{"paper_id":"09f463c3-76a5-4d6e-b1a6-66042d79e9b8","body_text":"Evaluation of Salt-tolerant Traditional Rice Varieties in Mekong Delta, Vietnam | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of Salt-tolerant Traditional Rice Varieties in Mekong Delta, Vietnam Pham Vu Khuong Duy, Quan Thi Ai Lien This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1499963/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : This study evaluated seedling stages’ salt tolerance in nutrient solution using three electrical conductivity (EC) salt concentrations of 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m with fifteen traditional rice varieties. Methods and Results : Five traditional salt-tolerant rice varieties at the seedling stage (level 5) at 15,63 dS/m were selected. Furthermore, we evaluated salt tolerance at EC 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m in the vegetative and reproductive stages of seven rice varieties (a tolerant variety, Doc Phung, a sensitive variety, IR28, and five rice salt-tolerant varieties were selected at seedling stage). Doc Phung was found to be salt tolerant, and IR28 was sensitive. This study showed that an increase in EC concentrations in the soil significantly reduced plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, a 1000 grain weight, and yield. The addition of 9,38 dS/m EC can distinguish tolerance and sensitive genotypes. The grain yield of sensitive genotypes decreased by 90%–100% at 9,38 dS/m EC, whereas the tolerant genotypes showed <60% in grain yield reduction. Selected traditional rice varieties of Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh, and Nang Tich were salt tolerant at their seedling stage. Vegetative and reproductive stages were at EC 9,38 dS/m. Conclusion : Salt inhibited the growth of five traditional rice varieties from vegetative to reproductive stages, thereby reducing plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, and a 1000-grain weight and yield. reproductive stages seedling stage traditional rice vegetative stage Mekong Delta Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Background Salinity is an obstacle for increasing rice production ( Oryza sativa L .) globally (Hosseini et al., 2012 , Abbas et al., 2013 , Ali et al., 2014 ). Soil–salt accumulation affects rice plants' physiology, morphology, and biochemistry (Sankar et al., 2011 ). Rice yield decreased by 40% under low EC e soil conditions (2–6 dS/m), 75% in medium EC e (6–10 dS/m), and 100% in high EC e (> 10 dS/m) (Zeng and Shannon, 2000 ). Sankar et al. ( 2011 ) reported that the susceptibility of rice plants at EC e fluctuates from 0 to 8 dS/m. Although rice is sensitive to salt, it is one of the crops recommended to be grown in saline soils sowing to its ability to grow in wetlands (Sankar et al., 2011 ; Aref and Rad, 2012 ). Some research suggest that rice is salt tolerant during germination, becomes susceptible during the early seedling stage (stages 2–3 leaves), enhances durability in the vegetative growth stage, becomes sensitive during pollination and fertilization, and becomes more adaptable as adults (Pearson et al., 1966 ). However, other research suggests that in the flowering stage, rice is not salt sensitive (Kaddah et al., 1975 ). While farming rice in coastal areas, it was observed that salinity occurred in all rice growth stage. Therefore, it became essential to determine the response to rice plants’ salinity during the growing period. Thus, to understand the response of rice plants to salinity as a whole, the stages of its development must be observed, namely, early seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages. Therefore, this study evaluated the response of some seasonal rice varieties at different NaCl concentrations by observing morphological characteristics in saline soils. The difference in response would be a useful indicator when assessing the salt tolerance of seasonal rice varieties grown in saline soil under greenhouse conditions to select traditional rice varieties with salinity tolerance ≥ 9,38 dS/m. Materials And Methods Fifteen traditional rice varieties with different salt tolerance were used in this study. They were evaluated for salt tolerance in the nutrient solution of the seedling stage at EC 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m to comparatively determine if the four varieties, Nang Tich, Trang Lun, Nang Cha Ran, and Nep Than, exhibit salt tolerance ability in their seedling stages at 15,63 dS/m. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Plant Breeding laboratory and applied biotechnology, College of Agriculture, CanTho University from September 2020 to February 2021. The experiment had a completely randomized two-factor design with three repetitions. The first factor was rice varieties included in seven experiments (five traditional varieties; Doc Phung, the tolerant variety; and IR28, the sensitive variety). The second factor was electrical conductivity (EC) concentrations at 0, 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m). Rice seeds were sown in a plastic container filled with soil under nonsaline condition for 21 d. Then, water was added to the seedlings into pots in a ratio of 7:3. NaCl was added to the soil in each experiment. The observed indicators were agronomic characteristics and yield components, such as plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, and a 1000 grain weight and yield. These parameters were observed at the vegetative and reproductive stages. All data were analyzed by analysis of variance using SPSS v.22.0. Test of variance was performed by Duncan’s test with a 5% significance level. Results And Discussion Evaluation of salt tolerance at the seedling stage The results of salt tolerance evaluation at the seedling stage of seventeen rice varieties were tested at 9,38, 12,5, and 15,63 dS/m (Table 1 ). It was revealed that the IR28 standard control variety was evaluated at level nine, an infected level. Five