{"paper_id":"0b2bb310-c0ca-4e16-96cb-6532cc275018","body_text":"Superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric based on peanut shell porous carbon | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric based on peanut shell porous carbon Meiran Dou, Lihui Xu, Tong Xu, Hong Pan, Yingxiu Zhang, Rui Zhang, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6168785/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Cellulose → Version 1 posted 2 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The increasing demand for electronic products has exacerbated the phenomenon of electromagnetic pollution, which in turn has driven the development of high-performance flexible microwave absorbing materials. In this work, cotton fabrics were first modified with polydopamine (PDA). Afterwards, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and porous peanut shell carbon material (KPS) were applied to the modified cotton fabric. The prepared fabric showed superhydrophobicity with a water droplet contact angle of 163.7°. The optimized fabric exhibited excellent wave-absorbing performance due t o the synergistic effect of conduction loss, interfacial polarization loss and surface roughness topography. At a matching thickness of 2.5 mm, the minimum reflection loss value reached 47.13 dB, and the effective bandwidth covered almost the entire X-band. PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had excellent UV resistance. Its UPF value is 1317.31, and the transmittance of UVA and UVB was 0.11% and 0.06%, respectively. In addition, the obtained cotton fabric was robust enough to withstand damage such as repeated rubbing and still maintained superhydrophobicity and microwave absorption properties. This study provided a promising and effective way to develop durable and flexible materials with microwave absorption properties. Waste peanut shells Peanut shell porous carbon Superhydrophobicity Microwave absorption Cotton fabrics Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction With the popularization of wireless communication devices, high-power signal transmitters and home network electronic devices, the threat of electronic radiation to human living environment and health is increasing(Green et al. 2018 ; Sun et al. 2019 ; Wei et al. 2020 ; Yu and Shao 2023 ). Therefore, the development of high-performance microwave absorbing materials to protect people from electromagnetic pollution has become the focus of research. Different types of microwave absorbing materials are developed based on their unique working mechanisms, such as magnetic loss materials(Miao et al. 2022 ; Ghosh et al. 2024 ) and dielectric loss materials(Jin et al. 2024 ; Tang et al. 2024 ; Xue et al. 2024 ). Among these materials, carbon is one of the most commonly used microwave absorbing materials because of its corrosion resistance, light weight, and diverse morphology and structure. In recent years, flexible wearable microwave-absorbing (MA) materials have received increasing attention due to their potential for a wide range of applications in electromagnetic wave shielding, aerospace, radar stealth, and several other fields(Qu et al. 2021 ). However, most of the existing MA materials are difficult to meet the demands of these applications due to high mechanical brittleness, large loading requirements, and narrow absorption bandwidths(Huang et al. 2019a ; He et al. 2024 ). Cotton fabrics are made from inexpensive and mass - produced natural fibers. They possess excellent properties such as heat resistance, alkali resistance, softness, and flexibility. Endowing cotton fabrics with superhydrophobicity can expand their application scope, such as in anti - fouling and oil - water separation. In contrast, fabric-based MA is materials ideal for the fabrication of flexible wearable MA materials due to excellent flexibility, easy-to-integrate molding structure, excellent mechanical and chemical resistance(Geng et al. 2019 ). For example, Tang et al(Tang et al. 2024 ).prepared ANF/rGO-PANi fabrics by wet spinning chemical reduction. The fabric showed a minimum reflection loss value of -52.3 dB and EAB of 4.8 GHz at a matched thickness of 2.5 mm. In addition, the degradation of the microwave absorption function of MA fabrics should also be considered due to different harsh conditions, which in turn reduces the service life. Therefore, endowing MA fabrics with superhydrophobic properties is one of the solutions to solve this problem. For example, Meng et al(Meng et al. 2024 )prepared rGO/LDH/PPy coated fabrics with superhydrophobicity and high electromagnetic wave absorption properties using hydrothermal and in situ growth methods. The fabric could reach − 44dB at a matched thickness of 3.5mm. Zhang et al(Zhang et al. 2024 ) developed a robust superhydrophobic and superior MA composite coating on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics with two-step coating technique. The fabric achieved a minimum reflection loss value of -47.4 dB and a water droplet contact angle of 159°. With the advancement of science and technology, consumers are placing higher demands on the functionality and durability of fabrics. Traditional fabrics have limitations in terms of durability, stain resistance, antimicrobial properties and weather resistance. To meet these demands, polydopamine (PDA), as a material with excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength, has gradually become an important choice for improving the performance of fabric(Gao et al. 2021 ; Wang et al. 2023 ; Yu et al. 2024 ). As reported in the literature, modifying fabrics by PDA can not only significantly enhance their physical durability(Ran et al. 2018 ; Duan et al. 2022 ; Cui et al. 2024 ), but also improve their UV resistance, hydrophobicity and antimicrobial properties. This modification technology can effectively extend the service life of functional fabrics and reduce the need for frequent replacement and cleaning, thus contributing to the sustainable development of textiles. In this study, a superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabric with durability was successfully prepared by a simple method based on peanut shell porous carbon. Briefly, the composite fabric consists of an inexpensive and flexible textile substrate, an interfacial layer of polydopamine (PDA), a porous peanut shell carbon material (KPS), and a low surface energy material such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In this approach, we prepared porous peanut shell carbon materials to provide the fabric with a certain degree of roughness and microwave absorption properties. PDMS can not only enable the fixation of KPS on the fabric, but also endow the fabric with a low surface energy, thereby enhancing its corrosion resistance. The results show that the obtained cotton fabric maintains good microwave absorption property and mechanical durability even after bending as well as rubbing. In addition, the materials used in this paper are all green and inexpensive, and the preparation method is simple. This superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabric has potential applications in the fields of waterproof materials, wearable electronic products, heaters, and so on. 2. Experimental 2.1 Materials Cotton woven fabric (specification 4cm×2cm, three-up-one-down left twill, warp and weft yarn densities of 16 and 12tex, respectively, warp and weft densities of 564 and 274rods/(10cm), respectively, and a face density of 320g/m 2 ), purchased from Shaoxing Guangmi Textile Co. Waste peanut shells were purchased from Nanyang market. Ethanol, potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company Limited. Dopamine and tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane were purchased from Shanghai McLean Biochemistry Co. 2.2. Preparation of KPS Firstly,the waste peanut shells were put into deionized water, and an appropriate amount of ethanol was added for repeated cleaning. Then, it was put into an 80℃ oven to be dried. After drying, the peanut shells are crushed into powder and passed through 80 mesh sieve; and then put the peanut shells powder into the tube furnace under the protection of N 2 heated to 600 ℃, holding temperature for two hours to get the initial carbonization of the peanut shells, which is recorded as CPS. In the CPS, add a certain amount of the activator KOH, making the ratio of carbon to alkali 1:3. Make the ratio of carbon and alkali 1:3, put it into the tube furnace under the protection of N 2 heated to a certain temperature, holding two hours to get the activated peanut shells porous carbon powder. The activated peanut shell carbon powder was neutralized with appropriate amount of dilute hydrochloric acid and cleaned with deionized water, and then put into the oven for drying and grinding to obtain peanut shell biomass carbon material, that is KPS. 2.3. Preparation of PDA-Cotton Firstly, the cotton fabric was ultrasonicated with deionized water and ethanol to remove surface impurities, which was recorded as Cotton. Secondly, a certain amount of Tris-HCl and dopamine (DA) powder was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water (DI) to obtain a DA solution with a pH of 8.5. Then clean and dry cotton fabric samples were immersed in the prepared DA solution and stirred at room temperature for 24 h, after which the dopamine self-polymerized into polydopamine (PDA). Finally, the PDA-modified cotton fabrics were dried under vacuum at 60°C for 1 h to obtain PDA-Cotton. 2.4. Preparation of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton PDMS and curing agent were mixed and stirred with tetrahydrofuran solution at a mass ratio of 10:1, ultrasonically dispersed and fully stirred to obtain a PDMS dispersion, which was recorded as solution A. A certain amount of peanut shells porous biomass carbon material (KPS) was put into the PDMS dispersion and fully stirred and ultrasonically stirred, and a dispersion of KPS and PDMS was obtained, which was recorded as solution B. PDA-Cotton was put into the solution B, and ultrasonicize for 30 min to obtain the cotton fabric loaded with KPS and PDMS. The above cotton fabric was put into an oven for pre-baking at 80 ℃ for 10 min and baking at 150 ℃ for 10 min to obtain PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton.The specific steps are shown in Fig. 1 . In order to compare and analyze the properties of the prepared cotton fabric, cotton was put into solution A, and carried out the same treatment steps as that of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDMS-Cotton was obtained. Cotton was put into solution B to obtain KPS/PDMS-Cotton. 2.5. Characterizations 2.5.1 SEM analysis Zeiss Sigma 300 scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the micro-morphology of samples. 2.5.2 AFM analysis The surface 3D morphology and roughness of different samples were tested using Bruker Dimension lcon type atomic force microscope. The samples of suitable size were fixed on a glass slide in tap mode with a scanning range of 5µm x5µm. 2.5.3 Contact analysis Water droplet contact angle of Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was determined by using a KRUSS DSA30S video contact angle meter. 2.5.4 TG analysis Thermal stability of Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was measured using a TGA 4000 thermogravimetric analyzer. 2.5.5 FT-IR analysis A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer model Nicolet IS 10 was used to analyze the changes in the surface chemical composition of Cotton、PDMS-Cotton、PDA-Cotton、KPS/PDMS-Cotton、and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in the range of 400 cm − 1 -4000 cm − 1 range were tested by infrared spectroscopy. 2.5.6 Wave Absorption Performance Test A vector network analyzer was used to test the microwave absorption properties of KPS, Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in the range of 8.2 GHz to 12.4 GHz. 2.5.7 UV resistance analysis According to the national standard GB/T18830-2009, the UV transmittance of the samples was tested by Labsphere UV2000 Textile Sun Protection Index Analyzer. Flat single-layer cotton fabrics were placed on the test holes and scanned in the wavelength range of 290 ~ 450 nm. Each cotton fabric sample was tested at five different positions, and the UV protection effect of the cotton fabric samples was evaluated by the UV transmittance T(UVA), T(UVB) and UV protection factor (UPF) values generated automatically by the testing system software. