstacles in converting their moral legitimacy into the power required for sweeping changes (Han & Ahn, 2020 ). The Positive Youth Development framework offers promising approaches to support adolescents' and young adults' well-being and engagement in the context of climate change (Pereira & Freire, 2021 ), highlighting the need for a developmental perspective in addressing this global challenge. 2.1.2. The role of young people in climate activism and policy advocacy on a global scale. Youth climate activism has emerged as a significant global movement, with young people under 25 increasingly advocating for climate action and policy changes. This movement has gained momentum through various strategies and platforms, transforming the debate on climate change, population, and women's empowerment (Sasser, 2014 ). The Global Climate Strike has brought youth climate activism to the forefront of social issues, particularly in Canada. Young activists have successfully leveraged social media as an effective tool for mobilizing support on national and global scales (Chia, 2021 ). This use of digital platforms has enabled youth to stage new possibilities for climate change education and activism, constructing new political subjectivities through affective investments (Rousell et al., 2021 ). The Fridays for Future (FFF) movement, a major global climate movement, exemplifies the youth-led demand for systemic change and political action. In Finland, the FFF movement has shaped young people's perceptions of active citizenship, with media debates framing environmental citizenship in terms of sustainable lifestyles, active youth participation, and school attendance (Huttunen & Albrecht, 2021 ). Similarly, the movement has grown into a network of local and national groups worldwide, demonstrating \"glocal\" and transversal dynamics in their activism (Terren & Soler-i-Martí, 2021 ). However, youth climate activists face several challenges. At the United Nations climate change negotiations (COPs), young activists express frustration with the process, highlighting how it perpetuates colonial power structures and marginalizes Indigenous peoples and others fighting for justice (Grosse & Mark, 2020 ). Additionally, youth activists in Australia face context-specific challenges, including media influence on public perceptions and anti-protest laws that restrict their right to protest (Hohenhaus et al., 2023 ). Youth climate activism represents a remarkable and important mass movement of our age, with young people engaging in massive mobilizations and school strikes globally. This movement reflects young people's diverse and intersecting motives for demonstrating climate action, challenging rigid understandings of youth political engagement (Bowman, 2019 ). As the youth climate justice movement grows, it is crucial to center Indigenous priorities and transform existing policymaking structures to address the root causes of the climate crisis (Grosse & Mark, 2020 ). 2.2. Local Impacts of Climate Change in Southern Somalia Climate change poses significant challenges to Southern Somalia, particularly in terms of water resources, agriculture, and food security. The region faces recurrent droughts and floods, which have severe impacts on local communities and their livelihoods (M. M. Ahmed et al., 2024 ; Ali et al., 2023 ). Rainfall patterns in Southern Somalia are becoming increasingly erratic. The rainfall probabilistic forecast for April-June 2024 indicates a high likelihood of above-normal rainfall, increasing flood risks. Concurrently, temperature forecasts project above-normal temperatures, potentially exacerbating drought conditions between rainy seasons (M. M. Ahmed et al., 2024 ). This variability is further supported by an analysis of the Lower Jubba region, which projected a decreasing trend in rainfall leading up to 2030, followed by an increase in 2050 and 2070 scenarios (Ajuang Ogallo et al., 2018 ). These climate challenges have direct impacts on food security and water resources. Recurrent droughts and floods disrupt agricultural production, decimate livestock, and displace vulnerable populations, particularly affecting rural and nomadic communities (M. M. Ahmed et al., 2024 ). The combination of floods, droughts, sea-level rise, and poor water quality affects both surface water and groundwater, leading to significant ecosystem and community impacts ( Ali et al., 2023 ). Southern Somalia faces a complex interplay of climate-related challenges, including drought, flooding, and temperature increases. These factors contribute to food insecurity, water scarcity, and displacement, creating a vicious cycle of vulnerability. Addressing these issues requires integrated approaches that combine immediate humanitarian assistance with long-term adaptation strategies (M. M. Ahmed et al., 2024 ; Ali et al., 2023 ). Climate change has significantly affected Southern Somalia, with historical evidence pointing to a long-standing pattern of environmental changes in the region. Pastoralists in Sahelian Africa, including Somalia, have been adapting to climate variability for millennia, as evidenced by archaeological and paleo ecological data (Oba, 2014 ) . This historical context provides valuable insights into the resilience and adaptive strategies of local communities. Recent climate data reveals concerning trends in Somalia. The region experiences average temperatures ranging from 25°C to 30°C, with significant seasonal variations affecting agriculture and water resources (M. M. Ahmed et al., 2024 ). Climate projections indicate a high likelihood of above-normal rainfall across much of Somalia, increasing flood risks, while also forecasting above-normal temperatures that could exacerbate drought conditions between rainy seasons (M. M. Ahmed et al., 2024 ). These climate trends, combined with ongoing political instability and weak governance, have created a perfect storm of challenges for the region. The local impacts of climate change in Southern Somalia are multifaceted and severe. Recurrent droughts and floods have disrupted agricultural production, decimated livestock, and displaced vulnerable populations, particularly affecting rural and nomadic communities (M. M. Ahmed et al., 2024 ). The region has experienced significant changes in precipitation and temperature, leading to land degradation, water shortages, and degradation of crops and livestock (Ajuang Ogallo et al., 2018 ). These environmental changes have had profound effects on food security, with famine being a direct consequence of climate-induced food insecurity in Somalia (Ajuang Ogallo et al., 2018 ). Furthermore, climate extremes such as floods, droughts, and coastal marine severe systems have been associated with the destruction of property and livelihoods, loss of lives, migrations, and resource-based conflicts(Ajuang Ogallo et al., 2018 ). 3.0. Methodology 3.1. Research Design This study employed a quantitative research design through a structured survey questionnaire, aiming to gather measurable data on the perceptions and awareness of climate change among young people in Southern Somalia. 3.2. Population and Sample The target population for the survey consisted of youth aged 15 to 24 in Southern Somalia, with a sample size of approximately 485 respondents aimed at ensuring statistical significance and adequate representation across various demographic groups. To achieve this, stratified random sampling was employed, which ensured that the sample reflected diversity in terms of age, sex, and educational level. This method facilitated the capture of a wide range of perspectives within the youth population, providing a comprehensive understanding of their views on climate change. 3.3. Data Collection Instrument A structured survey questionnaire was developed, featuring multiple-choice questions, Likert scales, and open-ended questions to gather a comprehensive range of data. Key sections of the questionnaire included demographic information such as age, sex, educational level, and monthly allowance. It also assessed the respondents' awareness of climate change, their perceptions regarding human contributions to this issue, and the impacts of climate change they have observed in their region. Additionally, the questionnaire explored the perceived economic impacts of climate change, providing valuable insights into the respondents' experiences and views. 3.4. Pre-testing the Questionnaire A pilot test was conducted with a small group of youth, approximately 20–30 individuals, to identify any issues related to question clarity, format, and overall flow of the survey questionnaire. The feedback gathered from this pilot testing phase was instrumental in refining the questionnaire, ensuring that it effectively addressed the research objectives and was user-friendly for participants before proceeding with the full-scale survey. This step helped to enhance the reliability and validity of the data collection tool. 3.5. Data Collection Procedure The survey was administered through both online and in-person methods to accommodate the varying levels of internet access among respondents, with in-person surveys conducted at community centers, schools, and youth organizations. To encourage participation, the survey was designed to take approximately 2–5 minutes to complete, which helped ensure a higher response rate. Ethical considerations were paramount; informed consent was obtained from all participants, guaranteeing confidentiality and emphasizing the voluntary nature of their participation. Participants were clearly informed about the purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at any time, fostering a respectful and transparent research environment. 3.6. Data Analysis The collected data was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS or R. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize key demographic information, levels of awareness, and perceptions regarding climate change among the respondents. Additionally, inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and t-tests, were utilized to examine relationships between demographic variables and survey responses, allowing for a deeper understanding of how different factors influenced youth perceptions of climate change in Southern Somalia. This analytical approach provided robust insights into the data, supporting the study's objectives. 3.7. Ethical approval The ethical considerations for the survey titled \"Youth Perception on Climate Change: A Study in Southern Somalia\" were centered around several key principles. Informed consent was prioritized, ensuring participants understood the survey's purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the ability to withdraw at any time without penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained by not collecting personal identifiers and by securely storing data accessible only to authorized researchers. Participation was entirely voluntary, with participants encouraged to skip questions they found uncomfortable. The research team was culturally sensitive, ensuring questions were relevant and respectful of local customs, and the study received approval from the City University of Mogadishu Ethics Committee, aligning with established ethical standards. Additionally, responsible data management practices were implemented, with accurate reporting of findings to uphold integrity and transparency. These measures collectively aimed to protect the rights and well-being of participants while contributing valuable insights into youth perceptions of climate change. 4.0. Findings and discussions 4.1 Findings 4.1.1 Demographic section The survey of 536 respondents in table 1 reveals a predominantly male population, with 70.1% identifying as male and 29.9% as female. Most participants fall within the 19-24 age range (62.7%), and nearly all (98.7%) have attended college or university, indicating a highly educated demographic. However, there is a stark disparity in monthly allowances: 53.0% receive less than $1, while only 15.1% earn more than $20, suggesting economic challenges despite high educational attainment. Descriptive statistics show a mean educational level of 3.97, reflecting this high education, alongside considerable variability in monthly allowances (mean of 2.18) and a standard deviation of 1.785, highlighting the diversity in financial support among respondents. Table 1: Summary of Demographic and Economic Statistics Among Respondents Statistics Sex Age Interval Educational Level Monthly Allowance N Valid: 376 (70.1%) Valid: 32 (6.0%) Valid: 2 (0.4%) Valid: 284 (53.0%) Female: 160 (29.9%) 19 - 24: 336 (62.7%) Secondary: 5 (0.9%) $1 - $5: 145 (27.1%) Total: 536 (100.0%) Older 24: 168 (31.3%) College: 529 (98.7%) $5 - $10: 7 (1.3%) Total: 536 (100.0%) Total: 536 (100.0%) $10 - $15: 7 (1.3%) $15 - $20: 12 (2.2%) More than $20: 81 (15.1%) Mean 1.30 2.25 3.97 2.18 Std. Deviation 0.458 0.556 0.265 1.785 Range 1 2 3 5 4.1.2. Awareness of Climate Change The survey of 536 respondents reveals a predominantly young, educated male population with a mean awareness of climate change at 2.31, indicating that participants generally fall between \"moderately aware\" and \"very aware,\" with a median of 2.00 suggesting that half rate their awareness as at least moderate. The average monthly allowance is low, at 2.18, corresponding to a range between \"$1 - $5\" and \"$5 - $10,\" with a median of 1.00 indicating that many receive less than $1 per month. This financial situation reflects significant economic challenges despite high educational attainment, as evidenced by a mean educational level of 3.97, indicating that most respondents have completed college or university. Overall, there is notable variability in both financial support and awareness levels, highlighting diverse experiences among the participants. Table 2: Summary of Respondent Statistics on Climate Change Awareness Statistics How aware are you of climate change? Monthly Allowance Sex Age interval Educational Level N Valid 536 536 536 536 536 Missing 0 0 0 0 0 Mean 2.31 2.18 1.30 2.25 3.97 Median 2.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 Mode 2 1 1 2 4 Std. Deviation .763 1.785 .458 .556 .265 Table 3 illustrates the distribution of climate change awareness across different age intervals among 536 respondents. The 15-19 age group, consisting of 32 individuals, shows a significant level of awareness, with 5 \"extremely aware,\" 18 \"very aware,\" and 9 \"moderately aware,\" but no one classified as \"slightly\" or \"not at all aware.