varieties, Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh, and Nang Tich, were evaluated at three salt tolerance levels (9.38, 12.5, and 15.63 dS/m). Rice is salt sensitive at the seedling stage. Plant height, root length, the new root’s appearance, and dry matter were significantly reduced at EC 5–6 dS/m, salt stress manifested at the early seedling stage on the first leaf, then the second, and the developing leaf (Pearson et al., 1966 , Akbar and Yabuno 1974 ). Table 1 Salt tolerance of the fifteen rice varieties tested STT Name rice varieties Salt tolerance (level) 9,38 dS/m 12,5 dS/m 15,63 dS/m 1. Nang Cha Ran 1 3 3 2. Huyet Rong 5 5 7 3. Nang Cha 3 5 5 4. Nep Than 1 3 3 5. Nang Quot 5 5 7 6. Nang Thom 5 7 7 7. Nho Thom 5 7 7 8. Thang Con 3 5 5 9. Trang Lun 3 3 3 10. Lem bui 3 3 5 11. Gie hanh 3 3 3 12. Nang tich 3 3 3 13. Mashuri 5 7 7 14. Can Lun 3 3 5 15. Nang thom cho đao 3 5 7 16. Doc phung (tolerance) 3 3 5 17. IR28 (sensitive) 9 9 9 Evaluation of salt tolerance in vegetative and reproduction stages Rice plants were relatively sensitive to saline soil (Jamil et al., 2012 ). The accumulation of a significant amount of salt in the soil affects rice plants' normal growth and development (Ali et al., 2014 ). Evaluation of rice salt tolerance is usually conducted in a greenhouse at the seedling stage. Through the assessment of agronomic characteristics, yield components and yield, the salt tolerance of the five rice varieties were determined. In IR28, no yield was recorded from EC 9,38 dS/m. The agronomic characteristics, yield composition, and yield of the varieties are shown in Table 2 . The average of all details of rice, salinity EC (S), varieties (G), and S*G’s interaction are different at the 5% statistical significance level. Table 2 Means square agronomic parameters, yield components, and yield of varieties at electrical conductivity concentrations Source of variation Df Plant height Panicle/plant Panicle length Grain/ panicle A 1000-grain weight Yield/ plant Genotypes (G) 6 2662,6 * 34,1 * 502,3 * 13395,6 * 332,1 * 93,8 * EC (S) 3 2781,0 * 93,7 * 131,3 * 6961,3 * 420,0 * 2257,1 * S*G 18 772,6 * 2,2 * 45,2 * 1003,7 * 59,7 * 10,0 * Error 56 1,00 0,27 0,14 7,99 2,89 0,17 CV (%) 0,98 10,4 1,86 3,57 9,67 5,21 CV: coefficient of variation; EC: electrical conductivity Salinity significantly reduced the plant height of rice varieties at EC 9,38 dS/m, the standard variety infected with IR28 significant decreased in plant height with increasing salinity concentration, the remaining varieties and Doc Phung had an increased plant height and decreased salt concentration (Fig. 1 ). Reduced plant height was due to decreased cell division and elongation (Yaghubi et al., 2013 ). Sodium chloride damage plants through ionic toxicity and osmotic stress. The rapidly osmotic phase inhibits the growth of young leaves by reducing cell proliferation and delaying cell elongation, whereas the ionic phase gradually induces cellular aging in mature leaves (Urano et al., 2014 ). Panicle/plant was related to the tillering ability of rice plants. Here salt significantly reduced panicle/plant compared with the control (0 dS/m). IR28 was not recorded in panicles exposed to salt treatments (Fig. 2 ). Inhibition of tillering was the main cause of yield loss under salt stress (Zeng et al., 2003 ; Haq et al. , 2009). The reduction in tilling may be due to the salt effect on the vegetative and reproductive stages. Panicle length is an important yield component under salinity because it determines the number of seeds per panicle. Here, salinity reduced panicle length than the control (0 dS/m) and started decreasing at EC 9,38 dS/m (Fig. 3 ). In standard varieties, IR28 was not recorded to influence the panicle length because the variety died at EC 9,38 dS/m, whereas Doc Phung salt-tolerant varieties had decreased panicle length from 22,1 cm to 20,0 cm. Further, Zeng et al. ( 2001 ) stated that salinity affects the panicle length of rice by reducing primary and secondary branches and the number of spikelets produced per panicle. The results of grain/panicle in Fig. 4 show that grain/panicle decreased significantly as the EC concentration increased. For example, Nep Than had its grain/panicle reduced to 50% from 120 grains at EC 0 dS/m and had approximately 60 grains at EC 15,63 dS/m. In a study, scientists revealed a linear decrease in several yield components with increasing salinity, including percentage of sterile flower and the number of shoots and grains per plant, thereby reducing seed weight per plant (Zeng and Shannon, 2000 ). Salt stress reduces a 1000 grain weight of all rice varieties from EC 9,38 dS/m. Doc Phung, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh had its 1000 grain weight insignificantly decrease; in contrast, the remaining varieties were significantly decreased (Fig. 5 ). Rao et al. ( 2008 ) reported that a 1000 grain weight significantly decreased under salty conditions, showing that salinity reduced rice grains' size. Grain yield depends on the number of panicle/plant, grains/panicles, and a 1000 grain weight (Zeng et al., 2003 ). Here, a decrease in grain yield was observed in all rice varieties when EC increased from 9,38 to 15,63 dS/m (Table 3 ). Table 3 Grain yield (g) of five traditional rice varieties in differently electrical conductivity concentrations EC (dS/m) Yield/plant \\(\\pm\\) sd (g) Nang Cha Ran Nep Than Trang Lun Gie Hanh Nang Tich Đoc Phung IR28 0 27,9 \\(\\pm\\) 0,4 a 28,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 a 23,7 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 a 25,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 a 30,2 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 a 28,6 \\(\\pm\\) 0,1 a 25,6 \\(\\pm\\) 0,1 a 9,38 11,7 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 b 11,4 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 b 10,0 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 b 10,6 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 b 13,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 