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Surface morphology analysis of fabrics Figure 2 shows the SEM images of the fabrics (Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton) prepared under different treatments, respectively. It can be clearly seen that the surface of the original cotton fabric has obvious pleated structure. The surface of PDMS-Cotton is smooth with a thin film. The surface of PDA-Cotton has smaller particles because the deposition of PDA gives the fabric a certain roughness. This proves that dopamine has been sorted onto the cotton fabric. The KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton surfaces have visible particles, which laterally proves that KPS has been successfully loaded onto the fabric. In addition, compared to KPS/PDMS-Cotton, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had significantly increased granularity. It was proved that the modified cotton fabrics were more adhesive to KPS as well as PDMS, allowing more KPS to be organized on the surface of the cotton fabrics. 3.2 Surface roughness analysis The specific surface area and pore size distribution of the samples were tested by N 2 absorption-adsorption isotherm as shown in Fig. 3(a,b). It was found that the specific surface area was as high as 1037.589 m 2 g − 1 . There existed microporous, mesoporous and macroporous pores at the same time, with rich pore structure. The KPS sample was loaded onto cotton fabrics to increase the contact area of the cotton fabrics with the air, which was conducive to the formation of superhydrophobic surfaces. In order to further investigate the effect of PDA and KPS on the surface roughness of the fabrics, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize Cotton, PDA/PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton. Figure 3(a) shows the AFM plot of the untreated cotton fabric, compared to which the surface morphology of the cotton fabrics treated with PDA, KPS/PDMS, and PDA/KPS/PDMS changed significantly. Figures 3(a)-(d) show the AFM plots of Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, where the Rq increased from 18.8 nm to 134.0 nm. From the plots, it can be seen that compared with Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton as well as PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton formed obvious rough structures on the surface, and the gaps of the surface rough structures became larger. What's more, KPS has a porous structure, and the stabilized air layer on the surface can completely isolate the droplets from the textile when the droplets fall. This allows the droplets to remain spherical and thus can form a superhydrophobic surface. 3.3 Chemical structure and composition The raw cotton fabric, PDMS-Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton were further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As can be seen in Fig. 4(b), there are mainly three distinct characteristic peaks in the raw cotton fabric at 3327 cm − 1 , 2922 cm − 1 , 1036 cm − 1 , corresponding to the stretching vibration of -OH, -CH 2 and C-O-C, respectively(Moiz et al. 2016; He and Guo 2022). The peak at 1631 cm − 1 of the PDA-modified cotton fabric, compared with the original cotton fabric, was mainly due to the -C = O group in the o-quinone structure formed by the oxidation of dopamine, which further verified the successful polymerization of DA on the surface of the modified fabric. The presence of aromatic ring in the PDA molecule, and the C = C telescopic vibration of the aromatic ring would cause the peak of the PDA-Cotton at 1427 cm − 1 (Zhang et al. 2019; Yan et al. 2020). The peaks of PDMS-Cotton at 2964 cm − 1 , 1265 cm − 1 and 800 cm − 1 are obvious compared to cotton fabrics(Tang and Liu 2023). At 2964 cm − 1 , the peak is enhanced by the C-H stretching vibration of -CH 3 introduced by PDMS. The peaks at 1265 cm − 1 and 800 cm − 1 correspond to the -Si-C bending vibration and Si-O-Si stretching vibration, respectively, which both indicate that PDMS has been successfully finished onto cotton fabrics. Raman analysis of KPS shows an I D /I G of 0.98. The higher degree of graphitization creates additional electron transfer pathways, which increases the conductive losses in KPS. However, the higher carbonization temperature leads to the presence of almost no chemical bonds on the surface of the carbon material. Therefore, when it is arranged onto the fabric, no new chemical bonds are formed. In addition, obvious PDMS peaks can be observed on both KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and there is also a peak of PDA that can be observed on PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which are indicative of the successful preparation of superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabrics. 3.4 TG analysis of fabrics Thermogravimetric analysis was used to test the thermal stability of different fabrics. In Fig. 5, it can be seen that all fabrics have a slight weight loss at 0-300°C, which is mainly due to evaporation of water and decomposition of impurities adsorbed on the surface of the fabrics decomposition of impurities adsorbed on the surface of the fabrics makes the fabrics have a certain amount of heat loss. Raw cotton fabric at 300℃-400℃ there will be a relatively large weight loss, which is mainly the pyrolysis of cellulose. Cellulose is the main component of cotton fibers. With the increase of temperature, cellulose chain began to break, glycosidic and ether bonds and other chemical bonds are also broken, resulting in the decomposition of cellulose and the reduction of quality. When the temperature reaches above 400°C, the residual portion of the original cotton fabric continues to decompose, and the carbon chain skeleton begins to oxidize, forming smaller molecules and gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, etc. The volatilization of these substances further leads to a reduction in the quality of the fabric. While the residual amount of PDMS-Cotton, PDA/PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are higher than the original cotton fabric. This is due to the fact that they showed higher thermal stability under high temperature conditions with some residual high temperature resistant organosilicon groups. Therefore, the TG results of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton showed that KPS as well as PDMS were successfully bound to the fabric surface. 3.5 Factors affecting the superhydrophobic wave-absorbing properties of fabrics In general, there are two necessary conditions for the formation of superhydrophobic surfaces: one is having a rough structure of micro and nano, and the other is having a low surface energy substance. The wave-absorbing properties of fabrics mainly come from peanut shell porous carbon materials (KPS), and the amount of KPS has an effect on the superhydrophobic wave-absorbing properties of fabrics. The peanut shell porous carbon material in this study not only provides a certain rough structure for the fabric, but also provides a certain microwave absorption property. In this study, PDMS, a fluorine-free substance, was used to provide a certain low surface energy to the fabric, and the cotton fabric was modified with PDA, and the strong adhesion of PDA mussels was utilized to laminate the PDMS as well as the KPS on the fabric to form a superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric with durability. Therefore, the deposition time of PDA, the amount of PDA, and the amount of PDMS are important factors affecting the superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric. In this study, the controlled variable method was used to investigate the effect of different variables on the water droplet contact angle and the minimum reflection loss value. With the increase of polydopamine (PDA) content, the water droplet contact angle of the fabric first increased and then decreased. The minimum reflection loss value first decreased and then increased. The reason is that PDA polymerizes on the fabric surface to form granular deposits, which increases the roughness of the fabric. With the increase of PDA content, the effect of low surface energy provided by PDMS is weakened and the distribution of KPS is limited, which leads to the decrease of contact angle and reflection loss value. When the KPS content was 0, the water droplet contact angle was 150.15° ± 0.3 and the fabric had almost no wave-absorbing properties. The self-polymerization of PDA on the fabric surface to form particles provided the rough structure. Combined with the low surface energy of PDMS, the fabric was endowed with superhydrophobicity, but the modified cotton fabric still did not have wave-absorbing properties. With the increase of KPS content, the water droplet contact angle firstly rises and then falls, and the value of minimum reflection loss firstly falls and then rises. Low surface energy and limited bonding at fixed PDMS content. Excessive KPS buildup on the fabric surface leads to insufficient low surface energy, which in turn decreases the contact angle. At the same time, it leads to a decrease in the minimum reflection loss value. When the PDMS content is 0, the fabric only has a rough surface without low surface energy, which does not meet one of the important conditions of superhydrophobic surface. From Fig. 6(c), it can be seen that the contact angle of water droplets of the fabric shows a first increase and then decrease with the increase of PDMS content, and the value of minimum reflection loss shows a first decrease and then increase. The experimental results show that when the content of PDA is 0.15%, the content of KPS is 0.4%, and the content of PDMS is 5%, the water droplet contact angle reaches 163.7°±0.5, and the minimum reflection loss value reaches − 47.13 dB, at which time, the water droplet contact angle as well as the minimum reflection loss value have reached a better state. 3.6 UV resistance analysis UV resistance refers to the ability of a material or object in resisting ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and is an important indicator for evaluating whether a fabric can effectively protect against UV radiation. Normally, the higher the UPF value of a fabric and the lower its transmittance rate, the stronger its UV protection ability. Figure 7 and Table 1 show the UV transmittance curves and UPF values of Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, respectively. It can be seen that the transmittance of Cotton in the range of 0-450nm is obviously larger, with a UPF value of 21.93, and the values of UVA and UVB are 6.50% and 3.05%, respectively. This is mainly due to the fact that the natural structure of cotton fibers is difficult to effectively resist UV rays.The UPF value of PDMS-Cotton was 25.41, and the values of UVA and UVB were 4.78% and 2.77% respectively, the PDMS coating improved the UV resistance of the fabrics but the effect was not obvious.The UPF value of KPS/PDMS-Cotton was 788.68, and the values of UVA and UVB were 0.19% and 0.09% respectively.The addition of KPS substantially improved the UV resistance of the fabrics. The incorporation of KPS greatly improved the UV resistance of the fabric. This is due to the presence of a large number of microporous structures in KPS, which favor the reflection and reflection of UV rays.The UPF value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was 1317.31 and the UVA and UVB values were 0.11% and 0.06% respectively. The modification of dopamine gives some bonding on the surface of the cotton fabric and increases the content of KPS as well as PDMS finishing onto the cotton fabric, which further increases the UPF value. Table 1 UV transmittance and UPF values of different fabrics UPF UV transmittance(%) UVA UVB Cotton 21.93 6.50 3.05 PDMS-Cotton 25.41 4.78 2.77 KPS/PDMS-Cotton 788.68 0.19 0.09 PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton 1317.31 0.11 0.06 3.7 Wettability and self-cleaning In this paper, the wetting properties of common life droplets on cotton fabrics were tested separately. As shown in Fig. 8(a), water droplets, tea, Sprite, milk, cola, and coffee droplets were dropped on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton respectively. It can be seen that the water drops, tea, sprite, milk, coke, and coffee on the surface of the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton remain spherical. As shown in Fig. 