\" The 19-24 age group is the largest, with 336 respondents, indicating the highest levels of awareness: 43 are \"extremely aware,\" 159 \"very aware,\" and 112 \"moderately aware,\" alongside 13 \"slightly aware\" and 9 \"not at all aware.\" In contrast, the older than 24 age group, comprising 168 respondents, shows lower awareness levels, with only 11 \"extremely aware\" and 108 \"very aware,\" but with no individuals falling into the \"slightly\" or \"not at all aware\" categories. Overall, the data suggests that awareness of climate change peaks in the 19-24 age range, while younger and older age groups also demonstrate considerable awareness. Table 3: Crosstabulation of Age Interval and Awareness of Climate Change Count How aware are you of climate change? Total Extremely aware Very aware Moderately aware Slightly aware Not at all aware Age interval 15 - 19 5 18 9 0 0 32 19 - 24 43 159 112 13 9 336 Older 24 11 108 49 0 0 168 Total 59 285 170 13 9 536 The Chi-Square Tests results indicate a significant association between the analyzed variables, with a Pearson Chi-Square value of 24.603 and an asymptotic significance (p-value) of .002, suggesting strong evidence against the null hypothesis. The likelihood ratio further supports this finding, yielding a value of 32.303 and a p-value of .000, indicating a highly significant relationship. However, the linear-by-linear association shows a p-value of .438, which suggests no significant linear trend among the variables Table 4: Results of Chi-Square Tests for Association Between Variables Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 24.603 a 8 .002 Likelihood Ratio 32.303 8 .000 Linear-by-Linear Association .601 1 .438 N of Valid Cases 536 a. 5 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .54. 4.1.3. Perception of Human Contributions to Climate Change The survey results in table 5 from 536 respondents indicate a strong skepticism regarding the belief that human activities are the main cause of climate change. While the mean response is 3.44 and the median and mode are both 4, suggesting a slight tendency towards agreement, the overwhelming majority—73.3%—disagrees with the statement, and only 9.9% strongly agree. A small fraction, 5.8%, remains neutral, and just 0.6% strongly disagrees. The standard deviation of 1.031 reflects moderate variability in responses, and the range of 4 highlights a diverse spectrum of opinions. Table 5: Summary of Survey Responses on the Belief in Human Activities as the Main Cause of Climate Change Statistics Value/Frequency N Valid: 536 (100.0%) Strongly agree: 53 (9.9%) Agree: 56 (10.4%) Neutral: 31 (5.8%) Disagree: 393 (73.3%) Strongly disagree: 3 (0.6%) Mean 3.44 Median 4.00 Mode 4 Std. Deviation 1.031 Range 4 The Independent Samples Test results indicate no significant difference in means between the two groups based on sex. Levene's Test for Equality of Variances shows an F-value of 0.012 with a significance of 0.912, confirming that the variances are equal. The t-test yields a t-value of 0.056 with 107 degrees of freedom and a p-value of 0.956, suggesting that the difference in means is not statistically significant. The mean difference is a mere 0.002 with a standard error of 0.036, and the 95% confidence interval for the difference ranges from -0.070 to 0.074, which includes zero. Overall, these findings indicate that there is no meaningful difference in responses based on sex. Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Sex Equal variances assumed .012 .912 .056 107 .956 .002 .036 -.070 .074 Equal variances not assumed .056 106.276 .956 .002 .036 -.070 .074 Table 6: Independent Samples Test 4.1.4. Impacts of Climate Change The data in table 6, based on responses from 536 participants, reveals that climate change is perceived to have significant impacts in the region, with a mean score of 4.16 on a scale likely ranging from 1 to 7. This score is accompanied by a standard deviation of 2.007, indicating varied perceptions among respondents. In contrast, the perceived impact of climate change on economic growth is notably lower, with a mean of 2.32 and a smaller standard deviation of 1.330, suggesting more consensus on this issue. The range of responses also reflects broader opinions on climate impacts compared to the more uniform views on economic growth, highlighting a general concern for environmental changes while viewing their economic effects as less severe. Table 7:Climate Change Impact Survey Results Statistics What are the most noticeable impacts of climate change you have observed in your region? How do you think climate change will impact the economic growth of your region? N Valid 536 536 Missing 0 0 Mean 4.16 2.32 Std. Deviation 2.007 1.330 Range 5 4 The crosstabulation data in table 8 reveals how respondents perceive the impacts of climate change and its effects on economic growth, with a total of 536 responses. Notably, 91 participants identified \"more frequent and intense droughts\" as a significant impact, with 47 linking it to reduced agricultural productivity. Similarly, \"increased flooding\" was mentioned by 73 , with 27 associating it with reduced agricultural productivity and 20 with increased food insecurity. Other observed impacts include \"rising sea levels\" (34 responses), \"changes in rainfall patterns\" (43 responses), and \"more extreme weather events\" (52 responses). The findings suggest a strong concern regarding how these climate-related challenges affect economic issues, particularly highlighting the connections between reduced agricultural productivity, increased food insecurity, and broader economic implications like increased poverty. Table 8: Cross-tabulation of Observed Climate Change Impacts and Perceived Economic Growth Effects Cross-tabulation Count How do you think climate change will impact the economic growth of your region? Total Reduced agricultural productivity Increased food insecurity Displacement of people due to environmental changes Damage to infrastructure Increased poverty What are the most noticeable impacts of climate change you have observed in your region? More frequent and intense droughts 47 12 15 8 9 91 Increased flooding 27 20 8 8 10 73 Rising sea levels 11 6 9 7 1 34 Changes in rainfall patterns 18 4 10 10 1 43 More extreme weather events (e.g., cyclones, heatwaves). 10 18 15 7 2 52 6 102 34 50 40 17 243 Total 215 94 107 80 40 536 The Chi-Square tests in table 9 reveal a significant association between the perceived impacts of climate change and their effects on economic growth, with a Pearson Chi-Square value of 47.466 and a p-value of .001 , indicating that the observed distribution of responses is unlikely to be due to chance. The likelihood ratio test supports this finding, also showing a significant result with a value of 47.260 and a p-value of .001 . However, the linear-by-linear association value of 0.757 and a p-value of .384 suggest that the relationship is not straightforwardly linear. While the analysis is based on 536 valid cases , it's worth noting that 10% of the cells have expected counts less than five, which may influence the reliability of the results. Overall, these findings underscore the need for deeper exploration into how different climate change impacts are perceived to affect economic growth. Table 9: Chi-Square Test Results for Climate Change Impacts and Economic Growth Perceptions Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 47.466 a 20 .001 Likelihood Ratio 47.260 20 .001 Linear-by-Linear Association .757 1 .384 N of Valid Cases 536 a. 3 cells (10.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.54. 4.2. Discussions 4.1.1 Demographic Section The demographic data in Table 1 reveals several critical insights about the survey respondents. The predominantly male composition (70.1%) aligns with studies suggesting that men often dominate participation in studies conducted in certain contexts, particularly in developing countries where traditional gender roles may influence survey participation (UNDP, 2020). The high concentration of participants in the 19–24 age range (62.7%) reflects a youthful demographic, which is consistent with national population statistics showing that younger age groups often constitute a significant portion of the population in developing nations like Somalia (World Bank, 2022). The remarkable educational attainment (98.7% having attended college or university) underscores the survey's focus on a highly educated demographic. Research indicates that higher education levels are often associated with greater awareness and engagement in addressing societal challenges, including climate change (Lee et al., 2020). However, the stark economic disparity revealed by monthly allowance statistics—53.0% receiving less than $1 monthly—raises concerns about underemployment and limited economic opportunities for educated youth. This pattern echoes findings by the International Labor Organization (2023), which highlights the mismatch between educational attainment and economic opportunities in low-income countries. 4.1.2 Awareness of Climate Change The data on climate change awareness reveals an encouraging trend, with most respondents reporting moderate to high levels of awareness. The peak in awareness among the 19–24 age group aligns with previous research indicating that younger, educated populations are more likely to be aware of and concerned about environmental issues (Stevenson et al., 2018). The strong association between age and awareness, as indicated by the chi-square test (p = .002), suggests that targeted educational efforts in higher education institutions are effective in raising awareness. Despite the encouraging awareness levels, economic challenges likely hinder active engagement in climate action. Low monthly allowances, as highlighted earlier, may limit the ability of individuals to invest in sustainable practices or participate in environmental initiatives. This finding aligns with research by O’Brien et al. (2020), which highlights the importance of economic empowerment in fostering meaningful climate action at the individual level. 4.1.3 Perception of Human Contributions to Climate Change The skepticism regarding human contributions to climate change (73.3% disagreeing) presents a significant challenge. This finding contrasts with global trends, where increased education typically correlates with a stronger acceptance of anthropogenic climate change (Hornsey et al., 2016). It suggests a gap between educational attainment and effective communication of scientific evidence in the surveyed context. Cultural factors, limited access to credible information, and the influence of misinformation may contribute to this discrepancy (Leiserowitz et al., 2018). 4.1.4 Impacts of Climate Change Perceptions of climate change impacts, as detailed in Table 7 and Table 8, highlight significant regional concerns, including frequent droughts, increased flooding, and changes in rainfall patterns. These findings align with regional climate projections, which predict heightened vulnerabilities to extreme weather events due to climate change (IPCC, 2022). The observed link between these impacts and economic growth challenges—such as reduced agricultural productivity and increased food insecurity—underscores the complex interplay between environmental and economic factors. The chi-square test results (p = .001) confirm the significant association between perceived climate impacts and economic outcomes, highlighting the importance of addressing these intertwined challenges. For instance, studies by the FAO (2021) emphasize the need for adaptive strategies in agriculture to mitigate the dual impacts of climate change and food insecurity. 5.0. Conclusion and recommendation The demographic analysis highlights a youthful and highly educated population, with 62.7% aged 19–24 and 98.7% having attended college or university. This points to significant human capital with the potential to drive societal change, particularly in addressing pressing issues like climate change. However, the striking economic disparity—53.0% of respondents receiving less than $1 per month—underscores a troubling gap between educational attainment and economic opportunity. This financial struggle may hinder the full realization of the demographic's potential, especially in contributing to climate action and sustainable development. Actionable Recommendations include : Empower Economic Opportunities for Youth Policy Action : Governments and stakeholders should create job opportunities and programs aimed at youth, particularly in sectors like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and technology. International Support : Encourage international donors and organizations to invest in entrepreneurship and skills-building initiatives for young professionals. Leverage Education for Climate Action Curriculum Enhancement : Integrate practical and localized climate change solutions into higher education curricula to equip students with actionable skills. Community Engagement : Facilitate university-led outreach programs to translate students' knowledge into tangible community benefits, such as climate adaptation projects. Address Financial Constraints Scholarship Programs : Expand scholarships or stipends for economically disadvantaged but academically qualified students to reduce the financial barriers they face. Microfinance Initiatives : Implement microfinance programs for young graduates to encourage small business creation, particularly in green industries. Promote Gender Balance in Participation Targeted Outreach : Develop targeted campaigns to encourage female participation in surveys and programs, addressing barriers such as cultural norms or safety concerns. Capacity Building for Women : Create initiatives that provide leadership training and financial resources to empower young women to take active roles in societal development. Monitor and Evaluate Socio-Economic Impacts Data-Driven Policies : Conduct periodic demographic and economic surveys to assess progress and adapt policies to better align with the needs of the youth. Impact Studies : Initiate longitudinal studies to track the effects of economic interventions on the lives of educated youth, particularly in fostering climate resilience and sustainable development. Declarations Disclosure of interest There is no competing interest between the authors