b 13,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 b 0,0 \\(\\pm\\) 0,0 b 12,5 8,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,5 c 7,3 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 c 5,3 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 c 6,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 c 9,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 c 9,4 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 c 0,0 \\(\\pm\\) 0,0 b 15,63 5,2 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 d 5,4 \\(\\pm\\) 0,4 d 4,1 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 d 4,8 \\(\\pm\\) 0,3 d 4,5 \\(\\pm\\) 0,2 d 5,6 \\(\\pm\\) 0,4 d 0,0 \\(\\pm\\) 0,0 b Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at P = 0.05 , according to Duncan's test for multiple means Grain yield reduction of rice varieties with increasing EC concentrations is shown in Fig. 6 . Grain yield at EC 9,38 dS/m declined significantly than the control (0 dS/m), what less than 40% for all rice varieties (Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Nang Tich, and Doc Phung), whereas at EC 15,63 dS/m had decreased productivity of 80%. For IR28, only sensitive variety had their yield decreased by 100% at EC 9,38 dS/m. Conclusions And Suggestion Conclusions Salt inhibited the growth of five traditional rice varieties from vegetative to reproductive stages causing reduced plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, and a 1000 grain weight and yield. The relative reduction yield at EC 9,38 dS/m of the tolerant variety was less than 60%, whereas it was 100% for infected cultivars. The selected five traditional rice varieties, namely, as Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh, and Nang Tich expressed salinity tolerance in seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages at EC 9,38 dS/m. Suggestion Tolerant and sensitive varieties could be distinguished at EC 9,38 dS/m, indicating that the NaCl at EC 9,38 dS/m in the growth medium could be used as a method to select resistant and infected varieties under greenhouse conditions. Abbreviations EC Electrical conductivity CV Coefficient of variation G Genotypes S EC SD Standard deviation DF Degree of freedom Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and material: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are used in the manuscript directly or presented in the Supplementary Tables available online. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding None. Authors’ contributions: PVKD conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the manuscript, and performed the measurements and analysis; QTAL conceived and designed the experiments, performed project administration and execution of the experiment, reviewed and edited the manuscript, and procured funding. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript for publication. Acknowledgments: We thank the Plant Breeding and Applied Biotechnology Lab for providing the rice genotypes for the project. We also thank the Plant Breeding Lab staff and students for the technical help and data collection. Authors’ information Department of Genetic and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CanTho University, Vietnam. Pham Vu Khuong Duy, Master, Researcher and Quan Thi Ai Lien, PhD, Lecturer. References Abbas MK, Ali AS, Hasan HH, Ghal RH (2013) Salt tolerance study of six cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during germination and early seedling growth. J Agric Sci 5:250-259. Akbar M, Yabuno Y (1974). Breeding for saline-resistant varieties of rice. II. Comparative performance of some rice varieties to salinity during early developing stages. Jap J Breed. 25:176-181. Ali MN, Ghosh B, Gantait S, Chakraborty S (2014). Selection of rice genotypes for salinity tolerance through morpho-biochemical assessment. Rice Sci 21:288-298. Aref F, Rad HE (2012). Physiological characterization of rice under salinity stress during vegetative and reproductive stages. Indian J Sci Tech 5:2578-2586. Hosseini SJ, Sarvestani ZT, Pirdashti H (2012). Analysis of tolerance indices in some rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at salt Stress condition. Inter Res J Appl Basic Sci 3:1-10. Jamil M, Bashir S, Anwar S, Bibi S, Bangash S, Ullah F, Rha ES (2012). Effect of salinity on physiological and biochemical characteristics of different varieties of rice. Pak J Bot 44:7-13. Kaddah MT, Lehman WF, Meek BD, Robinson FE (1975). Salinity effects on rice after the boot stage. Agron J 67:436-439. Pearson GA, Ayers SD, Eberhard DL (1966). Relative salt tolerance of rice during germination and early seedling development. Soil Sci 102:151-156. Rao PS, Mishra B, Gupta SR, Rathore A (2008). Reproductive stage tolerance to salinity and alkalinity stresses in rice genotypes. Plant Breeding 127:256-261. Sankar PD, Saleh MAAM, Selvaraj CI (2011). Rice breeding for salt tolerance. Res Biotech 2:1-10. Urano D, Colaneri A, Jones AM (2014). Gα modulates salt-induced cellular senescence and cell division in rice and maize. J Exp Bot 65:6553-6561. Yaghubi M, Nematzadeh G, Pirdashti H, Modarresi M (2013). Change in some morphological traits of two contrast rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in response to salinity. Int J Farm Alli Sci 2:1037-1041. Zeng L, Lesch SM, Grieve CM (2003). Rice growth and yield respond to changes in water depth and salinity stress. Agric Water Manage 59:67-75. Zeng L, Shannon MC (2000). Salinity effect on seedling growth and yield components of rice. Crop Sci 40:996-1003. Zeng, L., M. C. Shannon, S. M. Lesch, (2001). Timing of salinity stress affect rice growth and yield components. Agric. Water Manage. 48: 191-206. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files FCSupplementaryTables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-1499963\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":94787002,\"identity\":\"15d98cbf-fd08-427f-ad35-816d22cdbe4a\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Pham Vu Khuong Duy\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Can Tho University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Pham\",\"middleName\":\"Vu Khuong\",\"lastName\":\"Duy\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":94787003,\"identity\":\"2cbb9064-5baa-4b89-a368-ff755616fad8\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Quan Thi Ai 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Delta, Vietnam\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Background\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSalinity is an obstacle for increasing rice production (\\u003cem\\u003eOryza sativa L\\u003c/em\\u003e.) globally (Hosseini et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e, Abbas et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e, Ali et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). Soil\\u0026ndash;salt accumulation affects rice plants' physiology, morphology, and biochemistry (Sankar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). Rice yield decreased by 40% under low EC\\u003csub\\u003ee\\u003c/sub\\u003e soil conditions (2\\u0026ndash;6 dS/m), 75% in medium EC\\u003csub\\u003ee\\u003c/sub\\u003e (6\\u0026ndash;10 dS/m), and 100% in high EC\\u003csub\\u003ee\\u003c/sub\\u003e (\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;10 dS/m) (Zeng and Shannon, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2000\\u003c/span\\u003e). Sankar et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e) reported that the susceptibility of rice plants at EC\\u003csub\\u003ee\\u003c/sub\\u003e fluctuates from 0 to 8 dS/m. Although rice is sensitive to salt, it is one of the crops recommended to be grown in saline soils sowing to its ability to grow in wetlands (Sankar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e; Aref and Rad, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSome research suggest that rice is salt tolerant during germination, becomes susceptible during the early seedling stage (stages 2\\u0026ndash;3 leaves), enhances durability in the vegetative growth stage, becomes sensitive during pollination and fertilization, and becomes more adaptable as adults (Pearson et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1966\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, other research suggests that in the flowering stage, rice is not salt sensitive (Kaddah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1975\\u003c/span\\u003e). While farming rice in coastal areas, it was observed that salinity occurred in all rice growth stage. Therefore, it became essential to determine the response to rice plants\\u0026rsquo; salinity during the growing period.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThus, to understand the response of rice plants to salinity as a whole, the stages of its development must be observed, namely, early seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages. Therefore, this study evaluated the response of some seasonal rice varieties at different NaCl concentrations by observing morphological characteristics in saline soils. The difference in response would be a useful indicator when assessing the salt tolerance of seasonal rice varieties grown in saline soil under greenhouse conditions to select traditional rice varieties with salinity tolerance\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026ge;\\u0026thinsp;9,38 dS/m.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials And Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFifteen traditional rice varieties with different salt tolerance were used in this study. They were evaluated for salt tolerance in the nutrient solution of the seedling stage at EC 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m to comparatively determine if the four varieties, Nang Tich, Trang Lun, Nang Cha Ran, and Nep Than, exhibit salt tolerance ability in their seedling stages at 15,63 dS/m. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Plant Breeding laboratory and applied biotechnology, College of Agriculture, CanTho University from September 2020 to February 2021. The experiment had a completely randomized two-factor design with three repetitions. The first factor was rice varieties included in seven experiments (five traditional varieties; Doc Phung, the tolerant variety; and IR28, the sensitive variety). The second factor was electrical conductivity (EC) concentrations at 0, 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRice seeds were sown in a plastic container filled with soil under nonsaline condition for 21 d. Then, water was added to the seedlings into pots in a ratio of 7:3. NaCl was added to the soil in each experiment. The observed indicators were agronomic characteristics and yield components, such as plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, and a 1000 grain weight and yield. These parameters were observed at the vegetative and reproductive stages.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAll data were analyzed by analysis of variance using SPSS v.22.0. Test of variance was performed by Duncan\\u0026rsquo;s test with a 5% significance level.