8(a) the water droplet contact angle is 163.7°, the tea droplet contact angle is 159.9°, and the Sprite contact angle is 158.1°, excellent water repellency and dirt repellency is achieved despite the decrease in contact angle. Figure 8(b 1 ,b 2 ) shows the top view state of different droplets on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and on the surface of Cotton, it can be seen that the droplets on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are still round and no droplet occurs. On the other hand, the cotton fabric is hydrophilic, and the water droplets are wetted after contacting with the cotton fabric, and the different droplets are impregnated into the cotton fabric. This is because the presence of KPS on the surface of cotton fiber greatly increases its surface roughness, and the introduction of low surface energy substance PDMS greatly reduces the surface tension of cotton fabric. The hydrophobicity test results showed that the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had an excellent static contact angle. Figure 8(c 1 ) shows the state of the original cotton fabric and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton impregnated in water. It can be seen that the original cotton fabric has good hydrophilicity due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and sinks to the bottom of the water after contacting with water, whereas the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton floats on the surface of the water due to the presence of its surface microscopic roughness structure and low surface tension, which makes it super hydrophobic. As shown in Fig. 8(c 2 ) for the state of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in water, it can be seen that when PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton fixed on the glass sheet is submerged in the water, a layer of dense bubbles appears on the surface, that is, the “silver mirror” phenomenon, which shows high efficiency in inhibiting the water wetting and penetration. Water wetting and penetration inhibition. When the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was removed from water after being immersed for a certain period of time, the surface of the sample remains dry. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the rough structure formed by KPS and the film-like low surface tension formed by PDMS on the surface of the cotton fabric, where a large amount of air is stored between the rough structure, resulting in an air layer and a liquid-air-solid interface, which prevents the water from being wetted and permeated by PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and achieves excellent water wetting and permeation. wetting and penetration, achieving excellent water repellency. Figure 8(d 1 ,d 2 ) shows the self-cleaning test process of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and raw cotton fabric respectively. The blue powder simulated powder impurities were placed on the surfaces of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and raw cotton fabric respectively, and water droplets were dripped on the surface of the fabrics, and it can be seen that the water droplets on the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton dripped down rapidly and the powder impurities dripped with the water droplets. Powder impurities drop with the water droplets, the surface of the finishing fabric is still dry and clean. On the other hand, the powder impurity on the original cotton fabric drops with the water droplets, and the impurity soaks into the cotton fabric together with the water droplets. Figure (e 1 ,e 2 ) shows the original cotton fabric and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton immersed in methylene orange solution, it can be seen that the cotton fabric is rapidly dyed by methylene orange when it is immersed in methylene orange solution, while the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton immersed in it comes out still remain dry. It can be seen that PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has good anti-staining performance in the face of powder impurities and liquid impurities. 3.8 Durability analysis In this paper, cotton fabrics were modified with polydopamine mainly to improve the durability of the fabric function. Therefore, a durability comparison was made between the cotton fabric KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which was not modified by PDA, and the cotton fabric PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which was modified by PDA, in terms of superhydrophobicity function as well as microwave absorption function. The mechanical stability of KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in terms of superhydrophobicity and microwave-absorbing properties was investigated by friction test and bending test(as shown in Fig. 9). The rubbing tests were conducted on KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton using a rubbing color fastness tester. As shown in the figure, after the two fabrics were subjected to 250 friction cycle tests simultaneously, the water droplet contact angle of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton changed from 163.7°±0.5 to 153.9°±0.3, and the value of the minimum reflective loss changed from − 45.37dB to -33.8dB; While the value of KPS/PDMS-Cotton changed from 154.9°±0.3 to 150.2°±0.3, the minimum reflection loss value is -28.1dB. After 100 times of bending test, the water droplet contact angle of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton becomes 154.9°±0.5, the minimum reflection loss value becomes − 34.8dB. The water droplet contact angle of KPS/PDMS-Cotton becomes 150.0°±0.3, the minimum reflection loss value becomes − 26.89dB.KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton both have a layer of PDMS film on the surface, but PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has better superhydrophobicity and wave-absorbing property than KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which is due to cross-linking of catechol and amino group in the dopamine molecule and strong chelating with the fabric. 3.9 Analysis of wave-absorbing properties of fabrics 3.9.1 Electromagnetic parameter analysis In this paper, dopamine was used to modify cotton fabrics, and KPS as well as low surface energy PDMS were coated onto the modified cotton fabrics. Among them, KPS provides microwave absorption properties, so PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton mainly consumes electromagnetic energy through dielectric loss. This paper focused on the electromagnetic parameters of each fabric in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) range, as shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen from Figs. (a), (b), and (c) that the real part \\(\\:{\\epsilon\\:}{\\prime\\:}\\), imaginary part \\(\\:{\\epsilon\\:}{\\prime\\:}{\\prime\\:}\\)and \\(\\:\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\:{{\\delta\\:}}_{{\\epsilon\\:}}\\)of KPS/PDMS-Cotton as well as PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are higher than those of the original cotton fabrics. This is due to the fact that KPS itself has more carbon defects and higher degree of graphitization. This effectively enhances the dielectric loss. Secondly, KPS has a rich pore structure, which forms a rich solid-gas interface in the medium. Multiple reflections and refractions occur after the entry of electromagnetic waves, and charge accumulation occurs at the interface. This generates polarization loss and further attenuates the electromagnetic wave. When analyzing the wave-absorbing properties, the attenuation coefficient and impedance matching are two crucial factors that directly affect the electromagnetic wave absorption effect and the efficiency of electromagnetic wave propagation of a material or structure. From Fig. 10(d), it can be seen that the α-value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is much larger than that of the original cotton fabric as well as KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which is due to the fact that PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is loaded with more KPS, which has a greater electromagnetic wave loss capability. Figure 10 (e) shows the Z-values at matched thicknesses for the three cotton fabrics possessing the minimum reflection loss values. It can be seen that the Z-value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is closer to 1 compared to the other two fabrics. This indicates that PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has good impedance matching. When the impedance of the material matches the impedance of the incident wave, the electromagnetic wave can be transmitted into the material more. Combined with a higher attenuation coefficient, the material can effectively absorb more electromagnetic waves, thus improving the wave absorption effect. Therefore, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has better microwave absorption performance. The Cole-Cole curve depicts the variation of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant with frequency. Each appearance of a semicircle represents a relaxation process. The polarization relaxation can be verified from the Cole-Cole diagram derived from the Debye theory, as in Eq. (1)(Xi et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2020). Figs.(f), (g), and (h) show the Cole-Cole curves of Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, respectively. It can be seen that the semicircular structure exists in both KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton. However, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has more and larger semicircular structures. The larger Cole-Cole semicircle indicates the stronger polarization relaxation process. The number of rings in the curve also represents the ability of polarization loss, and more semicircles means stronger loss ability. Combined with the dielectric constant analysis, attenuation coefficient analysis, impedance matching analysis and polarization relaxation process analysis, it can be seen that the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has a stronger microwave absorption capability. The reflection loss value (RL) is an important parameter that determines the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of wave absorbing materials. The ability of the material to absorb electromagnetic waves can be reflected by the reflection loss value (RL), which is calculated according to the transmission line theory, as described in Eq. (2).(Xi et al. 2017; Guan et al. 2018; Huang et al. 2019b; Sun et al. 2019) From Fig. 11(a), it can be seen that at a matching thickness of 2.5 mm, the minimum reflection loss of KPS-3 is -42.38 dB and the effective bandwidth is 2.58 GHz. KPS exhibits good microwave absorption performance. From Fig. 11(b), it can be seen that the RL values of the original cotton fabrics are basically higher than − 10 dB, with almost no microwave absorption performance. In addition, when all other conditions are the same, the minimum reflection loss value of KPS/PDMS-Cotton is -33.03 dB at matching thickness of 5.5 mm, which is a good wave absorbing performance. The minimum reflection loss value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is -47.13 dB at matching thickness of 2.5 mm. In comparison to KPS/PDMS-Cotton, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is -47.13 dB. Compared with KPS/PDMS-Cotton, the minimum reflection loss value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is significantly lower, which is due to the fact that more KPS is organized on the cotton fabric after dopamine modification, which improves the microwave absorption performance of the cotton fabric. 