Author Contribution Mohamed Muhudin Ali was solely responsible for all aspects of this research, including conceptualization, methodology design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results. Additionally, he drafted, revised, and finalized the manuscript, ensuring its accuracy and integrity. Ethics Statement: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the City University Institutional Review Board (IRB) in accordance with its ethical guidelines and regulations of Declaration of Helsinki and institutional ethical regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the research. Consent to Participate Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants aged 16 and above included in the study. Consent to Publish All participants provided informed consent for publication of the research findings, with the understanding that all data would be anonymized and no personally identifiable information would be disclosed. Declaration of funding No fund for this research Data Availability Statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files, if applicable. Additional datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Little PD. Traders, brokers and market ‘crisis’. South Somalia Afr. 1992;62(1):94–124. https://doi.org/10.2307/1160065 . Rousell D, Wijesinghe T, Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles A, Osborn M. Digital media, political affect, and a youth to come: rethinking climate change education through Deleuzian dramatisation. Educational Rev. 2021;75(1):33–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1965959 . Oba G. (2014). Climate Change Adaptation in Africa. routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315794907 Food and Agriculture Organization. (2023). Somalia: Building resilience in agriculture . Retrieved from https://www.fao.org Ibrahim A, Hassan M. Climate education gaps in East Africa: Addressing misconceptions in local contexts. Int J Environ Stud. 2022;79(2):154–72. United Nations Development Programme. (2023). Enhancing climate literacy in vulnerable regions . Retrieved from https://www.undp.org World Bank. (2023). Somalia economic outlook: Challenges and opportunities for youth . Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org Ahmed MA, Mohamed MH, Parvin MM, Ilić P. The Recurrence of Natural Disasters in Jowhar, Middle Shabelle Region, Somalia: The Causes and Impacts. J Environ Prot. 2022;13(09):657–70. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.139042 . Ahmed MM, Asowe HA, Dirie NI, Mohamud AK, Lucero-Prisno III, Okesanya DE, Ogaya OJ, Musa JB, Musa SS, Othman MK, Shomuyiwa ZK, D., Abdulsalam A. (2024). The Nexus of Climate Change, Food Insecurity, and Conflict in Somalia: A Comprehensive Analysis of Multifaceted Challenges and Resilience Strategies. F1000Research , 13 , 913. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154400.1 Ajuang Ogallo L, Omondi P, Ouma G, Wayumba G. Climate Change Projections and the Associated Potential Impacts for Somalia. Am J Clim Change. 2018;07(02):153–70. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2018.72011 . Ali AI, Kassem Y, Gökçekuş H. Examining the impact of climate change on water resources in Somalia: The role of adaptation. Future Technol. 2023;2(4):45–58. https://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.2.4.5 . Bakonyi J, Stuvøy K. Violence & social order beyond the state: Somalia & Angola. Rev Afr Polit Econ. 2005;32(104–105):359–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240500329379 . Bowman B. Imagining future worlds alongside young climate activists: A new framework for research. Fennia. 2019;197(2):295–305. https://doi.org/10.11143/fennia.85151 . Chia J. (2021). Social Media and the Global Climate Strike: A tool for youth climate change activists and politicians. Sojourners Undergrad J Sociol, 18–39. Grosse C, Mark B. A colonized COP: Indigenous exclusion and youth climate justice activism at the United Nations climate change negotiations. J Hum Rights Environ. 2020;11(3 Special Issue):146–70. https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.03.07 . Han H, Ahn SW. Youth mobilization to stop global climate change: narratives and impact. Renew Resour J. 2020;34(4):2–12. Hohenhaus M, Rutherford S, Boddy J, Borkoles E. Climate warriors down under: Contextualising Australia’s youth climate justice movement. Npj Clim Action. 2023;2(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-023-00085-y . Huttunen J, Albrecht E. The framing of environmental citizenship and youth participation in the Fridays for Future Movement in Finland. Fennia. 2021;199(1):46–60. https://doi.org/10.11143/FENNIA.102480 . MacKay M, Parlee B, Karsgaard C. Youth engagement in climate change action: Case study on indigenous youth at COP24. Sustain (Switzerland). 2020;12(16):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12166299 . Pereira T, Freire T. Positive Youth Development in the Context of Climate Change: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2021;12(November). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.786119 . Rembold F, Oduori SM, Gadain H, Toselli P. Mapping charcoal driven forest degradation during the main period of al shabaab control in southern somalia. Energy Sustain Dev. 2013;17(5):510–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.07.001 . Said M. Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on Food Security in Somalia. Biotechnol Bioprocess. 2023;4(1):01–6. https://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/087 . Sasser JS. The wave of the future? Youth advocacy at the nexus of population and climate change. Geogr J. 2014;180(2):102–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12023 . Shortland A, Christopoulou K, Makatsoris C. War and famine, peace and light? The economic dynamics of conflict in Somalia 1993–2009. J Peace Res. 2013;50(5):545–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313492991 . Sloan Morgan O, Melchior F, Thomas K, McNab-Coombs L. Youth and climate justice: Representations of young people in action for sustainable futures. Geogr J. 2024;190(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12547 . Tempia S, Braidotti F, Aden HH, Abdulle MH, Costagli R, Otieno FT. Mapping cattle trade routes in southern Somalia: A method for mobile livestock keeping systems. OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2010;29(3):485–95. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.29.3.1997 . Terren L, Soler-i-Martí R. Glocal and Transversal Engagement in Youth Social Movements: A Twitter-Based Case Study of Fridays For Future-Barcelona. Front Political Sci. 2021;3(August):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.635822 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The impact of climate change on food security and nutrition. FAO; 2021. https://www.fao.org . Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Bain PG, Fielding KS. Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nat Clim Change. 2016;6(6):622–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2943 . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press; 2022. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ . International Labour Organization (ILO). (2023). Global employment trends for youth 2023: Technology and the future of jobs. ILO. https://www.ilo.org Lee TM, Markowitz EM, Howe PD, Ko CY, Leiserowitz AA. Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. Nat Clim Change. 2020;5(11):1014–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2728 . Leiserowitz A, Maibach E, Roser-Renouf C, Feinberg G, Rosenthal S. (2018). Climate change in the American mind: Data, trends, and psychological insights . Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. https://climatecommunication.yale.edu O’Brien K, Selboe E, Hayward BM. Exploring youth activism on climate change: Dutiful, disruptive, and dangerous dissent. Ecol Soc. 2020;25(3):20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11627-250320 . Stevenson KT, Peterson MN, Bondell HD, Mertig AG, Moore SE. Overcoming skepticism with education: Interventions that improve climate change literacy. Nat Clim Change. 2018;8(7):625–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0171-1 . United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2020). Gender equality in public administration. UNDP. https://www.undp.org World Bank. Population, total - Somalia. World Bank; 2022. https://data.worldbank.org . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 14 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 12 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7002089\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":501375474,\"identity\":\"483223ce-806c-413a-8189-3eddd3ca9e46\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Mohamed Muhudin Ali\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhDBzMAgAUQJDAwybOwNQAEDC+K18LDxHABpkSBSC5gL0ghhYwe67b0HP92osI42uN1jeOPhDjsePsnnVzf8KJBg4G/vTsCmxezMuWTpnDPpuRvunDG2SDyTzMMmnVN2swfoMIkzZzdg1XIjx0A6t+1w7oYbOWYSiW3MIC1pN3iAWgwkcnFpMf6d+w+upZ6HTfJM2s0/+LWYSec2wLUc5mGTYD92G68tZ86YWeccS8+deSOt2CKx7TgwkHPYbssYSPDg9MvxHuPbOTXWuX03kjfe/NlWLSfffvzZzTd/bOT423uxasEGeAzAJLHKQYD9ASmqR8EoGAWjYPgDACAlY4zALoHKAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"City University of Mogadishu\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mohamed\",\"middleName\":\"Muhudin\",\"lastName\":\"Ali\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":501375475,\"identity\":\"04658f04-201a-4ec8-adb2-00913818f9af\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Ali Ahmed Fodey\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"City University of Mogadishu\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Ali\",\"middleName\":\"Ahmed\",\"lastName\":\"Fodey\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-06-29 10:23:16\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7002089/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7002089/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":89658979,\"identity\":\"65dc449e-8310-402c-bc93-550b785b3d26\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-08-22 10:50:45\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1253938,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7002089/v1/6eb56c5a-1552-4a5d-b768-12676a3793b3.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Youth Perceptions of Climate Change in Southern Somalia\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1.0. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Somalia is characterized by a complex interplay of economic, social, and environmental factors that have shaped its development and ongoing conflicts. The region's economy is heavily dependent on nomadic pastoralism, with more than half of the population engaged in this traditional livelihood (Tempia et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e). Livestock trade, particularly cattle, plays a crucial role in the local economy, with traders adapting to market uncertainties and political instability through diversification strategies and social relationships (Little, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1992\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe area has been plagued by prolonged civil unrest for over two decades, leading to environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources. One significant issue is the rapid loss of woody biomass due to illegal charcoal production, which has been fueling war economies and supporting extremist groups like Al Shabaab (Rembold et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e). This environmental destruction has had severe consequences for the region's ecology and economy.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eInterestingly, despite the ongoing conflicts, Southern Somalia's urban areas have shown resilience and economic activity. Satellite imagery of night-time light emissions has been used to analyze economic patterns, revealing contrasts between stable northern regions and the more chaotic southern areas (Shortland et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e). The conflict has also led to the emergence of social orders of violence beyond the state, with non-state actors establishing alternative forms of authority and economic systems (Bakonyi \\u0026amp; Stuv\\u0026oslash;y, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eClimate change has significant impacts on South Central Somalia, particularly affecting food security, livelihoods, and environmental conditions. The region experiences severe weather events such as droughts and floods, which have devastating consequences for local communities (M. A. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Said, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). In Somalia, climate change has led to significant changes in precipitation and temperature patterns, resulting in land degradation and environmental challenges. These changes have caused water shortages and degradation of crops and livestock, ultimately leading to food insecurity and famine (Said, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). The Middle Shebelle region, in particular, has been severely affected by droughts, which have resulted in the deaths of children and mothers, as well as negative impacts on crops and cattle (M. A. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Interestingly, while the Somali people are aware of natural disasters like droughts and floods and have some capacity to deal with their consequences, the government lacks comprehensive environmental laws and strategic plans to prevent or control these disasters effectively. This lack of preparedness exacerbates the vulnerability of communities to climate change impacts (M. A. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe survey titled \\\"Youth Perception on Climate Change: A Study in Southern Somalia\\\" aims to evaluate young people's awareness of climate change and its causes, understand their views on human contributions to this issue, and document the impacts they have observed in their region. It explores the perceived economic effects of climate change, particularly on agricultural productivity and food security, while also collecting demographic data to contextualize responses. Additionally, the survey seeks to provide insights that can inform policies and awareness campaigns, ultimately contributing to research that supports climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Southern Somalia.