{"paper_id":"074bcd06-ae60-40d7-8ad4-8342d01a4cf2","body_text":"New data about morphology of Kurzia longirostris (Daday, 1898) (Crustacea, \nBranchiopoda) based in populations from the Congo River Basin \n \nCamila Moreira -Silva1, Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa 2, Lourdes M. A. Elmoor -\nLoureiro2,3, Mwapu Isumbisho4, Hugo Sarmento6, Alberto V . Borges5, Gilmar Perbiche-\nNeves6 \n \n1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Universidade Estadual \nPaulista, Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil \ncamoreirads@gmail.com \n \n2 Universidade Federal de Jataí, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Taxonomia \nAnimal, Jataí, Brazil \n \n3 Independent Researcher \n \n4 Unité d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Hydrobiologie Appliquée, Département de \nBiologie-Chimie, ISP/Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa \n \n5 University of Liège, Chemical Oceanography Unit, Liège, Belgium \n \n6 Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Hidrologia, São Carlos, Brazil \n \nAbstract  \nThe African Cladocera fauna is recognized by high endemism. Several studies have \nhelped to understand the diversity and geographic distribution of some groups of \nChydoridae on the continent. However, the literature indicates the presence of species \nwhose natural distribution is presumed to be in othe r continents, suggesting that the \ndiversity and endemism in Africa are still underestimated. Despite the absence of more \ncomprehensive knowledge about morphology of Kurzia longirostris  to terra typica  \n(Oriental region), our findings reveled slightly morphological differences between Congo \nRiver populations when compared with literature data. Looking at the high morphological \nvariability along the range of geographic distribution , it is increasingly clear that K. \nlongirostris might be indicated as a  species complex. Thus, the idea of continental \nendemism should be tested in a future revision of the group. \n \nKey words \nChari River Basin, Chydoridae, endemism, Nile Rive Basin, taxonomy \n \nIntroduction \nThe African Cladocera fauna is recognized by high endemism, especially related to \nChydoridae (Chiambeng and Dumont, 1998; Sinev 2006, 2008; Smirnov 2008; Van \nDamme and Dumont 2009; Van Damme and Eggermont 2011; Van Damme et al. 2013; \nNeretina and Sinev 202 1). Currently, the diversity on the continent is better understood \ndue to several studies related to species groups within Leydigia Kurz, 1875, Acroperus \nBaird, 1843, Anthalona Van Damme, Sinev and Dumont, 2011, Coronatella Dybowsky \nand Grochowski, 1894, Nicsmirnovius Chiambeng and Dumont, 1999 and Biapertura \nSmirnov, 1971 emend. Sinev 2020 (Van Damme et al. 2003; 2011; Kotov 2009; Sinev \n2009; Neretina and Kotov 2015; Van Damme 2016). Despite that,  we found in Africa \nspecies with a wide range of distribution  which also occurs throughout areas in the \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\nPalearctic and Oriental zones , for instance Anthalona harti  Van Damme, Sinev & \nDumont, 2011 (Van Damme et al. 2011) and Leberis punctatus (Daday, 1898) (Neretina \nand Sinev, 2016). At the same time, there are several reports of taxa considered as species-\ncomplex, for instance, Chydorus sphaericus  (O.F. Müller, 1776), Prendalona guttata  \n(Sars, 1862) and Alona intermedia Sars, 1862 (Dumont et al. 1981; Dumont 1981; Van \nDamme and Eggermont 2011). These reports suggest that the diversity and endemism in \nAfrica is still underestimated. \n \nKurzia longirostris (Daday, 1898) also occurs in the Afrotropical zone presenting a wide \nrange of distribution since Oriental (terra typica), Neotropical and Australasian regions \n(Gauthier 1937; Rajapaksa and Fernando 1986 ; Rey and Saint -Jeans 1969; Smirnov \n1971; Dumont 1981; Hudec 2000; Sinev 2016). The history of taxon began when Eugen \nV on Daday described Alona longirostris. After that, Sars (1901) reported the presence of \nspecies in Brazil  and suggested it translocation to genus Pseudoalona Sars, 1901. The \nname Pseudoalona longirostris was used in posterior publications (Brehm 1933, 1934; \nGauthier 1937) until Harding  (1957) indicates that P . longirostris fit with genus Kurzia \nDybowski & Growshoski, 1894 , assumption widely accepted in recent times ( Smirnov \n1971; Hudec 2000; Sinev 2016; Neretina et al. 2017). \n \nBesides a wide geographic distribution on the tropical and subtropical areas, \nmorphological data about K. longirostris present considerable variation, especially in the \npostabdomen, rostrum and labrum. Such findings indicate the need for taxonomic review \nto better understand limb morphology . To elucidate the limbs morphology of African \nsome populations, we analyzed the morphology of Kurzia longirostris collected in rivers \nand streams from the Congo River Basin. \n  \nMaterial and Methods \n \nMorphological analyses \nThe animals used for this study were selected under a binocular stereo microscope, \nmounted in drops of glycerin on slides and studied under an Olympus BX41 phase \ncontrast microscope to investigate the morphological traits. The presen tation of \nmorphological structures follows the suggestions of Van Damme (2016). To enumerate \nthe limb setae, we adopted the homology criteria of Kotov (2000a, 2000b), which \nexhibited stability when tested in different groups of cladocerans (Kotov et al. 2010). All \ndrawings were made using a camera lucida and digitally covered using a graphic tablet.  \n \nSEM processing \nThe samples were first fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.3, \nfor 4 hours. The samples were then washed three times for  5 minutes each in distilled \nwater. The samples were then immersed in 0.5% osmium tetroxide in distilled water for \napproximately 30 to 40 minutes. \n \nAfterward, the material was washed three times in distilled water for 10 minutes each \ntime. The samples were then dehydrated in an increasing series of alcohol concentrations, \nstarting at 7.5% and gradually increasing to a maximum concentration of 100%. Finally, \nthe samples were brought to a critical point and then placed in stubs and metallized, \nmaking them conductive and ready for electron microscopy analysis. \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\nAll processing and acquisition of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were \nperformed at the Electronic Microscopy Center of the Botucatu Institute of Biosciences, \nUNESP, Botucatu Campus. \n \nAbbreviations of scientific collections \nFDRS Personal collection of Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa. \n \nAbbreviations used in the figures and the text \nen – endite; ep – epipodite; ex –exopodite; gfp – gnathobasic filter plate; gn – gnathobase; \nIP – interpore distance (distance between the anterior and posterior major head pores); \nIDL – inner distal lobe; il – inner lobe; L1 – First limb; L2 – Second limb; L3 – Third \nlimb; L4 – Fourth limb. ODL – outer distal lobe; PP – postpore distance (distance between \nthe posterior major head pore and the posterior border of the head shield); s – sensillum. \n \nResults \nTaxonomy \nClass Branchiopoda Latreille, 1817 \nOrder Anomopoda Sars, 1865 \nFamily Chydoridae Dybowsky and Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967 \nSubfamily Aloninae Dybowsky and Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967 \nGenus Kurzia Dybowsky and Grochowski, 1894 \nKurzia longirostris (Daday, 1898) \nAlona macrohyncha in Daday (1900) \n \nMaterial Examined  \nEight adult parthenogenetic females from the Congo mainstem, Congo River Basin ( -\n0.60979 / -4.02029, 17.6667 / 18.21978), material collected between 17.xii.2013 and \n06.v.2015 (FDRS0703). Five adult females from the Kasai River, Congo River Basin ( -\n3.26218 / -3.26218, 17.46914 / 19.2611), material collected between 20.iv.2015 and \n26.iv.2015 (FDRS0704). One adult parthenogenetic female from the Itimbiri River, \nCongo River Basin (2.06387, 22.69562), material collected on 13.vi.2014 (FDRS0705). \nOne adult parthenogenetic female from the Ikelemba River, Congo River Basin (0.10862, \n18.29738), material collected on 19.vi.2014 (FDRS0706). One adult parthenogenetic \nfemale from the Ruki River, Congo River Basin (0.07411, 18.31294), material collected \nbetween 20.vi.2014 (FDRS0707). One adult parthenogenetic female from the Kamatsha \nRiver, Congo River Basin ( -3.71521, 18.92626), material collected between 25.iv.2015 \n(FDRS0708). \n \nDescription of parthenogenetic females \n \nGeneral Habitus  (Figs 1A -B, 4A -B): Rounded body, length ranging between 0.42 -\n0.52mm, height/length ratio ranging between 0.68 -0.75; dorsal margin arched, with \nmoderate dorsal keel, without lateral projections; in dorsal (Fig. 1C) and ventral (Fig. 1D) \nviews is compressed laterally. \n \nCarapace (Figs 1E, 4E): Covered by longitudinal lines on the valves and head shields; \nthe anteroventral margin rounded, with an evident flange; the ventral margin is almost \nrounded, with a distinctive rounded angle at 2/3 of the margin’s length. There are 38 -44 \nsetae at valve ventral margin organized in three groups; anterior group with 5-6 long and \nnaked setae, median group with up 21 plumose and short setae, posterior group with up \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\n17 plumose setae. Posterior margin clearly rounded, armed with spinulae that exceed the \nmarginal line of valves. \n \nCephalic structures (Figs 1F-J, 4F): Ocellus smaller than the eye. Head shield (Fig. 1F). \nCovered by longitudinal lines. Rostrum (Figs 1F-G, 4C-D). long and slightly curved, in \nfrontal view the tip is not sharp, about 1.3 -2 times longer than the antennular body. \nPosterior margin triangular-shaped. Head pores (Figs 1H, 4G-H). Three main head pores \nwhich anterior and posterior are longer than median pore, connected by a thick rim; \nposterior pore transversally elongated, sometimes bilobed; lateral pores inserted in a deep \ndepression, distance from the median main head pore about 1.6 times PP; PP/IP about \n0.42. Labrum (Fig. 1I-J). Short, armed with lateral horns. Keel triangular shaped, free of \nspines or notch, apex round or slightly sh arp. Antennule – A1 (Fig. 1K). Approximately \n4.5-5 times longer than wide, never extending beyond the tip of the rostrum; antennular \nsensory seta slender, about 2.5 -3.1 times shorter than the length of the antennular body, \ninserted near the middle length o f antennular body; nine aesthetascs which three are \nlonger than others but shorter than the antennular body, protruding beyond the tip of \nrostrum. Antenna – A2 (Fig. 1L). Basal segment thick, with a short spine. First exopodite \nsegment of similar length to the first endopodite segment, armed with two cluster of long \nsetulae, apical seta bisegmented and plumose, longer than the segment itself; second \nexopodite segment with a bissegmented and plumose seta that as long as the longest apical \nsetae of third segment; apical spine similar in length to the endopodite apical spine. First \nendopodite segment armed with a spine about two times shorter than the apical spine on \nthird segment. Antennal formula (exo/endo): spines 001/101, setae 113/003. Maxilla (Fig. \n1M). Well developed, with two long setulated setae. \n \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\n \nFigure 1. Kurzia longirostris  (Daday, 1898) from the Congo River Basin, Africa, \nparthenogenetic female. A-B: Habitus. C: Dorsal view. D: Ventral view; E: Ventral margin \nof carapace, median and posterior portions. F: Rostrum; G, idem, frontal view. H: Head \npores. I: Labral keel. J: idem, frontal view showing the lateral horns. K: Antennule. L: \nAntenna. M: Maxilla. \n \nThoracic limbs (Figs 2A-I, 4I): Five pairs of thoracic limbs.  \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\nFirst limb (Figs 2A-C, 4J). Epipodite oval, armed with a short digitiform projection. ODL \nseta bisegmented, arm ed with fine and short spines, longer than the IDL third seta; \naccessory seta plumose, similar in length to ODL seta. IDL (en4) with one group of short \nsetulae on the corm, three setae present; seta 1 armed with spines, about two times shorter \nthan setae 2 -3 in length; seta 2 slightly shorter than seta 3; setae 2 -3 chitinized and \nbisegmented, armed with relatively short and thick proximal spines. Endite 3 with four \nsetae; anterior seta 1 thin and unarmed about 1.4 times longer than posterior seta (c); \nposterior setae (a-b) of similar length among themselves, armed with spines on the middle \npart, shorter than the anterior seta 1; seta (c) armed laterally with short spines, shorter \nthan the setae (a-b). Endite 2 with three posterior setae present (d-f); seta (d) armed with \nshort spines near to middle part, about 1.7 times shorter than the seta (e); seta (e) long, \narmed laterally with short spines; seta (f) about 1.2 times longer than the seta (d) and 1.3 \ntimes shorter than seta (e). Endite 1 with two posterior setae of similar length (g-h), which \nare bisegmented and densely setulated on the distal part. Ejector hooks of similar length \namong themselves and armed with spines; ventral face of the limb with 6 -8 cluster of \nthick setulae. Gnathobase not studied. \n \nSecond limb (Fig. 2D). Exopodite without seta, armed with two rows of short spinulae. \nInner limb portion armed with eight scrapers; scraper 1 similar in length of scraper 2; a \nlong element present near to scraper 1 base; scrapers 3 -4 similar in length, about 0 .8 of \nscraper 1 length; scrapers 5 shorter than the scarper 4 -3, about 0.8 of scraper 1 length; \nscrapers 6-7 of similar length, shorter than the scraper 5, about 0.4 of scraper 1 length; \nscraper 8 shorter than scrapers 6-7, about 0.3 of scraper 1 length; scraper 6-8 armed with \nspines ticker than the other scrapers. Proximal portion of the gnathobase setulated, armed \nwith four elements; filter plate with seven setulated setae.  \n \nThird limb (Fig. 2E-F). Epipodite oval, with two short projections. Exopodite rectangular \narmed with five distal and two lateral setae; seventh seta setulated, longer than the sixth, \nsimilar in length to third seta; fifth seta geniculated, densely setulated, about 3.3 times \nlonger than the fourth seta, about 2.5 times longer than the second seta; fourth seta densely \nsetulated, about 2.2 longer than third seta; second seta plumose, about 3 times longer than \nthird seta, about 1.2 times longer than first seta; first seta armed latterly with short setulae. \nDistal endite with three setae (1 –3), seta (1 –2) scraper-like, seta (3) curved and armed \nwith many setulae bilaterally implanted; four plumose posterior setae increasing in length \ntoward to posterior part of the endite (a –d). Basal endite with four soft anterior setae 4 –\n7) of similar length. Gnathobase armed with four elements, the first being a cylindrical \nsensillum, the second a geniculated and relatively short seta, third and fourth elements \nnaked; filter plate with five plumose setae. \n \nFourth limb (Fig. 2G-H). Pre-epipodite oval and densely setulated; epipodite oval with \ntwo projections. Exopodite wide, with six plumose marginal setae; sixth seta slightly \nlonger than fifth seta; fourth seta about 0.8 of sixth seta length; third seta about 0 .6 of \nsixth seta length; second seta longer than the first seta, about 0.4 of sixth seta length; first \nseta about 1.8 times shorter than the third seta, about 0.3 of sixth seta length; third seta \nabout 1.5 times longer than second seta. Distal endite with four setae (1 -4); seta 1 \nchitinized; flaming-torch-like setae (3-4) markedly shorter than the seta 1. Basal endite \narmed with three setulated setae which increase in length towards to gnathobase (a -c). \nGnathobase with two elements, armed with a seta which is similar in length to the width \nof the endite; filter plate with five setae.  \n \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\nFifth limb (Fig. 2I). Pre-epipodite rounded and densely setulated; epipodite oval, with two \nprojections. Exopodite bilobate, armed with four plumose setae; first seta about two times \nshorter than fourth seta; second and third setae similar in length, about 1.6 longer than the \nfirst seta; fourth seta about 1.4 times longer than second and third setae. Internal lobe \nwide, rounded and with many setulae; setae 1 -2 setulated; seta 1 about 1.6 times longer \nthan seta 2. Gnathobase armed with two elements, filter plate absent. \n \n \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\nFigure 2.  