3.9.2 Superhydrophobic wave-absorbing mechanism Firstly, polydopamine has adhesive properties, and the cotton fabric modified with polydopamine enhances the bonding with KPS and PDMS, allowing more material to be adsorbed on the fabric surface. In this way, a continuous dense conductive network is formed on the fabric surface and provides a micro and nano rough structure. The introduction of PDMS optimizes the impedance matching to ensure multiple reflections and scattering between the incident electromagnetic waves entering the superhydrophobic wave-absorbent cotton fabrics and the crossed fibers.The superhydrophobic mechanism and microwave absorption mechanism of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are shown in Fig. 12. When a water droplet falls on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, an air cushion is formed at the bottom of the droplet, which constitutes a gas-solid composite contact surface that keeps the droplet spherical without spreading. When the electromagnetic wave is incident, it first penetrates the surface layer of the fabric, and the porous structure of KPS makes more electromagnetic wave enter into the fabric, while a small amount of reflected wave is reflected and lost in the fabric for many times. When the electromagnetic wave is further incoming, the wave-absorbing layer of KPS effectively builds a conductive network, which leads to the conductive loss of electromagnetic wave in the network. At the same time, the heterogeneous interfaces and dipoles in the KPS trigger a large number of interfacial polarization and dipole polarization, and the polarization relaxation phenomenon enhances the dissipation ability of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are also reflected several times in the absorbing layer, which further consumes the electromagnetic waves. Therefore, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has excellent impedance matching performance, and the electromagnetic wave can effectively enter into the interior of the fabric, and through the joint action of conductive loss, polarization relaxation and multiple reflection loss, the electromagnetic wave is finally converted into heat energy, which realizes the effective absorption of electromagnetic wave. 4. Conclusion In this paper, dopamine was used to modify cotton fabrics, and the strong adhesion of PDA mussels was utilized to organize PDMS as well as KPS on the fabrics to form superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabrics with durability. The experimental results show that KPS has a large specific surface area as well as superior microwave absorption properties. When the content of PDA is 0.15%, the content of KPS is 0.4% and the concentration of PDMS is 5%, the water droplet contact angle of the finished cotton fabric is 163.7°. At the matching thickness of 2.5 mm, the minimum reflection loss value was − 47.13 dB. In addition, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had excellent UV resistance. Its UPF value was 1317.31, and the transmittance of UVA and UVB was 0.11% and 0.06%, respectively. In this study, soft cotton fabric was used as the substrate and modified with dopamine. The material KPS provides the fabric with microwave absorption properties and a rough surface. PDMS serves as a binder to combine KPS with the modified cotton fabric and also provides the fabric with low surface energy. The prepared PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has excellent superhydrophobic properties, microwave absorption properties, and UV resistance. Meanwhile, it achieves outstanding self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and water-resistant properties, which is conducive to extending the service life of superhydrophobic and microwave - absorbing cotton fabrics. Declarations Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (21ZR426200), the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning, Science Foundation of National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology (2022GCJJ22) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (51703123). 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Cellulose → Version 1 posted Submission checks completed at journal 12 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-6168785\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":427888836,\"identity\":\"63d8d8e1-06ff-4c62-938d-62a7f7db13d1\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Meiran Dou\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Shanghai University of Engineering Science\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Meiran\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Dou\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":427888837,\"identity\":\"bbe6602a-e320-4175-8f5d-c89140f6c47d\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Lihui 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08:53:36\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6168785/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6168785/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-026-07049-5\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2026-04-17T15:59:20+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":78517882,\"identity\":\"916b035f-eae3-4085-865c-72d906d368f9\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:12:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":239511,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFlow chart for the preparation of superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabrics\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/974103fb7f0332e2dd664e4c.png\"},{\"id\":78518841,\"identity\":\"4d84c99b-0d45-4167-8e51-11ae75ed9cee\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:36:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":397477,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSEM images of different cotton fabrics: (a) Cotton ;(b) PDMS-Cotton ;(c) PDA-Cotton;(d) KPS/PDMS-Cotton; (e) PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton; (f) PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton at different magnifications\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/db39cf0ba11c301d0f3a295a.png\"},{\"id\":78517883,\"identity\":\"658e2a00-7ed9-4476-bee4-c10767f67226\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 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PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/40757cca41401fbdf26330fc.png\"},{\"id\":78518645,\"identity\":\"b01a77f2-00d9-47d4-9f9e-af0fdfdf182d\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:28:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":159852,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTG curves of Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/b50378ae666823a08b865c8f.png\"},{\"id\":78517890,\"identity\":\"0f6f613d-6ff1-4f7f-88b8-f7958fac1fc9\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:12:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":187482,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(a) Effect of PDA dosage on droplet contact angle and minimum reflection loss value, (b) Effect of PDMS content on droplet contact angle and minimum reflection loss value, (c) Effect of KPS content on droplet contact angle and minimum reflection loss value\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/50275a921024d3ff78d9e00f.png\"},{\"id\":78519690,\"identity\":\"355bc076-332f-4011-b76e-f27a7a97461f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:44:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":116091,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eUV transmittance curves of different fabrics\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage7.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/3807e19464d72878ca2f9f3d.png\"},{\"id\":78517903,\"identity\":\"3866f708-1067-4b57-827e-80d62f7a9797\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:12:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":8,\"title\":\"Figure 8\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":427073,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(a) The states of different droplets on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton (a\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e-a\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e) Droplet contact angles of water, tea and Sprite (b\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e,b\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) Top view of different droplets on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and the surface of Cotton (c\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e) The states of the original Cotton fabric and the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in water (c\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) The phenomenon of “silver mirror” of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton (d\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e,d\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) the self-cleaning test process of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and Cotton (e\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e,e\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) The self-cleaning test process of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage8.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/b74d658f562f489b59533625.png\"},{\"id\":78517895,\"identity\":\"88ddccf0-b7a3-4b47-80a6-e3830ff368bc\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:12:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":9,\"title\":\"Figure 9\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":497146,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(a) and (b) Variation of WCA with wear test as well as bending test for PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and KPS/PDMS-Cotton, respectively (c) and (d) Variation of RLmin with wear test as well as bending test for PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and KPS/PDMS-Cotton, respectively\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage9.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/bdbe60d856b7662d31c1f6a6.png\"},{\"id\":78517962,\"identity\":\"3c875e67-5758-4012-adde-4554da14a4d6\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:20:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":10,\"title\":\"Figure 10\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":498909,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eElectromagnetic parameter curves of Cotton, KPS/PDMS -Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS -Cotton: (a) dielectric real part; (b) dielectric imaginary part; (c) tangent loss coefficient α;(d) dielectric loss angle; (e) impedance matching coefficient; (f) Cole-Cole curves of Cotton; (g) Cole-Cole curve of KPS/ PDMS -Cotton; (h) Cole-Cole curve of PDA/KPS/PDMS -Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage10.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/ee12f20863f4309cba91f488.png\"},{\"id\":78517961,\"identity\":\"9f36edb3-e1cc-4325-a284-eeee3a284a87\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:20:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"Figure 11\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1199766,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(a-d) and (e-h)are the 2D and 3D reflection loss curves corresponding to KPS ,Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage11.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/536e61fcef0fd55db708d81e.png\"},{\"id\":78518651,\"identity\":\"d032b7a5-98b4-460d-89b8-aba66ac8f5f7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-03-14 11:28:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":12,\"title\":\"Figure 12\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":308135,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e(a) Superhydrophobic mechanism of superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabrics \\u0026nbsp;(b) Microwave absorption mechanism of superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabrics\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"floatimage12.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/b53ab6a9c882f0c52a89fd54.png\"},{\"id\":107352718,\"identity\":\"32410634-c1db-404b-80e0-5511b1b7b511\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-04-20 16:15:06\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":4878811,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6168785/v1/ad0c4c54-fb48-438b-a7ea-4265e1504732.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric based on peanut shell porous carbon\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"1. Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWith the popularization of wireless communication devices, high-power signal transmitters and home network electronic devices, the threat of electronic radiation to human living environment and health is increasing(Green et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sun et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Wei et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yu and Shao \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Therefore, the development of high-performance microwave absorbing materials to protect people from electromagnetic pollution has become the focus of research. Different types of microwave absorbing materials are developed based on their unique working mechanisms, such as magnetic loss materials(Miao et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ghosh et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e) and dielectric loss materials(Jin et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Tang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e; Xue et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). Among these materials, carbon is one of the most commonly used microwave absorbing materials because of its corrosion resistance, light weight, and diverse morphology and structure.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn recent years, flexible wearable microwave-absorbing (MA) materials have received increasing attention due to their potential for a wide range of applications in electromagnetic wave shielding, aerospace, radar stealth, and several other fields(Qu et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, most of the existing MA materials are difficult to meet the demands of these applications due to high mechanical brittleness, large loading requirements, and narrow absorption bandwidths(Huang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019a\\u003c/span\\u003e; He et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). Cotton fabrics are made from inexpensive and mass - produced natural fibers. They possess excellent properties such as heat resistance, alkali resistance, softness, and flexibility. Endowing cotton fabrics with superhydrophobicity can expand their application scope, such as in anti - fouling and oil - water separation. In contrast, fabric-based MA is materials ideal for the fabrication of flexible wearable MA materials due to excellent flexibility, easy-to-integrate molding structure, excellent mechanical and chemical resistance(Geng et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). For example, Tang et al(Tang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).prepared ANF/rGO-PANi fabrics by wet spinning chemical reduction. The fabric showed a minimum reflection loss value of -52.3 dB and EAB of 4.8 GHz at a matched thickness of 2.5 mm.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn addition, the degradation of the microwave absorption function of MA fabrics should also be considered due to different harsh conditions, which in turn reduces the service life. Therefore, endowing MA fabrics with superhydrophobic properties is one of the solutions to solve this problem. For example, Meng et al(Meng et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e)prepared rGO/LDH/PPy coated fabrics with superhydrophobicity and high electromagnetic wave absorption properties using hydrothermal and in situ growth methods. The fabric could reach \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;44dB at a matched thickness of 3.5mm. Zhang et al(Zhang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e) developed a robust superhydrophobic and superior MA composite coating on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics with two-step coating technique. The fabric achieved a minimum reflection loss value of -47.4 dB and a water droplet contact angle of 159\\u0026deg;.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWith the advancement of science and technology, consumers are placing higher demands on the functionality and durability of fabrics. Traditional fabrics have limitations in terms of durability, stain resistance, antimicrobial properties and weather resistance. To meet these demands, polydopamine (PDA), as a material with excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength, has gradually become an important choice for improving the performance of fabric(Gao et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Wang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yu et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e). As reported in the literature, modifying fabrics by PDA can not only significantly enhance their physical durability(Ran et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Duan et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Cui et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e), but also improve their UV resistance, hydrophobicity and antimicrobial properties. This modification technology can effectively extend the service life of functional fabrics and reduce the need for frequent replacement and cleaning, thus contributing to the sustainable development of textiles.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, a superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabric with durability was successfully prepared by a simple method based on peanut shell porous carbon. Briefly, the composite fabric consists of an inexpensive and flexible textile substrate, an interfacial layer of polydopamine (PDA), a porous peanut shell carbon material (KPS), and a low surface energy material such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In this approach, we prepared porous peanut shell carbon materials to provide the fabric with a certain degree of roughness and microwave absorption properties. PDMS can not only enable the fixation of KPS on the fabric, but also endow the fabric with a low surface energy, thereby enhancing its corrosion resistance. The results show that the obtained cotton fabric maintains good microwave absorption property and mechanical durability even after bending as well as rubbing. In addition, the materials used in this paper are all green and inexpensive, and the preparation method is simple. This superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabric has potential applications in the fields of waterproof materials, wearable electronic products, heaters, and so on.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"2. Experimental\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.1 Materials\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCotton woven fabric (specification 4cm\\u0026times;2cm, three-up-one-down left twill, warp and weft yarn densities of 16 and 12tex, respectively, warp and weft densities of 564 and 274rods/(10cm), respectively, and a face density of 320g/m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003e), purchased from Shaoxing Guangmi Textile Co. Waste peanut shells were purchased from Nanyang market. Ethanol, potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company Limited. Dopamine and tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane were purchased from Shanghai McLean Biochemistry Co.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec4\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.2. Preparation of KPS\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFirstly,the waste peanut shells were put into deionized water, and an appropriate amount of ethanol was added for repeated cleaning. Then, it was put into an 80℃ oven to be dried. After drying, the peanut shells are crushed into powder and passed through 80 mesh sieve; and then put the peanut shells powder into the tube furnace under the protection of N\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e heated to 600 ℃, holding temperature for two hours to get the initial carbonization of the peanut shells, which is recorded as CPS. In the CPS, add a certain amount of the activator KOH, making the ratio of carbon to alkali 1:3. Make the ratio of carbon and alkali 1:3, put it into the tube furnace under the protection of N\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e heated to a certain temperature, holding two hours to get the activated peanut shells porous carbon powder. The activated peanut shell carbon powder was neutralized with appropriate amount of dilute hydrochloric acid and cleaned with deionized water, and then put into the oven for drying and grinding to obtain peanut shell biomass carbon material, that is KPS.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.3. Preparation of PDA-Cotton\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFirstly, the cotton fabric was ultrasonicated with deionized water and ethanol to remove surface impurities, which was recorded as Cotton. Secondly, a certain amount of Tris-HCl and dopamine (DA) powder was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water (DI) to obtain a DA solution with a pH of 8.5. Then clean and dry cotton fabric samples were immersed in the prepared DA solution and stirred at room temperature for 24 h, after which the dopamine self-polymerized into polydopamine (PDA). Finally, the PDA-modified cotton fabrics were dried under vacuum at 60\\u0026deg;C for 1 h to obtain PDA-Cotton.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec6\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.4. Preparation of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePDMS and curing agent were mixed and stirred with tetrahydrofuran solution at a mass ratio of 10:1, ultrasonically dispersed and fully stirred to obtain a PDMS dispersion, which was recorded as solution A. A certain amount of peanut shells porous biomass carbon material (KPS) was put into the PDMS dispersion and fully stirred and ultrasonically stirred, and a dispersion of KPS and PDMS was obtained, which was recorded as solution B. PDA-Cotton was put into the solution B, and ultrasonicize for 30 min to obtain the cotton fabric loaded with KPS and PDMS. The above cotton fabric was put into an oven for pre-baking at 80 ℃ for 10 min and baking at 150 ℃ for 10 min to obtain PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton.The specific steps are shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. In order to compare and analyze the properties of the prepared cotton fabric, cotton was put into solution A, and carried out the same treatment steps as that of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDMS-Cotton was obtained. Cotton was put into solution B to obtain KPS/PDMS-Cotton.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec7\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5. Characterizations\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5.1 SEM analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eZeiss Sigma 300 scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the micro-morphology of samples.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec9\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5.2 AFM analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe surface 3D morphology and roughness of different samples were tested using Bruker Dimension lcon type atomic force microscope. The samples of suitable size were fixed on a glass slide in tap mode with a scanning range of 5\\u0026micro;m x5\\u0026micro;m.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec10\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5.3 Contact analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWater droplet contact angle of Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was determined by using a KRUSS DSA30S video contact angle meter.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5.4 TG analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThermal stability of Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was measured using a TGA 4000 thermogravimetric analyzer.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5.5 FT-IR analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer model Nicolet IS 10 was used to analyze the changes in the surface chemical composition of Cotton、PDMS-Cotton、PDA-Cotton、KPS/PDMS-Cotton、and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in the range of 400 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e-4000 cm\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e range were tested by infrared spectroscopy.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5.6 Wave Absorption Performance Test\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA vector network analyzer was used to test the microwave absorption properties of KPS, Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in the range of 8.2 GHz to 12.4 GHz.