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Somalia is facing significant challenges due to the impacts of climate change, including increased droughts, flooding, and resource scarcity, which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Despite the critical role that youth play in addressing these issues, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their perceptions, attitudes, and responses to climate change. This gap in knowledge hampers the development of effective policies and interventions that engage young people in climate action. Without recognizing the insights and experiences of youth, community resilience efforts may be undermined, limiting the potential for innovative solutions and hindering progress toward sustainable development. Therefore, it is essential to investigate youth perceptions of climate change in Southern Somalia to inform targeted strategies that enhance their involvement and support adaptive measures in their communities.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2.0. Literature review\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.1. Global Context of Youth and Climate Change\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.1. Overview of how youth worldwide perceive climate change.\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYouth worldwide perceive climate change as one of the most significant threats to their future, driving them to take action and demand change on a global scale. The climate crisis has galvanized young people to become agents of change in the global climate change arena, with many participating in climate strikes and other forms of activism (Han \\u0026amp; Ahn, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). Young people are using digital platforms to perform climate activism and construct new political subjectivities through affective investments (Rousell et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). This digital engagement allows youth to dramatize climate change and elaborate speculative performances of this complex philosophical problem. Additionally, Indigenous youth are playing a crucial role in climate governance, particularly in remote communities where their expertise and engagement can help offset climate anxiety(MacKay et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eInterestingly, while youth are at the forefront of climate activism, they face significant challenges. These include being bombarded by fossil fuel corporations sponsoring climate change education and experiencing \\\"youth-washing\\\" at international gatherings (Sloan Morgan et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). Moreover, anti-protest laws and media shaping of public perceptions pose context-specific challenges to youth climate activism in countries like Australia (Sloan Morgan et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn conclusion, youth worldwide perceive climate change as an urgent issue requiring immediate action. Their involvement ranges from digital activism to participation in global forums like COP24. However, they also face obstacles in converting their moral legitimacy into the power required for sweeping changes (Han \\u0026amp; Ahn, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). The Positive Youth Development framework offers promising approaches to support adolescents' and young adults' well-being and engagement in the context of climate change (Pereira \\u0026amp; Freire, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e), highlighting the need for a developmental perspective in addressing this global challenge.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.1.2. The role of young people in climate activism and policy advocacy on a global scale.\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYouth climate activism has emerged as a significant global movement, with young people under 25 increasingly advocating for climate action and policy changes. This movement has gained momentum through various strategies and platforms, transforming the debate on climate change, population, and women's empowerment (Sasser, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). The Global Climate Strike has brought youth climate activism to the forefront of social issues, particularly in Canada. Young activists have successfully leveraged social media as an effective tool for mobilizing support on national and global scales (Chia, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). This use of digital platforms has enabled youth to stage new possibilities for climate change education and activism, constructing new political subjectivities through affective investments (Rousell et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe Fridays for Future (FFF) movement, a major global climate movement, exemplifies the youth-led demand for systemic change and political action. In Finland, the FFF movement has shaped young people's perceptions of active citizenship, with media debates framing environmental citizenship in terms of sustainable lifestyles, active youth participation, and school attendance (Huttunen \\u0026amp; Albrecht, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similarly, the movement has grown into a network of local and national groups worldwide, demonstrating \\\"glocal\\\" and transversal dynamics in their activism (Terren \\u0026amp; Soler-i-Mart\\u0026iacute;, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, youth climate activists face several challenges. At the United Nations climate change negotiations (COPs), young activists express frustration with the process, highlighting how it perpetuates colonial power structures and marginalizes Indigenous peoples and others fighting for justice (Grosse \\u0026amp; Mark, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). Additionally, youth activists in Australia face context-specific challenges, including media influence on public perceptions and anti-protest laws that restrict their right to protest (Hohenhaus et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYouth climate activism represents a remarkable and important mass movement of our age, with young people engaging in massive mobilizations and school strikes globally. This movement reflects young people's diverse and intersecting motives for demonstrating climate action, challenging rigid understandings of youth political engagement (Bowman, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). As the youth climate justice movement grows, it is crucial to center Indigenous priorities and transform existing policymaking structures to address the root causes of the climate crisis (Grosse \\u0026amp; Mark, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e2.2. Local Impacts of Climate Change in Southern Somalia\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eClimate change poses significant challenges to Southern Somalia, particularly in terms of water resources, agriculture, and food security. The region faces recurrent droughts and floods, which have severe impacts on local communities and their livelihoods (M. M. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ali et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Rainfall patterns in Southern Somalia are becoming increasingly erratic. The rainfall probabilistic forecast for April-June 2024 indicates a high likelihood of above-normal rainfall, increasing flood risks. Concurrently, temperature forecasts project above-normal temperatures, potentially exacerbating drought conditions between rainy seasons (M. M. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). This variability is further supported by an analysis of the Lower Jubba region, which projected a decreasing trend in rainfall leading up to 2030, followed by an increase in 2050 and 2070 scenarios (Ajuang Ogallo et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). These climate challenges have direct impacts on food security and water resources. Recurrent droughts and floods disrupt agricultural production, decimate livestock, and displace vulnerable populations, particularly affecting rural and nomadic communities (M. M. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). The combination of floods, droughts, sea-level rise, and poor water quality affects both surface water and groundwater, leading to significant ecosystem and community impacts ( Ali et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSouthern Somalia faces a complex interplay of climate-related challenges, including drought, flooding, and temperature increases. These factors contribute to food insecurity, water scarcity, and displacement, creating a vicious cycle of vulnerability. Addressing these issues requires integrated approaches that combine immediate humanitarian assistance with long-term adaptation strategies (M. M. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ali et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Climate change has significantly affected Southern Somalia, with historical evidence pointing to a long-standing pattern of environmental changes in the region. Pastoralists in Sahelian Africa, including Somalia, have been adapting to climate variability for millennia, as evidenced by archaeological and paleo ecological data (Oba, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e)\\u003c/b\\u003e. This historical context provides valuable insights into the resilience and adaptive strategies of local communities.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eRecent climate data reveals concerning trends in Somalia. The region experiences average temperatures ranging from 25\\u0026deg;C to 30\\u0026deg;C, with significant seasonal variations affecting agriculture and water resources (M. M. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). Climate projections indicate a high likelihood of above-normal rainfall across much of Somalia, increasing flood risks, while also forecasting above-normal temperatures that could exacerbate drought conditions between rainy seasons (M. M. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). These climate trends, combined with ongoing political instability and weak governance, have created a perfect storm of challenges for the region.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe local impacts of climate change in Southern Somalia are multifaceted and severe. Recurrent droughts and floods have disrupted agricultural production, decimated livestock, and displaced vulnerable populations, particularly affecting rural and nomadic communities (M. M. Ahmed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). The region has experienced significant changes in precipitation and temperature, leading to land degradation, water shortages, and degradation of crops and livestock (Ajuang Ogallo et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). These environmental changes have had profound effects on food security, with famine being a direct consequence of climate-induced food insecurity in Somalia (Ajuang Ogallo et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e). Furthermore, climate extremes such as floods, droughts, and coastal marine severe systems have been associated with the destruction of property and livelihoods, loss of lives, migrations, and resource-based conflicts(Ajuang Ogallo et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3.0. Methodology\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.1. Research Design\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis study employed a quantitative research design through a structured survey questionnaire, aiming to gather measurable data on the perceptions and awareness of climate change among young people in Southern Somalia.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.2. Population and Sample\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe target population for the survey consisted of youth aged 15 to 24 in Southern Somalia, with a sample size of approximately 485 respondents aimed at ensuring statistical significance and adequate representation across various demographic groups. To achieve this, stratified random sampling was employed, which ensured that the sample reflected diversity in terms of age, sex, and educational level. This method facilitated the capture of a wide range of perspectives within the youth population, providing a comprehensive understanding of their views on climate change.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.3. Data Collection Instrument\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA structured survey questionnaire was developed, featuring multiple-choice questions, Likert scales, and open-ended questions to gather a comprehensive range of data. Key sections of the questionnaire included demographic information such as age, sex, educational level, and monthly allowance. It also assessed the respondents' awareness of climate change, their perceptions regarding human contributions to this issue, and the impacts of climate change they have observed in their region. Additionally, the questionnaire explored the perceived economic impacts of climate change, providing valuable insights into the respondents' experiences and views.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.4. Pre-testing the Questionnaire\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA pilot test was conducted with a small group of youth, approximately 20\\u0026ndash;30 individuals, to identify any issues related to question clarity, format, and overall flow of the survey questionnaire. The feedback gathered from this pilot testing phase was instrumental in refining the questionnaire, ensuring that it effectively addressed the research objectives and was user-friendly for participants before proceeding with the full-scale survey. This step helped to enhance the reliability and validity of the data collection tool.