{"paper_id":"0a7cdcf7-d9da-4946-9c48-d838891157de","body_text":"MHD free convection flow of nanofluids inside a flush mounted heated square cavity containing a heat conducting triangular cylinder | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article MHD free convection flow of nanofluids inside a flush mounted heated square cavity containing a heat conducting triangular cylinder Shaikh Mahmuda, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4840716/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A numerical investigation of free convection flow and heat transfer of Al 2 O 3 -water nanofluid contained within a square cavity with partially heated, also cooled vertical walls influenced by a magnetic field has been conducted in this study. The cavity’s top and bottom horizontal walls are conceived to be adiabatic; furthermore, a heat-conducting triangular cylinder is positioned in the cavity's middle. Solving the dimensionless governing equations is done by adopting the Galerkin weighted residual method of finite element formulation. The impacts of leading parameters including Rayleigh number (10 3 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 ), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), and solid-volume fraction of nanoparticles (0% ≤ ϕ ≤ 5%) on the velocity as well as temperature field are studied. Results are illustrated with regard to streamlines, isotherms, heat flux, and the average Nusselt number inside the cavity for the mentioned parameter. Outcomes demonstrated that affixing the nanoparticle volume fraction significantly diminishes the fluid velocity but augments the heat transfer. For the concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, it is roughly 2.17%, 6.51%, and 11.01% higher than base fluid water. In addition, the flow field is also found to be remarkably changing with a higher Rayleigh number. More discretely, the average Nusselt number enhances as the nanoparticle volume fraction and the Rayleigh number intensify, whereas with a higher Hartmann number, the opposite tendency is exhibited. For rising Rayleigh numbers, there has been a drop in heat transfer of 4.54% at Ha = 20, and of 12.56% and 23.28% at Ha = 50 and 100 in comparison to Ha = 0. Free Convection Magnetic field Nanofluid Finite Element formulation Square cavity Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 27 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 31 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Oct, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Oct, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Oct, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 01 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4840716\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":335092184,\"identity\":\"c0a3e33a-337e-4102-9d15-95fbb4788c54\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Shaikh Mahmuda\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYDGzl+ECuhgHgtacaSDSAtBkRrYTicaHAAxCRGi/y004mfCwoOJxifX5344YEBgzy/2AH8Wgxu526WnmGQnmd24+1mCaDDDGfOTiCgRTp3gzSPgXWx2Y2zG0BaEgxuE9AiPzt3828eA+bEzTPObv5BlBaG27nbgLY4J27g791GnC1Av2yz5gEGssQN3m0WCQYShP0Ccthtnj/AqOw/u/nmjwobeX5pQg6DAwmwSglilYMA/wFSVI+CUTAKRsFIAgDmMkNUv8HE0QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Shaikh\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Mahmuda\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":335092186,\"identity\":\"b04cb7c6-bef5-45a6-b67b-7d81461b9536\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Mohammad Mokaddes Ali\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mohammad\",\"middleName\":\"Mokaddes\",\"lastName\":\"Ali\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2024-08-01 08:53:48\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4840716/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4840716/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":63510504,\"identity\":\"7849b136-fddb-44a7-a701-40708bb2b4c1\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-08-29 03:06:03\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1857884,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4840716/v1_covered_57a4fc0e-6953-4a19-872e-5e452a51c626.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"MHD free convection flow of nanofluids inside a flush mounted heated square cavity containing a heat conducting triangular cylinder\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"international-journal-of-applied-and-computational-mathematics\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics](https://link.springer.com/journal/40819)\",\"snPcode\":\"40819\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40819/3\",\"title\":\"International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Free Convection, Magnetic field, Nanofluid, Finite Element formulation, Square cavity\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4840716/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4840716/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eA numerical investigation of free convection flow and heat transfer of Al\\u003csub\\u003e2\\u003c/sub\\u003eO\\u003csub\\u003e3\\u003c/sub\\u003e-water nanofluid contained within a square cavity with partially heated, also cooled vertical walls influenced by a magnetic field has been conducted in this study. The cavity\\u0026rsquo;s top and bottom horizontal walls are conceived to be adiabatic; furthermore, a heat-conducting triangular cylinder is positioned in the cavity's middle. Solving the dimensionless governing equations is done by adopting the Galerkin weighted residual method of finite element formulation. The impacts of leading parameters including Rayleigh number (10\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e \\u0026le; Ra\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;10\\u003csup\\u003e6\\u003c/sup\\u003e), Hartmann number (0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;Ha\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;100), and solid-volume fraction of nanoparticles (0% \\u0026le; ϕ\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;5%) on the velocity as well as temperature field are studied. Results are illustrated with regard to streamlines, isotherms, heat flux, and the average Nusselt number inside the cavity for the mentioned parameter. Outcomes demonstrated that affixing the nanoparticle volume fraction significantly diminishes the fluid velocity but augments the heat transfer. For the concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, it is roughly 2.17%, 6.51%, and 11.01% higher than base fluid water. In addition, the flow field is also found to be remarkably changing with a higher Rayleigh number. More discretely, the average Nusselt number enhances as the nanoparticle volume fraction and the Rayleigh number intensify, whereas with a higher Hartmann number, the opposite tendency is exhibited. 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