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003e2.5.7 UV resistance analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAccording to the national standard GB/T18830-2009, the UV transmittance of the samples was tested by Labsphere UV2000 Textile Sun Protection Index Analyzer. Flat single-layer cotton fabrics were placed on the test holes and scanned in the wavelength range of 290\\u0026thinsp;~\\u0026thinsp;450 nm. Each cotton fabric sample was tested at five different positions, and the UV protection effect of the cotton fabric samples was evaluated by the UV transmittance T(UVA), T(UVB) and UV protection factor (UPF) values generated automatically by the testing system software.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"3. Results and discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.1 Surface morphology analysis of fabrics\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFigure 2 shows the SEM images of the fabrics (Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton) prepared under different treatments, respectively. It can be clearly seen that the surface of the original cotton fabric has obvious pleated structure. The surface of PDMS-Cotton is smooth with a thin film. The surface of PDA-Cotton has smaller particles because the deposition of PDA gives the fabric a certain roughness. This proves that dopamine has been sorted onto the cotton fabric. The KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton surfaces have visible particles, which laterally proves that KPS has been successfully loaded onto the fabric. In addition, compared to KPS/PDMS-Cotton, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had significantly increased granularity. It was proved that the modified cotton fabrics were more adhesive to KPS as well as PDMS, allowing more KPS to be organized on the surface of the cotton fabrics.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.2 Surface roughness analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe specific surface area and pore size distribution of the samples were tested by N\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e absorption-adsorption isotherm as shown in Fig. 3(a,b). It was found that the specific surface area was as high as 1037.589 m\\u003csup\\u003e2\\u003c/sup\\u003eg\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e. There existed microporous, mesoporous and macroporous pores at the same time, with rich pore structure. The KPS sample was loaded onto cotton fabrics to increase the contact area of the cotton fabrics with the air, which was conducive to the formation of superhydrophobic surfaces. In order to further investigate the effect of PDA and KPS on the surface roughness of the fabrics, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize Cotton, PDA/PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton. Figure 3(a) shows the AFM plot of the untreated cotton fabric, compared to which the surface morphology of the cotton fabrics treated with PDA, KPS/PDMS, and PDA/KPS/PDMS changed significantly. Figures 3(a)-(d) show the AFM plots of Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, where the Rq increased from 18.8 nm to 134.0 nm. From the plots, it can be seen that compared with Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton as well as PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton formed obvious rough structures on the surface, and the gaps of the surface rough structures became larger. What's more, KPS has a porous structure, and the stabilized air layer on the surface can completely isolate the droplets from the textile when the droplets fall. This allows the droplets to remain spherical and thus can form a superhydrophobic surface.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.3 Chemical structure and composition\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe raw cotton fabric, PDMS-Cotton, PDA-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton were further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As can be seen in Fig. 4(b), there are mainly three distinct characteristic peaks in the raw cotton fabric at 3327 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 2922 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 1036 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, corresponding to the stretching vibration of -OH, -CH\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e and C-O-C, respectively(Moiz et al. 2016; He and Guo 2022). The peak at 1631 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e of the PDA-modified cotton fabric, compared with the original cotton fabric, was mainly due to the -C = O group in the o-quinone structure formed by the oxidation of dopamine, which further verified the successful polymerization of DA on the surface of the modified fabric. The presence of aromatic ring in the PDA molecule, and the C = C telescopic vibration of the aromatic ring would cause the peak of the PDA-Cotton at 1427 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e (Zhang et al. 2019; Yan et al. 2020). The peaks of PDMS-Cotton at 2964 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, 1265 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 800 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e are obvious compared to cotton fabrics(Tang and Liu 2023). At 2964 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e, the peak is enhanced by the C-H stretching vibration of -CH\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e introduced by PDMS. The peaks at 1265 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e and 800 cm\\u003csup\\u003e− 1\\u003c/sup\\u003e correspond to the -Si-C bending vibration and Si-O-Si stretching vibration, respectively, which both indicate that PDMS has been successfully finished onto cotton fabrics. Raman analysis of KPS shows an I\\u003csub\\u003eD\\u003c/sub\\u003e/I\\u003csub\\u003eG\\u003c/sub\\u003e of 0.98. The higher degree of graphitization creates additional electron transfer pathways, which increases the conductive losses in KPS. However, the higher carbonization temperature leads to the presence of almost no chemical bonds on the surface of the carbon material. Therefore, when it is arranged onto the fabric, no new chemical bonds are formed. In addition, obvious PDMS peaks can be observed on both KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and there is also a peak of PDA that can be observed on PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which are indicative of the successful preparation of superhydrophobic wave-absorbing fabrics.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec19\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.4 TG analysis of fabrics\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThermogravimetric analysis was used to test the thermal stability of different fabrics. In Fig. 5, it can be seen that all fabrics have a slight weight loss at 0-300°C, which is mainly due to evaporation of water and decomposition of impurities adsorbed on the surface of the fabrics decomposition of impurities adsorbed on the surface of the fabrics makes the fabrics have a certain amount of heat loss. Raw cotton fabric at 300℃-400℃ there will be a relatively large weight loss, which is mainly the pyrolysis of cellulose. Cellulose is the main component of cotton fibers. With the increase of temperature, cellulose chain began to break, glycosidic and ether bonds and other chemical bonds are also broken, resulting in the decomposition of cellulose and the reduction of quality. When the temperature reaches above 400°C, the residual portion of the original cotton fabric continues to decompose, and the carbon chain skeleton begins to oxidize, forming smaller molecules and gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, etc. The volatilization of these substances further leads to a reduction in the quality of the fabric. While the residual amount of PDMS-Cotton, PDA/PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are higher than the original cotton fabric. This is due to the fact that they showed higher thermal stability under high temperature conditions with some residual high temperature resistant organosilicon groups. Therefore, the TG results of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton showed that KPS as well as PDMS were successfully bound to the fabric surface.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.5 Factors affecting the superhydrophobic wave-absorbing properties of fabrics\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn general, there are two necessary conditions for the formation of superhydrophobic surfaces: one is having a rough structure of micro and nano, and the other is having a low surface energy substance. The wave-absorbing properties of fabrics mainly come from peanut shell porous carbon materials (KPS), and the amount of KPS has an effect on the superhydrophobic wave-absorbing properties of fabrics. The peanut shell porous carbon material in this study not only provides a certain rough structure for the fabric, but also provides a certain microwave absorption property. In this study, PDMS, a fluorine-free substance, was used to provide a certain low surface energy to the fabric, and the cotton fabric was modified with PDA, and the strong adhesion of PDA mussels was utilized to laminate the PDMS as well as the KPS on the fabric to form a superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric with durability. Therefore, the deposition time of PDA, the amount of PDA, and the amount of PDMS are important factors affecting the superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, the controlled variable method was used to investigate the effect of different variables on the water droplet contact angle and the minimum reflection loss value. With the increase of polydopamine (PDA) content, the water droplet contact angle of the fabric first increased and then decreased. The minimum reflection loss value first decreased and then increased. The reason is that PDA polymerizes on the fabric surface to form granular deposits, which increases the roughness of the fabric. With the increase of PDA content, the effect of low surface energy provided by PDMS is weakened and the distribution of KPS is limited, which leads to the decrease of contact angle and reflection loss value. When the KPS content was 0, the water droplet contact angle was 150.15° ± 0.3 and the fabric had almost no wave-absorbing properties. The self-polymerization of PDA on the fabric surface to form particles provided the rough structure. Combined with the low surface energy of PDMS, the fabric was endowed with superhydrophobicity, but the modified cotton fabric still did not have wave-absorbing properties. With the increase of KPS content, the water droplet contact angle firstly rises and then falls, and the value of minimum reflection loss firstly falls and then rises. Low surface energy and limited bonding at fixed PDMS content. Excessive KPS buildup on the fabric surface leads to insufficient low surface energy, which in turn decreases the contact angle. At the same time, it leads to a decrease in the minimum reflection loss value. When the PDMS content is 0, the fabric only has a rough surface without low surface energy, which does not meet one of the important conditions of superhydrophobic surface. From Fig. 6(c), it can be seen that the contact angle of water droplets of the fabric shows a first increase and then decrease with the increase of PDMS content, and the value of minimum reflection loss shows a first decrease and then increase. The experimental results show that when the content of PDA is 0.15%, the content of KPS is 0.4%, and the content of PDMS is 5%, the water droplet contact angle reaches 163.7°±0.5, and the minimum reflection loss value reaches − 47.13 dB, at which time, the water droplet contact angle as well as the minimum reflection loss value have reached a better state.