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.5. Data Collection Procedure\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe survey was administered through both online and in-person methods to accommodate the varying levels of internet access among respondents, with in-person surveys conducted at community centers, schools, and youth organizations. To encourage participation, the survey was designed to take approximately 2\\u0026ndash;5 minutes to complete, which helped ensure a higher response rate. Ethical considerations were paramount; informed consent was obtained from all participants, guaranteeing confidentiality and emphasizing the voluntary nature of their participation. Participants were clearly informed about the purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at any time, fostering a respectful and transparent research environment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003e3.6. Data Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe collected data was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS or R. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize key demographic information, levels of awareness, and perceptions regarding climate change among the respondents. Additionally, inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and t-tests, were utilized to examine relationships between demographic variables and survey responses, allowing for a deeper understanding of how different factors influenced youth perceptions of climate change in Southern Somalia. This analytical approach provided robust insights into the data, supporting the study's objectives.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3.7. Ethical approval\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe ethical considerations for the survey titled \\\"Youth Perception on Climate Change: A Study in Southern Somalia\\\" were centered around several key principles. Informed consent was prioritized, ensuring participants understood the survey's purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the ability to withdraw at any time without penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained by not collecting personal identifiers and by securely storing data accessible only to authorized researchers. Participation was entirely voluntary, with participants encouraged to skip questions they found uncomfortable. The research team was culturally sensitive, ensuring questions were relevant and respectful of local customs, and the study received approval from the City University of Mogadishu Ethics Committee, aligning with established ethical standards. Additionally, responsible data management practices were implemented, with accurate reporting of findings to uphold integrity and transparency. These measures collectively aimed to protect the rights and well-being of participants while contributing valuable insights into youth perceptions of climate change.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4.0. Findings and discussions \",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1 Findings\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.1 Demographic section\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe survey of 536 respondents in table 1 reveals a predominantly male population, with 70.1% identifying as male and 29.9% as female. Most participants fall within the 19-24 age range (62.7%), and nearly all (98.7%) have attended college or university, indicating a highly educated demographic. However, there is a stark disparity in monthly allowances: 53.0% receive less than $1, while only 15.1% earn more than $20, suggesting economic challenges despite high educational attainment. Descriptive statistics show a mean educational level of 3.97, reflecting this high education, alongside considerable variability in monthly allowances (mean of 2.18) and a standard deviation of 1.785, highlighting the diversity in financial support among respondents.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 1: Summary of Demographic and Economic Statistics Among Respondents\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStatistics\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSex\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAge Interval\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEducational Level\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMonthly Allowance\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eN\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValid: 376 (70.1%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValid: 32 (6.0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValid: 2 (0.4%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValid: 284 (53.0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"5\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFemale: 160 (29.9%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19 - 24: 336 (62.7%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSecondary: 5 (0.9%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$1 - $5: 145 (27.1%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal: 536 (100.0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOlder 24: 168 (31.3%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCollege: 529 (98.7%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$5 - $10: 7 (1.3%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal: 536 (100.0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal: 536 (100.0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$10 - $15: 7 (1.3%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$15 - $20: 12 (2.2%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMore than $20: 81 (15.1%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStd. Deviation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.458\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.556\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.265\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.785\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRange\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.2. Awareness of Climate Change\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe survey of 536 respondents reveals a predominantly young, educated male population with a mean awareness of climate change at 2.31, indicating that participants generally fall between \\u0026quot;moderately aware\\u0026quot; and \\u0026quot;very aware,\\u0026quot; with a median of 2.00 suggesting that half rate their awareness as at least moderate. The average monthly allowance is low, at 2.18, corresponding to a range between \\u0026quot;$1 - $5\\u0026quot; and \\u0026quot;$5 - $10,\\u0026quot; with a median of 1.00 indicating that many receive less than $1 per month. This financial situation reflects significant economic challenges despite high educational attainment, as evidenced by a mean educational level of 3.97, indicating that most respondents have completed college or university. Overall, there is notable variability in both financial support and awareness levels, highlighting diverse experiences among the participants.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 2: Summary of Respondent Statistics on Climate Change Awareness\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"555\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 555px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStatistics\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 111px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHow aware are you of climate change?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMonthly Allowance\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 83px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAge interval\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEducational Level\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 49px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eN\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 83px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMissing\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 83px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 111px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 83px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.97\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 111px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMedian\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 83px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 111px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMode\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 83px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 111px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStd. Deviation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.763\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.785\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.458\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 83px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.556\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.265\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 3 illustrates the distribution of climate change awareness across different age intervals among 536 respondents. The 15-19 age group, consisting of 32 individuals, shows a significant level of awareness, with 5 \\u0026quot;extremely aware,\\u0026quot; 18 \\u0026quot;very aware,\\u0026quot; and 9 \\u0026quot;moderately aware,\\u0026quot; but no one classified as \\u0026quot;slightly\\u0026quot; or \\u0026quot;not at all aware.\\u0026quot; The 19-24 age group is the largest, with 336 respondents, indicating the highest levels of awareness: 43 are \\u0026quot;extremely aware,\\u0026quot; 159 \\u0026quot;very aware,\\u0026quot; and 112 \\u0026quot;moderately aware,\\u0026quot; alongside 13 \\u0026quot;slightly aware\\u0026quot; and 9 \\u0026quot;not at all aware.\\u0026quot; In contrast, the older than 24 age group, comprising 168 respondents, shows lower awareness levels, with only 11 \\u0026quot;extremely aware\\u0026quot; and 108 \\u0026quot;very aware,\\u0026quot; but with no individuals falling into the \\u0026quot;slightly\\u0026quot; or \\u0026quot;not at all aware\\u0026quot; categories. Overall, the data suggests that awareness of climate change peaks in the 19-24 age range, while younger and older age groups also demonstrate considerable awareness.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 3: Crosstabulation of Age Interval and Awareness of Climate Change\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"704\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"8\\\" valign=\\\"bottom\\\" style=\\\"width: 704px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCount\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 153px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 482px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHow aware are you of climate change?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eExtremely aware\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 82px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVery aware\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eModerately aware\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSlightly aware\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNot at all aware\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"width: 85px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAge interval\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 68px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15 - 19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 82px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 68px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e19 - 24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 82px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e159\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e112\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e336\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 68px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOlder 24\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 82px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e108\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e168\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 153px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e59\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 82px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e285\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e170\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 99px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe Chi-Square Tests results indicate a significant association between the analyzed variables, with a Pearson Chi-Square value of 24.603 and an asymptotic significance (p-value) of .002, suggesting strong evidence against the null hypothesis. The likelihood ratio further supports this finding, yielding a value of 32.303 and a p-value of .000, indicating a highly significant relationship. However, the linear-by-linear association shows a p-value of .438, which suggests no significant linear trend among the variables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 4: Results of Chi-Square Tests for Association Between Variables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"396\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 396px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChi-Square Tests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValue\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003edf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePearson Chi-Square\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e24.603\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLikelihood Ratio\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e32.303\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.601\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.438\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eN of Valid Cases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 396px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ea. 5 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .54.