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results And Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Section2\\\" id=\\\"Sec4\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eEvaluation of salt tolerance at the seedling stage\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe results of salt tolerance evaluation at the seedling stage of seventeen rice varieties were tested at 9,38, 12,5, and 15,63 dS/m (Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). It was revealed that the IR28 standard control variety was evaluated at level nine, an infected level. Five varieties, Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh, and Nang Tich, were evaluated at three salt tolerance levels (9.38, 12.5, and 15.63 dS/m). Rice is salt sensitive at the seedling stage. Plant height, root length, the new root\\u0026rsquo;s appearance, and dry matter were significantly reduced at EC 5\\u0026ndash;6 dS/m, salt stress manifested at the early seedling stage on the first leaf, then the second, and the developing leaf (Pearson et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1966\\u003c/span\\u003e, Akbar and Yabuno \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1974\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSalt tolerance of the fifteen rice varieties tested\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSTT\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eName rice varieties\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSalt tolerance (level)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e9,38 dS/m\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e12,5 dS/m\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e15,63 dS/m\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNang Cha Ran\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHuyet Rong\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNang Cha\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNep Than\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e1\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNang Quot\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNang Thom\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNho Thom\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThang Con\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTrang Lun\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLem bui\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGie hanh\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNang tich\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e3\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMashuri\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e14.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCan Lun\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNang thom cho đao\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e16.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDoc phung (tolerance)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e17.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIR28 (sensitive)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Section2\\\" id=\\\"Sec5\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eEvaluation of salt tolerance in vegetative and reproduction stages\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRice plants were relatively sensitive to saline soil (Jamil et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). The accumulation of a significant amount of salt in the soil affects rice plants\\u0026apos; normal growth and development (Ali et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). Evaluation of rice salt tolerance is usually conducted in a greenhouse at the seedling stage. Through the assessment of agronomic characteristics, yield components and yield, the salt tolerance of the five rice varieties were determined. In IR28, no yield was recorded from EC 9,38 dS/m. The agronomic characteristics, yield composition, and yield of the varieties are shown in Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e. The average of all details of rice, salinity EC (S), varieties (G), and S*G\\u0026rsquo;s interaction are different at the 5% statistical significance level.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMeans square agronomic parameters, yield components, and yield of varieties at electrical conductivity concentrations\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSource of variation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDf\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePlant height\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePanicle/plant\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePanicle length\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGrain/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003epanicle\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eA 1000-grain weight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYield/\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eplant\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes (G)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2662,6\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e34,1\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e502,3\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13395,6\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e332,1\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e93,8\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC (S)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2781,0\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e93,7\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e131,3\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6961,3\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e420,0\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2257,1\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eS*G\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e772,6\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,2\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45,2\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1003,7\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e59,7\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10,0\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eError\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,00\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,27\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,14\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7,99\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e2,89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,17\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCV (%)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,98\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10,4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1,86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3,57\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9,67\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,21\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"Section3\\\" id=\\\"Sec6\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCV: coefficient of variation; EC: electrical conductivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSalinity significantly reduced the plant height of rice varieties at EC 9,38 dS/m, the standard variety infected with IR28 significant decreased in plant height with increasing salinity concentration, the remaining varieties and Doc Phung had an increased plant height and decreased salt concentration (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). Reduced plant height was due to decreased cell division and elongation (Yaghubi et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e). Sodium chloride damage plants through ionic toxicity and osmotic stress. The rapidly osmotic phase inhibits the growth of young leaves by reducing cell proliferation and delaying cell elongation, whereas the ionic phase gradually induces cellular aging in mature leaves (Urano et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePanicle/plant was related to the tillering ability of rice plants. Here salt significantly reduced panicle/plant compared with the control (0 dS/m). IR28 was not recorded in panicles exposed to salt treatments (Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Inhibition of tillering was the main cause of yield loss under salt stress (Zeng et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2003\\u003c/span\\u003e; Haq \\u003cem\\u003eet al.\\u003c/em\\u003e, 2009). The reduction in tilling may be due to the salt effect on the vegetative and reproductive stages.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePanicle length is an important yield component under salinity because it determines the number of seeds per panicle. Here, salinity reduced panicle length than the control (0 dS/m) and started decreasing at EC 9,38 dS/m (Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). In standard varieties, IR28 was not recorded to influence the panicle length because the variety died at EC 9,38 dS/m, whereas Doc Phung salt-tolerant varieties had decreased panicle length from 22,1 cm to 20,0 cm. Further, Zeng et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e) stated that salinity affects the panicle length of rice by reducing primary and secondary branches and the number of spikelets produced per panicle.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eThe results of grain/panicle in Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e show that grain/panicle decreased significantly as the EC concentration increased. For example, Nep Than had its grain/panicle reduced to 50% from 120 grains at EC 0 dS/m and had approximately 60 grains at EC 15,63 dS/m. In a study, scientists revealed a linear decrease in several yield components with increasing salinity, including percentage of sterile flower and the number of shoots and grains per plant, thereby reducing seed weight per plant (Zeng and Shannon, \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2000\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSalt stress reduces a 1000 grain weight of all rice varieties from EC 9,38 dS/m. Doc Phung, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh had its 1000 grain weight insignificantly decrease; in contrast, the remaining varieties were significantly decreased (Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Rao et al. (\\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e) reported that a 1000 grain weight significantly decreased under salty conditions, showing that salinity reduced rice grains\\u0026apos; size.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGrain yield depends on the number of panicle/plant, grains/panicles, and a 1000 grain weight (Zeng et al., \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2003\\u003c/span\\u003e). Here, a decrease in grain yield was observed in all rice varieties when EC increased from 9,38 to 15,63 dS/m (Table \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGrain yield (g) of five traditional rice varieties in differently electrical conductivity concentrations\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003c/caption\\u003e\\n \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\n \\u003cthead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC (dS/m)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYield/plant \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e sd (g)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNang Cha Ran\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNep Than\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTrang Lun\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eGie Hanh\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eNang Tich\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eĐoc Phung\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIR28\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/th\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/thead\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e27,9 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,4\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e23,7 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30,2 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e28,6 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,1\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25,6 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,1\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9,38\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11,7 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e11,4 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10,0 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10,6 