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec21\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.6 UV resistance analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUV resistance refers to the ability of a material or object in resisting ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and is an important indicator for evaluating whether a fabric can effectively protect against UV radiation. Normally, the higher the UPF value of a fabric and the lower its transmittance rate, the stronger its UV protection ability. Figure 7 and Table 1 show the UV transmittance curves and UPF values of Cotton, PDMS-Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, respectively. It can be seen that the transmittance of Cotton in the range of 0-450nm is obviously larger, with a UPF value of 21.93, and the values of UVA and UVB are 6.50% and 3.05%, respectively. This is mainly due to the fact that the natural structure of cotton fibers is difficult to effectively resist UV rays.The UPF value of PDMS-Cotton was 25.41, and the values of UVA and UVB were 4.78% and 2.77% respectively, the PDMS coating improved the UV resistance of the fabrics but the effect was not obvious.The UPF value of KPS/PDMS-Cotton was 788.68, and the values of UVA and UVB were 0.19% and 0.09% respectively.The addition of KPS substantially improved the UV resistance of the fabrics. The incorporation of KPS greatly improved the UV resistance of the fabric. This is due to the presence of a large number of microporous structures in KPS, which favor the reflection and reflection of UV rays.The UPF value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was 1317.31 and the UVA and UVB values were 0.11% and 0.06% respectively. The modification of dopamine gives some bonding on the surface of the cotton fabric and increases the content of KPS as well as PDMS finishing onto the cotton fabric, which further increases the UPF value.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003ctable id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUV transmittance and UPF values of different fabrics\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUPF\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUV transmittance(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUVA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUVB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e21.93\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.05\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePDMS-Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.41\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.78\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eKPS/PDMS-Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e788.68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1317.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.06\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec22\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.7 Wettability and self-cleaning\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn this paper, the wetting properties of common life droplets on cotton fabrics were tested separately. As shown in Fig. 8(a), water droplets, tea, Sprite, milk, cola, and coffee droplets were dropped on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton respectively. It can be seen that the water drops, tea, sprite, milk, coke, and coffee on the surface of the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton remain spherical. As shown in Fig. 8(a) the water droplet contact angle is 163.7°, the tea droplet contact angle is 159.9°, and the Sprite contact angle is 158.1°, excellent water repellency and dirt repellency is achieved despite the decrease in contact angle. Figure 8(b\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e,b\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) shows the top view state of different droplets on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and on the surface of Cotton, it can be seen that the droplets on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are still round and no droplet occurs. On the other hand, the cotton fabric is hydrophilic, and the water droplets are wetted after contacting with the cotton fabric, and the different droplets are impregnated into the cotton fabric. This is because the presence of KPS on the surface of cotton fiber greatly increases its surface roughness, and the introduction of low surface energy substance PDMS greatly reduces the surface tension of cotton fabric. The hydrophobicity test results showed that the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had an excellent static contact angle.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFigure 8(c\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e) shows the state of the original cotton fabric and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton impregnated in water. It can be seen that the original cotton fabric has good hydrophilicity due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and sinks to the bottom of the water after contacting with water, whereas the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton floats on the surface of the water due to the presence of its surface microscopic roughness structure and low surface tension, which makes it super hydrophobic. As shown in Fig. 8(c\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) for the state of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in water, it can be seen that when PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton fixed on the glass sheet is submerged in the water, a layer of dense bubbles appears on the surface, that is, the “silver mirror” phenomenon, which shows high efficiency in inhibiting the water wetting and penetration. Water wetting and penetration inhibition. When the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton was removed from water after being immersed for a certain period of time, the surface of the sample remains dry. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the rough structure formed by KPS and the film-like low surface tension formed by PDMS on the surface of the cotton fabric, where a large amount of air is stored between the rough structure, resulting in an air layer and a liquid-air-solid interface, which prevents the water from being wetted and permeated by PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and achieves excellent water wetting and permeation. wetting and penetration, achieving excellent water repellency.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFigure 8(d\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e,d\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) shows the self-cleaning test process of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and raw cotton fabric respectively. The blue powder simulated powder impurities were placed on the surfaces of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton and raw cotton fabric respectively, and water droplets were dripped on the surface of the fabrics, and it can be seen that the water droplets on the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton dripped down rapidly and the powder impurities dripped with the water droplets. Powder impurities drop with the water droplets, the surface of the finishing fabric is still dry and clean. On the other hand, the powder impurity on the original cotton fabric drops with the water droplets, and the impurity soaks into the cotton fabric together with the water droplets. Figure (e\\u003csub\\u003e1\\u003c/sub\\u003e,e\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003e) shows the original cotton fabric and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton immersed in methylene orange solution, it can be seen that the cotton fabric is rapidly dyed by methylene orange when it is immersed in methylene orange solution, while the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton immersed in it comes out still remain dry. It can be seen that PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has good anti-staining performance in the face of powder impurities and liquid impurities.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec23\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.8 Durability analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn this paper, cotton fabrics were modified with polydopamine mainly to improve the durability of the fabric function. Therefore, a durability comparison was made between the cotton fabric KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which was not modified by PDA, and the cotton fabric PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which was modified by PDA, in terms of superhydrophobicity function as well as microwave absorption function. The mechanical stability of KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton in terms of superhydrophobicity and microwave-absorbing properties was investigated by friction test and bending test(as shown in Fig. 9). The rubbing tests were conducted on KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton using a rubbing color fastness tester. As shown in the figure, after the two fabrics were subjected to 250 friction cycle tests simultaneously, the water droplet contact angle of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton changed from 163.7°±0.5 to 153.9°±0.3, and the value of the minimum reflective loss changed from − 45.37dB to -33.8dB; While the value of KPS/PDMS-Cotton changed from 154.9°±0.3 to 150.2°±0.3, the minimum reflection loss value is -28.1dB. After 100 times of bending test, the water droplet contact angle of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton becomes 154.9°±0.5, the minimum reflection loss value becomes − 34.8dB. The water droplet contact angle of KPS/PDMS-Cotton becomes 150.0°±0.3, the minimum reflection loss value becomes − 26.89dB.KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton both have a layer of PDMS film on the surface, but PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has better superhydrophobicity and wave-absorbing property than KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which is due to cross-linking of catechol and amino group in the dopamine molecule and strong chelating with the fabric.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec24\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.9 Analysis of wave-absorbing properties of fabrics\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec25\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.9.1 Electromagnetic parameter analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIn this paper, dopamine was used to modify cotton fabrics, and KPS as well as low surface energy PDMS were coated onto the modified cotton fabrics. Among them, KPS provides microwave absorption properties, so PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton mainly consumes electromagnetic energy through dielectric loss. This paper focused on the electromagnetic parameters of each fabric in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) range, as shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen from Figs. (a), (b), and (c) that the real part \\\\(\\\\:{\\\\epsilon\\\\:}{\\\\prime\\\\:}\\\\), imaginary part \\\\(\\\\:{\\\\epsilon\\\\:}{\\\\prime\\\\:}{\\\\prime\\\\:}\\\\)and \\\\(\\\\:\\\\text{t}\\\\text{a}\\\\text{n}\\\\:{{\\\\delta\\\\:}}_{{\\\\epsilon\\\\:}}\\\\)of KPS/PDMS-Cotton as well as PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are higher than those of the original cotton fabrics. This is due to the fact that KPS itself has more carbon defects and higher degree of graphitization. This effectively enhances the dielectric loss. Secondly, KPS has a rich pore structure, which forms a rich solid-gas interface in the medium. Multiple reflections and refractions occur after the entry of electromagnetic waves, and charge accumulation occurs at the interface. This generates polarization loss and further attenuates the electromagnetic wave.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWhen analyzing the wave-absorbing properties, the attenuation coefficient and impedance matching are two crucial factors that directly affect the electromagnetic wave absorption effect and the efficiency of electromagnetic wave propagation of a material or structure. From Fig. 10(d), it can be seen that the α-value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is much larger than that of the original cotton fabric as well as KPS/PDMS-Cotton, which is due to the fact that PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is loaded with more KPS, which has a greater electromagnetic wave loss capability. Figure 10 (e) shows the Z-values at matched thicknesses for the three cotton fabrics possessing the minimum reflection loss values. It can be seen that the Z-value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is closer to 1 compared to the other two fabrics. This indicates that PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has good impedance matching. When the impedance of the material matches the impedance of the incident wave, the electromagnetic wave can be transmitted into the material more. Combined with a higher attenuation coefficient, the material can effectively absorb more electromagnetic waves, thus improving the wave absorption effect. Therefore, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has better microwave absorption performance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe Cole-Cole curve depicts the variation of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant with frequency. Each appearance of a semicircle represents a relaxation process. The polarization relaxation can be verified from the Cole-Cole diagram derived from the Debye theory, as in Eq.