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.3. Perception of Human Contributions to Climate Change\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe survey results in table 5 from 536 respondents indicate a strong skepticism regarding the belief that human activities are the main cause of climate change. While the mean response is 3.44 and the median and mode are both 4, suggesting a slight tendency towards agreement, the overwhelming majority\\u0026mdash;73.3%\\u0026mdash;disagrees with the statement, and only 9.9% strongly agree. A small fraction, 5.8%, remains neutral, and just 0.6% strongly disagrees. The standard deviation of 1.031 reflects moderate variability in responses, and the range of 4 highlights a diverse spectrum of opinions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 5: Summary of Survey Responses on the Belief in Human Activities as the Main Cause of Climate Change\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStatistics\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eValue/Frequency\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eN\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValid: 536 (100.0%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStrongly agree: 53 (9.9%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAgree: 56 (10.4%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNeutral: 31 (5.8%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDisagree: 393 (73.3%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStrongly disagree: 3 (0.6%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMean\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.44\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMedian\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMode\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStd. Deviation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.031\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eRange\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe Independent Samples Test results indicate no significant difference in means between the two groups based on sex. Levene\\u0026apos;s Test for Equality of Variances shows an F-value of 0.012 with a significance of 0.912, confirming that the variances are equal. The t-test yields a t-value of 0.056 with 107 degrees of freedom and a p-value of 0.956, suggesting that the difference in means is not statistically significant. The mean difference is a mere 0.002 with a standard error of 0.036, and the 95% confidence interval for the difference ranges from -0.070 to 0.074, which includes zero. Overall, these findings indicate that there is no meaningful difference in responses based on sex.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"673\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"12\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 673px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIndependent Samples Test\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 139px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 128px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLevene\\u0026apos;s Test for Equality of Variances\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"8\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 406px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003et-test for Equality of Means\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSig.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 44px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003et\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 44px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003edf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean Difference\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStd. Error Difference\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 128px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e95% Confidence Interval of the Difference\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 1px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLower\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUpper\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 1px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 32px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSex\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEqual variances assumed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.012\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.912\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 44px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.056\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 44px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e107\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.956\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.036\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-.070\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.074\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 1px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 107px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEqual variances not assumed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 44px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.056\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 44px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e106.276\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 61px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.956\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.002\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.036\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-.070\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 64px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.074\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 1px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 6: Independent Samples Test\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.4. Impacts of Climate Change\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe data in table 6, based on responses from 536 participants, reveals that climate change is perceived to have significant impacts in the region, with a mean score of 4.16 on a scale likely ranging from 1 to 7. This score is accompanied by a standard deviation of 2.007, indicating varied perceptions among respondents. In contrast, the perceived impact of climate change on economic growth is notably lower, with a mean of 2.32 and a smaller standard deviation of 1.330, suggesting more consensus on this issue. The range of responses also reflects broader opinions on climate impacts compared to the more uniform views on economic growth, highlighting a general concern for environmental changes while viewing their economic effects as less severe.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 7:Climate Change Impact Survey Results\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"461\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 461px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eStatistics\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 167px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWhat are the most noticeable impacts of climate change you have observed in your region?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHow do you think climate change will impact the economic growth of your region?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 74px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eN\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValid\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 93px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMissing\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 167px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMean\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.16\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.32\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 167px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eStd. Deviation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.007\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.330\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 167px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRange\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 147px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe crosstabulation data in table 8 reveals how respondents perceive the impacts of climate change and its effects on economic growth, with a total of 536 responses. Notably, \\u003cstrong\\u003e91 participants\\u003c/strong\\u003e identified \\u0026quot;more frequent and intense droughts\\u0026quot; as a significant impact, with \\u003cstrong\\u003e47\\u003c/strong\\u003e linking it to reduced agricultural productivity. Similarly, \\u0026quot;increased flooding\\u0026quot; was mentioned by \\u003cstrong\\u003e73\\u003c/strong\\u003e, with \\u003cstrong\\u003e27\\u003c/strong\\u003e associating it with reduced agricultural productivity and \\u003cstrong\\u003e20\\u003c/strong\\u003e with increased food insecurity. Other observed impacts include \\u0026quot;rising sea levels\\u0026quot; (34 responses), \\u0026quot;changes in rainfall patterns\\u0026quot; (43 responses), and \\u0026quot;more extreme weather events\\u0026quot; (52 responses). The findings suggest a strong concern regarding how these climate-related challenges affect economic issues, particularly highlighting the connections between reduced agricultural productivity, increased food insecurity, and broader economic implications like increased poverty.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 8: Cross-tabulation of Observed Climate Change Impacts and Perceived Economic Growth Effects\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"626\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"8\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 626px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCross-tabulation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"8\\\" valign=\\\"bottom\\\" style=\\\"width: 626px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCount\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 231px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"5\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 347px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHow do you think climate change will impact the economic growth of your region?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"2\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eReduced agricultural productivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIncreased food insecurity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDisplacement of people due to environmental changes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDamage to infrastructure\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIncreased poverty\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd rowspan=\\\"6\\\" style=\\\"width: 115px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWhat are the most noticeable impacts of climate change you have observed in your region?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMore frequent and intense droughts\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e91\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIncreased flooding\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e73\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRising sea levels\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eChanges in rainfall patterns\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e43\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMore extreme weather events (e.g., cyclones, heatwaves).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e52\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 116px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e102\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e243\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"width: 231px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTotal\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e215\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e94\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e107\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 48px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe Chi-Square tests in table 9 reveal a significant association between the perceived impacts of climate change and their effects on economic growth, with a Pearson Chi-Square value of \\u003cstrong\\u003e47.466\\u003c/strong\\u003e and a p-value of \\u003cstrong\\u003e.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e, indicating that the observed distribution of responses is unlikely to be due to chance. The likelihood ratio test supports this finding, also showing a significant result with a value of \\u003cstrong\\u003e47.260\\u003c/strong\\u003e and a p-value of \\u003cstrong\\u003e.001\\u003c/strong\\u003e. However, the linear-by-linear association value of \\u003cstrong\\u003e0.757\\u003c/strong\\u003e and a p-value of \\u003cstrong\\u003e.384\\u003c/strong\\u003e suggest that the relationship is not straightforwardly linear. While the analysis is based on \\u003cstrong\\u003e536 valid cases\\u003c/strong\\u003e, it\\u0026apos;s worth noting that \\u003cstrong\\u003e10% of the cells\\u003c/strong\\u003e have expected counts less than five, which may influence the reliability of the results. Overall, these findings underscore the need for deeper exploration into how different climate change impacts are perceived to affect economic growth.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 9: Chi-Square Test Results for Climate Change Impacts and Economic Growth Perceptions\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"396\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 396px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eChi-Square Tests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eValue\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003edf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAsymp. Sig. (2-sided)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePearson Chi-Square\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47.466\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLikelihood Ratio\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e47.260\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLinear-by-Linear Association\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.757\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.384\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 163px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eN of Valid Cases\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e536\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 67px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 98px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"4\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 396px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ea. 3 cells (10.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.54.