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e13,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,0 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,0\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e12,5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,5\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7,3 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,3 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e9,4 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,0 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,0\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15,63\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,2 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,4 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,4\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,1 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,8 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,3\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4,5 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,2\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5,6 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,4\\u003csup\\u003ed\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0,0 \\u003cspan class=\\\"InlineEquation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"mathinline\\\"\\u003e\\\\(\\\\pm\\\\)\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e 0,0\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n \\u003c/table\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMeans in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eaccording to Duncan\\u0026apos;s test for multiple means\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGrain yield reduction of rice varieties with increasing EC concentrations is shown in Fig. \\u003cspan class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e. Grain yield at EC 9,38 dS/m declined significantly than the control (0 dS/m), what less than 40% for all rice varieties (Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Nang Tich, and Doc Phung), whereas at EC 15,63 dS/m had decreased productivity of 80%. For IR28, only sensitive variety had their yield decreased by 100% at EC 9,38 dS/m.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusions And Suggestion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConclusions\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSalt inhibited the growth of five traditional rice varieties from vegetative to reproductive stages causing reduced plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, and a 1000 grain weight and yield. The relative reduction yield at EC 9,38 dS/m of the tolerant variety was less than 60%, whereas it was 100% for infected cultivars.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe selected five traditional rice varieties, namely, as Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh, and Nang Tich expressed salinity tolerance in seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages at EC 9,38 dS/m.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSuggestion\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTolerant and sensitive varieties could be distinguished at EC 9,38 dS/m, indicating that the NaCl at EC 9,38 dS/m in the growth medium could be used as a method to select resistant and infected varieties under greenhouse conditions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Abbreviations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEC\\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Electrical conductivity\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eCV \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Coefficient of variation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eG \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Genotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eS \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;EC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSD \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp;Standard deviation \\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDF \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; \\u0026nbsp; Degree of freedom\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for publication:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of data and material:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are used in the manuscript directly or presented in the Supplementary Tables available online.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNone.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthors\\u0026rsquo; contributions:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePVKD conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the manuscript, and performed the measurements and analysis; QTAL conceived and designed the experiments, performed project administration and execution of the experiment, reviewed and edited the manuscript, and procured funding. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript for publication.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgments:\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWe thank the Plant Breeding and Applied Biotechnology Lab for providing the rice genotypes for the project. We also thank the Plant Breeding Lab staff and students for the technical help and data collection.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthors\\u0026rsquo; information\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDepartment of Genetic and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CanTho University, Vietnam.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePham Vu Khuong Duy, Master, Researcher and Quan Thi Ai Lien, PhD, Lecturer.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAbbas MK, Ali AS, Hasan HH, Ghal RH (2013) Salt tolerance study of six cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during germination and early seedling growth. J Agric Sci 5:250-259.