\\u0026nbsp;(1)(Xi et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2020). Figs.(f), (g), and (h) show the Cole-Cole curves of Cotton, KPS/PDMS-Cotton, and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, respectively. It can be seen that the semicircular structure exists in both KPS/PDMS-Cotton and PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton. However, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has more and larger semicircular structures. The larger Cole-Cole semicircle indicates the stronger polarization relaxation process. The number of rings in the curve also represents the ability of polarization loss, and more semicircles means stronger loss ability. Combined with the dielectric constant analysis, attenuation coefficient analysis, impedance matching analysis and polarization relaxation process analysis, it can be seen that the PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has a stronger microwave absorption capability.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equ1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe reflection loss value (RL) is an important parameter that determines the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of wave absorbing materials. The ability of the material to absorb electromagnetic waves can be reflected by the reflection loss value (RL), which is calculated according to the transmission line theory, as described in Eq.\\u0026nbsp;(2).(Xi et al. 2017; Guan et al. 2018; Huang et al. 2019b; Sun et al. 2019) From Fig. 11(a), it can be seen that at a matching thickness of 2.5 mm, the minimum reflection loss of KPS-3 is -42.38 dB and the effective bandwidth is 2.58 GHz. KPS exhibits good microwave absorption performance. From Fig. 11(b), it can be seen that the RL values of the original cotton fabrics are basically higher than − 10 dB, with almost no microwave absorption performance. In addition, when all other conditions are the same, the minimum reflection loss value of KPS/PDMS-Cotton is -33.03 dB at matching thickness of 5.5 mm, which is a good wave absorbing performance. The minimum reflection loss value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is -47.13 dB at matching thickness of 2.5 mm. In comparison to KPS/PDMS-Cotton, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is -47.13 dB. Compared with KPS/PDMS-Cotton, the minimum reflection loss value of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton is significantly lower, which is due to the fact that more KPS is organized on the cotton fabric after dopamine modification, which improves the microwave absorption performance of the cotton fabric.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equ2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv\\u003e\\u003cimg src=\\\"data:image/png;base64,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\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec26\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003e3.9.2 Superhydrophobic wave-absorbing mechanism\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFirstly, polydopamine has adhesive properties, and the cotton fabric modified with polydopamine enhances the bonding with KPS and PDMS, allowing more material to be adsorbed on the fabric surface. In this way, a continuous dense conductive network is formed on the fabric surface and provides a micro and nano rough structure. The introduction of PDMS optimizes the impedance matching to ensure multiple reflections and scattering between the incident electromagnetic waves entering the superhydrophobic wave-absorbent cotton fabrics and the crossed fibers.The superhydrophobic mechanism and microwave absorption mechanism of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton are shown in Fig. 12.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eWhen a water droplet falls on the surface of PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton, an air cushion is formed at the bottom of the droplet, which constitutes a gas-solid composite contact surface that keeps the droplet spherical without spreading. When the electromagnetic wave is incident, it first penetrates the surface layer of the fabric, and the porous structure of KPS makes more electromagnetic wave enter into the fabric, while a small amount of reflected wave is reflected and lost in the fabric for many times. When the electromagnetic wave is further incoming, the wave-absorbing layer of KPS effectively builds a conductive network, which leads to the conductive loss of electromagnetic wave in the network. At the same time, the heterogeneous interfaces and dipoles in the KPS trigger a large number of interfacial polarization and dipole polarization, and the polarization relaxation phenomenon enhances the dissipation ability of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are also reflected several times in the absorbing layer, which further consumes the electromagnetic waves. Therefore, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has excellent impedance matching performance, and the electromagnetic wave can effectively enter into the interior of the fabric, and through the joint action of conductive loss, polarization relaxation and multiple reflection loss, the electromagnetic wave is finally converted into heat energy, which realizes the effective absorption of electromagnetic wave.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"4. Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn this paper, dopamine was used to modify cotton fabrics, and the strong adhesion of PDA mussels was utilized to organize PDMS as well as KPS on the fabrics to form superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabrics with durability. The experimental results show that KPS has a large specific surface area as well as superior microwave absorption properties. When the content of PDA is 0.15%, the content of KPS is 0.4% and the concentration of PDMS is 5%, the water droplet contact angle of the finished cotton fabric is 163.7\\u0026deg;. At the matching thickness of 2.5 mm, the minimum reflection loss value was \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;47.13 dB. In addition, PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had excellent UV resistance. Its UPF value was 1317.31, and the transmittance of UVA and UVB was 0.11% and 0.06%, respectively.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, soft cotton fabric was used as the substrate and modified with dopamine. The material KPS provides the fabric with microwave absorption properties and a rough surface. PDMS serves as a binder to combine KPS with the modified cotton fabric and also provides the fabric with low surface energy. The prepared PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton has excellent superhydrophobic properties, microwave absorption properties, and UV resistance. Meanwhile, it achieves outstanding self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and water-resistant properties, which is conducive to extending the service life of superhydrophobic and microwave - absorbing cotton fabrics.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAcknowledgement\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis work was financially supported by Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (21ZR426200), the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning, Science Foundation of National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology (2022GCJJ22) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (51703123). \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCui A, Yao J, Xu J, et al (2024) Fabricating durable conductive coatings from PEDOT: PSS/Ag composite and PDA by sustainable ink-jet printing on cotton fabric. 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Engineering 41:161\\u0026ndash;171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.009\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"cellulose\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"cels\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)\",\"snPcode\":\"10570\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3\",\"title\":\"Cellulose\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Waste peanut shells, Peanut shell porous carbon, Superhydrophobicity, Microwave absorption, Cotton fabrics\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6168785/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6168785/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe increasing demand for electronic products has exacerbated the phenomenon of electromagnetic pollution, which in turn has driven the development of high-performance flexible microwave absorbing materials. In this work, cotton fabrics were first modified with polydopamine (PDA). Afterwards, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and porous peanut shell carbon material (KPS) were applied to the modified cotton fabric. The prepared fabric showed superhydrophobicity with a water droplet contact angle of 163.7\\u0026deg;. The optimized fabric exhibited excellent wave-absorbing performance due t\\u003cspan type=\\\"Underline\\\" class=\\\"Underline\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003eo\\u003c/span\\u003e the synergistic effect of conduction loss, interfacial polarization loss and surface roughness topography. At a matching thickness of 2.5 mm, the minimum reflection loss value reached 47.13 dB, and the effective bandwidth covered almost the entire X-band. PDA/KPS/PDMS-Cotton had excellent UV resistance. Its UPF value is 1317.31, and the transmittance of UVA and UVB was 0.11% and 0.06%, respectively. In addition, the obtained cotton fabric was robust enough to withstand damage such as repeated rubbing and still maintained superhydrophobicity and microwave absorption properties. This study provided a promising and effective way to develop durable and flexible materials with microwave absorption properties.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Superhydrophobic wave-absorbing cotton fabric based on peanut shell porous carbon\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-03-14 11:12:23\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6168785/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-03-12T14:33:32+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Cellulose\",\"date\":\"2025-03-06T08:51:23+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"cellulose\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"cels\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)\",\"snPcode\":\"10570\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3\",\"title\":\"Cellulose\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"6a23c076-81c0-4632-8d6b-da3c959bccca\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"March 14th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-04-20T16:14:58+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-6168785\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-026-07049-5\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"cellulose\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Cellulose\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-04-17 15:59:20\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"April 17th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-03-14 11:12:23\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s10570-026-07049-5\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-026-07049-5\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6168785\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6168785\",\"identity\":\"rs-6168785\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}