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.2. Discussions\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.1 Demographic Section\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe demographic data in Table 1 reveals several critical insights about the survey respondents. The predominantly male composition (70.1%) aligns with studies suggesting that men often dominate participation in studies conducted in certain contexts, particularly in developing countries where traditional gender roles may influence survey participation (UNDP, 2020). The high concentration of participants in the 19\\u0026ndash;24 age range (62.7%) reflects a youthful demographic, which is consistent with national population statistics showing that younger age groups often constitute a significant portion of the population in developing nations like Somalia (World Bank, 2022).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe remarkable educational attainment (98.7% having attended college or university) underscores the survey\\u0026apos;s focus on a highly educated demographic. Research indicates that higher education levels are often associated with greater awareness and engagement in addressing societal challenges, including climate change (Lee et al., 2020). However, the stark economic disparity revealed by monthly allowance statistics\\u0026mdash;53.0% receiving less than $1 monthly\\u0026mdash;raises concerns about underemployment and limited economic opportunities for educated youth. This pattern echoes findings by the International Labor Organization (2023), which highlights the mismatch between educational attainment and economic opportunities in low-income countries.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.2 Awareness of Climate Change\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe data on climate change awareness reveals an encouraging trend, with most respondents reporting moderate to high levels of awareness. The peak in awareness among the 19\\u0026ndash;24 age group aligns with previous research indicating that younger, educated populations are more likely to be aware of and concerned about environmental issues (Stevenson et al., 2018). The strong association between age and awareness, as indicated by the chi-square test (p = .002), suggests that targeted educational efforts in higher education institutions are effective in raising awareness.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDespite the encouraging awareness levels, economic challenges likely hinder active engagement in climate action. Low monthly allowances, as highlighted earlier, may limit the ability of individuals to invest in sustainable practices or participate in environmental initiatives. This finding aligns with research by O\\u0026rsquo;Brien et al. (2020), which highlights the importance of economic empowerment in fostering meaningful climate action at the individual level.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.3 Perception of Human Contributions to Climate Change\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe skepticism regarding human contributions to climate change (73.3% disagreeing) presents a significant challenge. This finding contrasts with global trends, where increased education typically correlates with a stronger acceptance of anthropogenic climate change (Hornsey et al., 2016). It suggests a gap between educational attainment and effective communication of scientific evidence in the surveyed context. Cultural factors, limited access to credible information, and the influence of misinformation may contribute to this discrepancy (Leiserowitz et al., 2018).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e4.1.4 Impacts of Climate Change\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePerceptions of climate change impacts, as detailed in Table 7 and Table 8, highlight significant regional concerns, including frequent droughts, increased flooding, and changes in rainfall patterns. These findings align with regional climate projections, which predict heightened vulnerabilities to extreme weather events due to climate change (IPCC, 2022). The observed link between these impacts and economic growth challenges\\u0026mdash;such as reduced agricultural productivity and increased food insecurity\\u0026mdash;underscores the complex interplay between environmental and economic factors.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe chi-square test results (p = .001) confirm the significant association between perceived climate impacts and economic outcomes, highlighting the importance of addressing these intertwined challenges. For instance, studies by the FAO (2021) emphasize the need for adaptive strategies in agriculture to mitigate the dual impacts of climate change and food insecurity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"5.0. Conclusion and recommendation\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe demographic analysis highlights a youthful and highly educated population, with 62.7% aged 19–24 and 98.7% having attended college or university. This points to significant human capital with the potential to drive societal change, particularly in addressing pressing issues like climate change. However, the striking economic disparity—53.0% of respondents receiving less than $1 per month—underscores a troubling gap between educational attainment and economic opportunity. This financial struggle may hinder the full realization of the demographic's potential, especially in contributing to climate action and sustainable development. Actionable Recommendations include :\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003col start=\\\"1\\\" type=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEmpower Economic Opportunities for Youth\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\n \\u003cul type=\\\"circle\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePolicy Action\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Governments and stakeholders should create job opportunities and programs aimed at youth, particularly in sectors like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and technology.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInternational Support\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Encourage international donors and organizations to invest in entrepreneurship and skills-building initiatives for young professionals.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003c/ul\\u003e\\n \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eLeverage Education for Climate Action\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\n \\u003cul type=\\\"circle\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCurriculum Enhancement\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Integrate practical and localized climate change solutions into higher education curricula to equip students with actionable skills.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCommunity Engagement\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Facilitate university-led outreach programs to translate students' knowledge into tangible community benefits, such as climate adaptation projects.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003c/ul\\u003e\\n \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAddress Financial Constraints\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\n \\u003cul type=\\\"circle\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eScholarship Programs\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Expand scholarships or stipends for economically disadvantaged but academically qualified students to reduce the financial barriers they face.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMicrofinance Initiatives\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Implement microfinance programs for young graduates to encourage small business creation, particularly in green industries.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003c/ul\\u003e\\n \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ePromote Gender Balance in Participation\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\n \\u003cul type=\\\"circle\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTargeted Outreach\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Develop targeted campaigns to encourage female participation in surveys and programs, addressing barriers such as cultural norms or safety concerns.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCapacity Building for Women\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Create initiatives that provide leadership training and financial resources to empower young women to take active roles in societal development.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003c/ul\\u003e\\n \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMonitor and Evaluate Socio-Economic Impacts\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\n \\u003cul type=\\\"circle\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData-Driven Policies\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Conduct periodic demographic and economic surveys to assess progress and adapt policies to better align with the needs of the youth.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eImpact Studies\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Initiate longitudinal studies to track the effects of economic interventions on the lives of educated youth, particularly in fostering climate resilience and sustainable development.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003c/ul\\u003e\\n \\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDisclosure of interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThere is no competing interest between the authors\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMohamed Muhudin Ali was solely responsible for all aspects of this research, including conceptualization, methodology design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of results. Additionally, he drafted, revised, and finalized the manuscript, ensuring its accuracy and integrity.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics Statement:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Ethical approval for this study was granted by the City University Institutional Review Board (IRB) in accordance with its ethical guidelines and regulations of Declaration of Helsinki and institutional ethical regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the research.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent to Participate\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants aged 16 and above included in the study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent to Publish\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll participants provided informed consent for publication of the research findings, with the understanding that all data would be anonymized and no personally identifiable information would be disclosed.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDeclaration of funding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNo fund for this research\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData Availability Statement:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files, if applicable. Additional datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLittle PD. Traders, brokers and market \\u0026lsquo;crisis\\u0026rsquo;. South Somalia Afr. 1992;62(1):94\\u0026ndash;124. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2307/1160065\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.2307/1160065\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRousell D, Wijesinghe T, Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles A, Osborn M. Digital media, political affect, and a youth to come: rethinking climate change education through Deleuzian dramatisation. Educational Rev. 2021;75(1):33\\u0026ndash;53. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1965959\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1080/00131911.2021.1965959\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eOba G. (2014). Climate Change Adaptation in Africa. routledge. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4324/9781315794907\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.4324/9781315794907\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFood and Agriculture Organization. (2023). \\u003cem\\u003eSomalia: Building resilience in agriculture\\u003c/em\\u003e. Retrieved from \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.fao.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.fao.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eIbrahim A, Hassan M. Climate education gaps in East Africa: Addressing misconceptions in local contexts. Int J Environ Stud. 2022;79(2):154\\u0026ndash;72.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eUnited Nations Development Programme. (2023). \\u003cem\\u003eEnhancing climate literacy in vulnerable regions\\u003c/em\\u003e. Retrieved from \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.undp.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.undp.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWorld Bank. (2023). \\u003cem\\u003eSomalia economic outlook: Challenges and opportunities for youth\\u003c/em\\u003e. Retrieved from \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.worldbank.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.worldbank.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAhmed MA, Mohamed MH, Parvin MM, Ilić P. The Recurrence of Natural Disasters in Jowhar, Middle Shabelle Region, Somalia: The Causes and Impacts. J Environ Prot. 2022;13(09):657\\u0026ndash;70. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.139042\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.4236/jep.2022.139042\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAhmed MM, Asowe HA, Dirie NI, Mohamud AK, Lucero-Prisno III, Okesanya DE, Ogaya OJ, Musa JB, Musa SS, Othman MK, Shomuyiwa ZK, D., Abdulsalam A. (2024). The Nexus of Climate Change, Food Insecurity, and Conflict in Somalia: A Comprehensive Analysis of Multifaceted Challenges and Resilience Strategies. \\u003cem\\u003eF1000Research\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003e13\\u003c/em\\u003e, 913. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.154400.1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.12688/f1000research.154400.1\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAjuang Ogallo L, Omondi P, Ouma G, Wayumba G. Climate Change Projections and the Associated Potential Impacts for Somalia. Am J Clim Change. 2018;07(02):153\\u0026ndash;70. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2018.72011\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.4236/ajcc.2018.72011\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAli AI, Kassem Y, G\\u0026ouml;k\\u0026ccedil;ekuş H. Examining the impact of climate change on water resources in Somalia: The role of adaptation. Future Technol. 2023;2(4):45\\u0026ndash;58. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.2.4.5\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.55670/fpll.futech.2.4.5\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBakonyi J, Stuv\\u0026oslash;y K. Violence \\u0026amp; social order beyond the state: Somalia \\u0026amp; Angola. Rev Afr Polit Econ. 2005;32(104\\u0026ndash;105):359\\u0026ndash;82. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/03056240500329379\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1080/03056240500329379\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBowman B. Imagining future worlds alongside young climate activists: A new framework for research. Fennia. 2019;197(2):295\\u0026ndash;305. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.11143/fennia.85151\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.11143/fennia.85151\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eChia J. (2021). Social Media and the Global Climate Strike: A tool for youth climate change activists and politicians. Sojourners Undergrad J Sociol, 18\\u0026ndash;39.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGrosse C, Mark B. A colonized COP: Indigenous exclusion and youth climate justice activism at the United Nations climate change negotiations. J Hum Rights Environ. 2020;11(3 Special Issue):146\\u0026ndash;70. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2020.03.07\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.4337/jhre.2020.03.07\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHan H, Ahn SW. Youth mobilization to stop global climate change: narratives and impact. Renew Resour J. 2020;34(4):2\\u0026ndash;12.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHohenhaus M, Rutherford S, Boddy J, Borkoles E. Climate warriors down under: Contextualising Australia\\u0026rsquo;s youth climate justice movement. Npj Clim Action. 2023;2(1):1\\u0026ndash;6. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-023-00085-y\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/s44168-023-00085-y\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHuttunen J, Albrecht E. The framing of environmental citizenship and youth participation in the Fridays for Future Movement in Finland. Fennia. 2021;199(1):46\\u0026ndash;60. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.11143/FENNIA.102480\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.11143/FENNIA.102480\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMacKay M, Parlee B, Karsgaard C. Youth engagement in climate change action: Case study on indigenous youth at COP24. Sustain (Switzerland). 2020;12(16):1\\u0026ndash;17. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/SU12166299\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3390/SU12166299\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePereira T, Freire T. Positive Youth Development in the Context of Climate Change: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2021;12(November). \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.786119\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fpsyg.2021.786119\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRembold F, Oduori SM, Gadain H, Toselli P. Mapping charcoal driven forest degradation during the main period of al shabaab control in southern somalia. Energy Sustain Dev. 2013;17(5):510\\u0026ndash;4. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.07.001\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.esd.2013.07.001\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSaid M. Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on Food Security in Somalia. Biotechnol Bioprocess. 2023;4(1):01\\u0026ndash;6. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/087\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.31579/2766-2314/087\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSasser JS. The wave of the future? Youth advocacy at the nexus of population and climate change. Geogr J. 2014;180(2):102\\u0026ndash;10. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12023\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/geoj.12023\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eShortland A, Christopoulou K, Makatsoris C. War and famine, peace and light? The economic dynamics of conflict in Somalia 1993\\u0026ndash;2009. J Peace Res. 2013;50(5):545\\u0026ndash;61. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313492991\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1177/0022343313492991\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSloan Morgan O, Melchior F, Thomas K, McNab-Coombs L. Youth and climate justice: Representations of young people in action for sustainable futures. Geogr J. 2024;190(1):1\\u0026ndash;9. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12547\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/geoj.12547\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTempia S, Braidotti F, Aden HH, Abdulle MH, Costagli R, Otieno FT. Mapping cattle trade routes in southern Somalia: A method for mobile livestock keeping systems. OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2010;29(3):485\\u0026ndash;95. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.20506/rst.29.3.1997\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.20506/rst.29.3.1997\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eTerren L, Soler-i-Mart\\u0026iacute; R. Glocal and Transversal Engagement in Youth Social Movements: A Twitter-Based Case Study of Fridays For Future-Barcelona. Front Political Sci. 2021;3(August):1\\u0026ndash;15. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.635822\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.3389/fpos.2021.635822\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The impact of climate change on food security and nutrition. FAO; 2021. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.fao.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.fao.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHornsey MJ, Harris EA, Bain PG, Fielding KS. Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nat Clim Change. 2016;6(6):622\\u0026ndash;6. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2943\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/nclimate2943\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press; 2022. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eInternational Labour Organization (ILO). (2023). Global employment trends for youth 2023: Technology and the future of jobs. ILO. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.ilo.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.ilo.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLee TM, Markowitz EM, Howe PD, Ko CY, Leiserowitz AA. Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. Nat Clim Change. 2020;5(11):1014\\u0026ndash;20. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2728\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/nclimate2728\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLeiserowitz A, Maibach E, Roser-Renouf C, Feinberg G, Rosenthal S. (2018). \\u003cem\\u003eClimate change in the American mind: Data, trends, and psychological insights\\u003c/em\\u003e. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://climatecommunication.yale.edu\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://climatecommunication.yale.edu\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eO\\u0026rsquo;Brien K, Selboe E, Hayward BM. Exploring youth activism on climate change: Dutiful, disruptive, and dangerous dissent. Ecol Soc. 2020;25(3):20. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11627-250320\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.5751/ES-11627-250320\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eStevenson KT, Peterson MN, Bondell HD, Mertig AG, Moore SE. Overcoming skepticism with education: Interventions that improve climate change literacy. Nat Clim Change. 2018;8(7):625\\u0026ndash;8. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0171-1\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1038/s41558-018-0171-1\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2020). Gender equality in public administration. UNDP. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.undp.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.undp.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWorld Bank. Population, total - Somalia. World Bank; 2022. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://data.worldbank.org\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://data.worldbank.org\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-environment\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Environment](https://www.springer.com/44274/)\",\"snPcode\":\"44274\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44274/3\",\"title\":\"Discover Environment\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Climate change, droughts, floods, climate education, green jobs, sustainable development, economic disparities, Paris Agreement, resilience\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7002089/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7002089/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study explores youth perceptions of climate change in Southern Somalia, emphasizing their critical role in addressing the region's vulnerabilities, including frequent droughts, flooding, and resource scarcity. While climate change impacts in Somalia are well-documented, including erratic rainfall patterns (Ajuang Ogallo et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e) and socio-economic disparities, youth perspectives remain underexplored. Global evidence highlights the vital contributions of youth in climate advocacy (Han \\u0026amp; Ahn, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), yet in Somalia, 53% of educated youth earn less than \\u003cspan\\u003e$\\u003c/span\\u003e1 per month (World Bank, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e), indicating economic challenges that may hinder their engagement in climate action. Addressing this gap, the study assessed youth awareness of climate change, perceptions of human contributions, and observed impacts, while identifying implications for policy and practice.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA quantitative survey was conducted with 536 respondents aged 15\\u0026ndash;24, selected through stratified random sampling to ensure demographic diversity. Data analysis using SPSS revealed moderate to high awareness of climate change among most participants, with younger respondents (19\\u0026ndash;24) demonstrating the highest awareness. Droughts and floods were identified as the most significant impacts, yet misconceptions about human contributions to climate change persisted among 73.3% of respondents. Economic disparities, despite high education levels, further complicate youth engagement in climate initiatives. The findings underscore the need for targeted climate education programs, particularly for older demographics, and the integration of youth insights into national strategies. Promoting economic opportunities through green job creation and aligning policies with global frameworks like the Paris Agreement can enhance resilience, support sustainable development, and empower youth in climate action.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Youth Perceptions of Climate Change in Southern Somalia\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-08-22 10:34:40\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7002089/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2025-10-08T08:03:28+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-10-07T20:10:48+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"307515527529176768101177699440657522193\",\"date\":\"2025-10-07T04:18:27+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"310454366944306744010157766652368494281\",\"date\":\"2025-10-02T04:32:33+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"213005117824948090948061206881358671964\",\"date\":\"2025-10-01T17:18:40+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"51219042510982027035605114194723811226\",\"date\":\"2025-10-01T10:02:44+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"152150918487122330458081264810082940646\",\"date\":\"2025-09-30T09:35:07+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-30T12:37:45+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"103307752652273056167164787740393339088\",\"date\":\"2025-08-17T00:27:25+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-14T09:07:08+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-14T08:56:48+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-12T06:28:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-08-11T18:37:38+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Discover Environment\",\"date\":\"2025-08-11T18:34:39+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"discover-environment\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Discover Environment](https://www.springer.com/44274/)\",\"snPcode\":\"44274\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44274/3\",\"title\":\"Discover Environment\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Discover Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"58c6a290-21c5-4f86-9748-9463ce33965e\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"August 22nd, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"under-review\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-05-05T07:38:37+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-08-22 10:34:40\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7002089\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7002089\",\"identity\":\"rs-7002089\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}