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAkbar M, Yabuno Y (1974). Breeding for saline-resistant varieties of rice. II. Comparative performance of some rice varieties to salinity during early developing stages.\\u0026nbsp;Jap J Breed. 25:176-181.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAli MN, Ghosh B, Gantait S, Chakraborty S (2014). Selection of rice genotypes for salinity\\u0026nbsp;tolerance through morpho-biochemical assessment.\\u0026nbsp;Rice Sci\\u0026nbsp;21:288-298.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAref F, Rad HE (2012). Physiological characterization of rice under salinity stress during vegetative and reproductive stages.\\u0026nbsp;Indian J Sci Tech\\u0026nbsp;5:2578-2586.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eHosseini SJ, Sarvestani ZT, Pirdashti H (2012). Analysis of tolerance indices in some rice\\u0026nbsp;(Oryza sativa\\u0026nbsp;L.) genotypes at salt Stress condition.\\u0026nbsp;Inter Res J Appl Basic Sci\\u0026nbsp;3:1-10.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eJamil M, Bashir S, Anwar S, Bibi S, Bangash S, Ullah F, Rha ES (2012). Effect of salinity\\u0026nbsp;on physiological and biochemical characteristics of different varieties of rice.\\u0026nbsp;Pak J Bot\\u0026nbsp;44:7-13.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eKaddah MT, Lehman WF, Meek BD, Robinson FE (1975). Salinity effects on rice after the boot stage.\\u0026nbsp;Agron J\\u0026nbsp;67:436-439.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003ePearson GA, Ayers SD, Eberhard DL (1966). Relative salt tolerance of rice during germination and early seedling development.\\u0026nbsp;Soil Sci\\u0026nbsp;102:151-156.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eRao PS, Mishra B, Gupta SR, Rathore A (2008). Reproductive stage tolerance to salinity and\\u0026nbsp;alkalinity stresses in rice genotypes.\\u0026nbsp;Plant Breeding\\u0026nbsp;127:256-261.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eSankar PD, Saleh MAAM, Selvaraj CI (2011). Rice breeding for salt tolerance.\\u0026nbsp;Res Biotech 2:1-10.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eUrano D, Colaneri A, Jones AM (2014). G\\u0026alpha; modulates salt-induced cellular senescence and cell\\u0026nbsp;division in rice and maize.\\u0026nbsp;J Exp Bot\\u0026nbsp;65:6553-6561.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eYaghubi M, Nematzadeh G, Pirdashti H, Modarresi M (2013). Change in some morphological\\u0026nbsp;traits of two contrast rice (Oryza sativa\\u0026nbsp;L.) cultivars in response to salinity.\\u0026nbsp;Int J Farm Alli Sci\\u0026nbsp;2:1037-1041.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eZeng L, Lesch SM, Grieve CM (2003). Rice growth and yield respond to changes in water\\u0026nbsp;depth and salinity stress. Agric\\u0026nbsp;Water Manage\\u0026nbsp;59:67-75.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eZeng L, Shannon MC (2000). Salinity effect on seedling growth and yield components of rice.\\u0026nbsp;Crop Sci\\u0026nbsp;40:996-1003.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eZeng, L., M. C. Shannon, S. M. Lesch, (2001). Timing of salinity stress affect rice growth and yield\\u0026nbsp;components.\\u0026nbsp;Agric. Water Manage.\\u0026nbsp;48: 191-206.\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"reproductive stages, seedling stage, traditional rice, vegetative stage, Mekong Delta\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1499963/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1499963/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eBackground\\u003c/strong\\u003e: This study evaluated seedling stages’ salt tolerance in nutrient solution using three electrical conductivity (EC) salt concentrations of 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m with fifteen traditional rice varieties. \\u003cstrong\\u003eMethods and Results\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Five traditional salt-tolerant rice varieties at the seedling stage (level 5) at 15,63 dS/m were selected. Furthermore, we evaluated salt tolerance at EC 9,38, 12,50, and 15,63 dS/m in the vegetative and reproductive stages of seven rice varieties (a tolerant variety, Doc Phung, a sensitive variety, IR28, and five rice salt-tolerant varieties were selected at seedling stage). Doc Phung was found to be salt tolerant, and IR28 was sensitive. This study showed that an increase in EC concentrations in the soil significantly reduced plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, a 1000 grain weight, and yield. The addition of 9,38 dS/m EC can distinguish tolerance and sensitive genotypes. The grain yield of sensitive genotypes decreased by 90%–100% at 9,38 dS/m EC, whereas the tolerant genotypes showed \\u0026lt;60% in grain yield reduction. Selected traditional rice varieties of Nang Cha Ran, Nep Than, Trang Lun, Gie Hanh, and Nang Tich were salt tolerant at their seedling stage. Vegetative and reproductive stages were at EC 9,38 dS/m. \\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConclusion\\u003c/strong\\u003e: Salt inhibited the growth of five traditional rice varieties from vegetative to reproductive stages, thereby reducing plant height, panicle/plant, panicle length, and a 1000-grain weight and yield.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Evaluation of Salt-tolerant Traditional Rice Varieties in Mekong Delta, Vietnam\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2022-04-01 14:40:19\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1499963/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"b8faef2b-2fbb-4d05-bf4c-0c13cb0e292d\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"April 1st, 2022\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2022-04-01T14:40:21+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2022-04-01 14:40:19\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-1499963\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-1499963\",\"identity\":\"rs-1499963\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}