Kurzia longirostris  (Daday, 1898) from the Congo River Basin, Africa, \nparthenogenetic female. A: First limb. B: idem, endite 3. C: idem , ODL and IDL. D: \nSecond limb. E; Third Limb. F: idem, basal endite. G: Fourth limb. H: idem, basal endite \nand gnathobasic filter plate. I: Fifth limb. \n \nAbdominal and postabdmominal structures: Abdomen (Fig. 3A). About three times \nshorter than the thorax, two transverse rows of setulae present at its dorsal surface. \nPostabdomen (Figs 3A-C, 4K-M). Narrow, about 4.5-7.5 times longer than wide; ventral \nmargin slightly curved; preanal and anal margins of similar length, angles prominent; \npostanal part elongated , margin markedly concave, distalmost part projected beyond \npostabdominal claw base; 8-12 marginal denticles, distalmost denticles might be isolated, \nproximal most denticles might be accompanied by 1-4 fine and short spines; 11-16 lateral \nfascicles formed by thin and short spinulae. Postabdominal setae about 0.6 of \npostabdomen length, bisegmented, armed with setulae in the distal segment. \nPostabdominal claw. With spicule s on the surface, longer than the anal margin, about \n0.35-0.5 of the length of the postabdomen; pecten with proximalmost spinulae longer than \nthe distalmost ones. Basal spines (Fig. 4M). Armed with spiculae, about 0.08 -0.09 of \nlength of the postabdominal claw, shorter than the width of postabdominal claw at its \nbase. \n \n \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\nFigure 3.  Kurzia longirostris (Daday, 1898) from the Congo River Basin, Africa, \nparthenogenetic female. A: Postabdomen. B: idem, showing postanal margin strongly \nconcave. C: idem, distalmost part elongated. \n \n \nFigure 4. Kurzia longirostris  (Daday, 1898) from the Congo River Basin, Africa, \nparthenogenetic female. A-B: Habitus. C -D: Rostrum. E: Posteroventral corner of \ncarapace. F: Head Shield, arrows showing the position of lateral head pores. G -H: Head \npores. I: Trunk limbs. J: First limb, ODL and IDL. K: Postabdomen. L: idem, \npostabdominal claws. M: idem, basal spines. \n \nMale \nWe don’t have studied herein. However, the drawings and a short diagnosis can be found \nin Smirnov (1971).  \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\n \nEphipial females \nNot studied. \n \nVariability \nTwo individuals of Kurzia longirostris  (Daday, 1898) presented posterior margin  of \ncarapace with two short denticles (Fig. 1E). In the postabdomen, the postanal margin \nmight be strongly concave with distalmost part very elongated (Fig. 3B -C). As more as \nconcave, most elongated is the distalmost part.  There are some variations on the tip and \nlength of the rostrum. \n \nDistribution and biology \nKurzia longirostris  (Daday, 1898) is widely distributed on the Oriental  region (terra \ntypica). In the Australasian the species might be considered rare (Smirn ov and Timms \n1983). Populations from the Neotropical region are observed in a few localities, especially \nin Brazil and Colombia (Elmoor-Loureiro et al. 2022; Fuentes-Reinés et al. 2022). In the \nAfrotropics, the presence of the species extends from the Nile River Basin, Chari River \nBasin, and Congo River Basin. The population s examined here w ere collected from \nstretches with water temperatures between 25.9-28.9°C, oxygen content 1.29-6.76 mg/L-\n1, pH between 3.63-7.18, and conductivity electric between 13.3-77.1 µS/cm. \n \nDiscussion \nBoth authors, Hudec (2000) and Elmoor -Loureiro (2002), commented on a potential \nspecies complex for K. longirostris , highlighting the significance of comprehensive \nrevisions in their specimens. The K. longirostris species was initially described in Sri \nLanka and exhibits a wide distribution a cross the Australasia and Eastern regions \n(Rajapaksa and Fernando 1986; Hudec 2000; Sinev 2016). Nonetheless, a few studies \nhave also documented presumed populations of K. longirostris in the Afrotropical region \n(Gauthier 1937; Rey and Saint-Jean 1969; Dumont 1981) and its presence there has been \nexplained in arguments related to bird dispersal (Smirnov 1971). This hypothesis should \nnot rejected, however, need to be tested  comparing morphological data between K. \nlongirostris found in Oriental region from the African populations studied here. \n \nFor now, it is possible suggest that  populations studied here  differs slightly from K. \nlongirostris sensu stricto through the aesthetascs of antennules protruding beyond the tip \nof the rostrum  (Rajapaksa and Fer nando 1986; Hudec 2000). There are 8 -12 marginal \ndenticles on the postabdomen, accompanied by 1 1-16 lateral fascicules, while there are \n10-14 marginal denticles in K. longirostris  s.s. (Rajapaksa and Fernando 1986).  \nFurthermore, differences are also observed in the proportion of setae on the limbs : the \nanterior seta 1 of the first limb is about 1.4 times longer than the posterior seta in African \nK. longirostris; seta 4 on the exopodite of the third limb is 2.2 times longer than seta 3, \nwhile they are short and of similar size in K. longirostris s.s.; seta 3 on the exopodite of \nthe fourth limb is 1.5 times longer than seta 2, and is slightly longer in K. longirostris s.s.; \nseta 1 at the inner face of the fifth limb is about 1.6 times longer than seta 2, while 2 times \nlonger in K. longirostris s.s.. When studying populations of K. longirostris from Nile \nRiver Basin, Smirnov (1971) illustrated the exopodite of the third and fourth limbs which \nare clearly similar to the material studied here , with differences in proportion of setae \nwhen compared to K. longirostris s.s.. However, the validity of such differences  should \nbe verified through redescription of K. longirostris from the Oriental region using  more \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\ncomprehensive illustrations even as the morphology analyzed on the scanning electronic \nmicroscopy. \n \nIllustrations of K. longirostris population from several parts of the world suggest a clear \npattern of morphological variation especially associated with the postabdomen armature \n(Sars 1901; Brehm 1933; Gauthier 1937; Rey and Saint -Jean 1969). Several individuals \nfrom the African populations studied here also present such variation, bearing the postanal \nmargin of postabdomen strongly concave with the distalmost part very elongated. In some \ncases, as more concave, as more elongated the distal part. The posterior main head pore \nin African populations of K. longirostris might be found bilobed in some individuals. \nAnother source of variation  was the presence of two short denticles on the posterior \nmargin of carapace. This kind of variation has not been described for any species of \nKurzia so far. Kurzia longirostris  in South America (Brazil) bears denticles on the \ncarapace, however, due to the rarity of material, we could not include it here (Elmoor -\nLoureiro – personal communication).  \n \nIn summary, th is morphological analysis of African populations of Kurzia longirostris \nreinforces the importance of subtropical and tropical regions for the di stribution and \ndiversity of the genus, including the report on Kurzia media in Colombia  and Brazil  \n(Kotov and Fuentes-Reinés 2015; Andrade et al. 2024 ). Despite the necessity of a more \ncomprehensive study on the morphology of populations from the Oriental region, it is \nincreasingly clear  that Kurzia longirostris  is a species complex. Thus, the idea of \ncontinental endemism (Frey 1987) should be tested in a future revision of the group  to \nKurzia. \n \nAcknowledgements \nTo the Electron Microscopy Center (CME) of the Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, \nUNESP, Brazil, for help with the SEM photographs. The authors thanks to Dr. Miguel \nAlonso and Dr. Artem Y . Sinev for criticism and suggestions to improve ments of this \nstudy. \n \nAuthor contributions \nConceptualization: Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa, Camila Moreira -Silva, Gilmar \nPerbiche-Neves. Meth odology: Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa, Camila Moreira -Silva. \nValidation: Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa, Lourdes Maria Abdu Elmoor -Loureiro. \nFormal analysis: Francisco Diogo Rocha Sousa, Camila Moreira-Silva. Writing - Original \ndraft: Camila Moreira -Silva, Fra ncisco Diogo Rocha Sousa, Lourdes M. A. Elmoor -\nLoureiro, Gilmar Perbiche-Neves. Writing - Review and Editing: Francisco Diogo Rocha \nSousa, Lourdes M. A. Elmoor -Loureiro, Gilmar Perbiche -Neves. Visualization: Camila \nMoreira-Silva, Francisco Diogo Rocha Sous a, Lourdes M. A. Elmoor-Loureiro, Mwapu \nIsumbisho, Hugo Sarmento, Alberto Vieira Borges, Gilmar Perbiche-Neves. Supervision: \nFrancisco Diogo Rocha Sousa, Gilmar Perbiche -Neves. Project administration: Mwapu \nIsumbisho, Hugo Sarmento, Alberto Vieira Borges, Gilmar Perbiche -Neves. Funding \nAcquisitio: Mwapu Isumbisho, Alberto Vieira Borges, Gilmar Perbiche-Neves. \n \nReferences \n \nAndrade DS, Elmoor-Loureiro LMA, Sousa FDR, Mugnai R (2024) First Record of \nKurzia media (Birge 1879) (Cladocera: Chydoridae) in Brazil with notes on the \nholotype. Acta Amaz 54:e54bc24206. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202402060 \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\n \nBrehm V (1933) Mitteilungen von der Wallacea-Expedition Woltereck. Mitteilung VI. \nDie Alona- und Alonella-Arten von Dagiangan. Zoologischen Anzeiger,104, 77–84. \n \nBrehm V (1934) V oyage de Ch. Alluaud et P.A. Chappuis en Afrique Francaise. Archiv \nfür Hydrobiologie, 26, 50–90. \n \nChiambeng GY , Dumont HJ (1998) New semi-terrestrial chydorids from the tropical \nrainforest of southwest Cameroon (Africa): Nicsmirnovius camerounensis n.gen. n.sp. \nand Bryospilus africanus n.sp (Crustacea: Anomopoda). Hydrobiologia 391: 257–264. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003606306093  \n \nDumont HJ (1981) Cladocera and free-living Copepoda from the Fouta Djalon and \nadjacent mountain areas in West Africa. 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Müller, \n1776) (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Eurycercidae) from Lake Globokoe, Moscow Area, \nCentral Russia. Arthropoda Selecta 9:159–173 \n \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148\n\nKotov AA (2000b) Redescription and assignment of the chydorid Indialona ganapati \nPetkovski, 1966 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Aloninae) to Indialonini, new tribus. \nHydrobiologia 439: 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004187007890  \n \nKotov AA (2009) A revision of Leydigia Kurz, 1875 (Anomopoda, Cladocera, \nBranchiopoda), and subgeneric differentiation within the genus. Zootaxa 2082: 1–84. \nhttps://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2082.1.1  \n \nKotov AA, Fuentes-Reinés JM (2015) An annotated checklist of the Cladocera \n(Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Colombia. 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Fauna USSR. Rakoobraznie, 1, Leningrad, \n531 pp. (English translation: Chydoridae of the world. Israel Program for Scientific \nTranslations, Jerusalem, 1974).  \n \nSmirnov NN (2008) List of the South-African Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). \nZootaxa 1788: 47–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1788.1.4  \n \nSmirnov NN, Timms BV (1983) A revision of the Australian Cladocera (Crustacea). \nRecords of the Australian Museum, Supplement 1:1–132. \nhttps://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.1.1983.103 \n \nVan Damme K (2016) Not “Alona” monacantha Sars, 1901, but Coronatella hardingi \n(Brehm, 1957) Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) in the Afrotropics. Zootaxa 4139: \n221. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4139.2.6  \n \nVan Damme K, Bekker EI, Kotov AA (2013) Endemism in the Cladocera (Crustacea: \nBranchiopoda) of Southern Africa. Journal of Limnology 72: 36. \nhttps://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.e36  \n \nVan Damme K, Chiambeng G, Maiphae S, Dumont HJ (2003) New species in the \nrheophilous genus Nicsmirnovius Chiambeng & Dumont, 1999 (Branchiopoda: \nAnomopoda: Chydoridae) and reassignment of Alona eximia Kiser, 1948 and Alonella \nfitzpatricki Chien, 1970. Hydrobiologia 499: 25–49. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026391501312  \n \nVan Damme K, Dumont HJ (2009) Notes On Chydorid Endemism In Continental \nAfrica: Matralona Gen. N., A Monotypic Alonine From The Fouta Djalon Plateau \n(Guinea, West Africa) (Crustacea: Cladocera: Anomopoda). Zootaxa 2051: 26–40. \nhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.186576  \n \nVan Damme K, Eggermont H (2011) The Afromontane Cladocera (Crustacea: \nBranchiopoda) of the Rwenzori (Uganda–D. R. Congo): taxonomy, ecology and \nbiogeography. Hydrobiologia 676: 57–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0892-0  \n \nVan Damme K, Sinev A, Dumont HJ (2011) Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona \nBaird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): Morphology and evolution of \nscraping stenothermic alonines. Zootaxa 2875: 1–64. \nhttps://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2875.1.1  \n \n \nAuthor-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 19/11/2024. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e142148","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}