{"paper_id":"061fe641-91a0-45b8-8b86-77b0d5faf160","body_text":"Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West... | F1000Research <!-- --> <!-- --> <!-- This is commented out to fix display problems on mobile devices. We may use it again once we implement a responsive design that supports native device resolutions. --> \"use strict\";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof=\"function\"==typeof Symbol&&\"symbol\"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&\"function\"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?\"symbol\":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement(\"iframe\");r.style.cssText=\"display:none\",r.name=\"__tcfapiLocator\",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&\"boolean\"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],\"function\"==typeof n[2]&&n[2](\"set\",!0)):\"ping\"===n[0]?\"function\"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:\"stub\"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener(\"message\",(function(t){var e=\"string\"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n=\"object\"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,\"*\")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};\"undefined\"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:[\"bam.nr-data.net\"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:\"438030\",trustKey:\"438030\",agentID:\"772317073\",licenseKey:\"97f8f67f26\",applicationID:\"772317073\"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:\"bam.nr-data.net\",errorBeacon:\"bam.nr-data.net\",licenseKey:\"97f8f67f26\",applicationID:\"772317073\",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{\"use strict\";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error(\"All info objects require an agent identifier!\");if(!a[e])throw new Error(\"Info for \".concat(e,\" was never set\"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(\"All info objects require an agent identifier!\");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],\"info\")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:\"[data-nr-block]\",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:\"*\",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return\"nr-block\"},get ignoreClass(){return\"nr-ignore\"},get maskTextClass(){return\"nr-mask\"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=\",\".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error(\"All configuration objects require an agent identifier!\");if(!f[e])throw new Error(\"Configuration for \".concat(e,\" was never set\"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(\"All configuration objects require an agent identifier!\");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],\"config\")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(\"All configuration objects require an agent identifier!\");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split(\".\"),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||\"object\"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)(\"Setting a Configurable requires an object as input\");if(!t||\"object\"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)(\"Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties\");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{\"object\"==typeof e[a]&&\"object\"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)(\"An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable\",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)(\"An error occured while setting a Configurable\",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n=\"1.236.0\",i=\"PROD\",o=\"CDN\"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n=\"undefined\"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i=\"undefined\"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&(\"undefined\"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||\"undefined\"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:\"undefined\"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&(\"undefined\"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||\"undefined\"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=\"\"+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&\"undefined\"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\\s](\\d+\\.\\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:\"\",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if(\"object\"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)(\"shared context requires an object as input\");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)(\"An error occured while setting SharedContext\",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:\"\",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:\"feature\";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s=\"nr@context\";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&\"object\"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;f<d;f++)s[f].apply(a,r);var l=T()[c[e]];return l&&l.push([p,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i {r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get(\"handle\");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o=\"feature\"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener(\"test\",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener(\"test\",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i=\"xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx\";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split(\"\").map((e=>\"x\"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):\"y\"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join(\"\")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n=\"NRBA\",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||\"\").indexOf(\"data:\"))return{protocol:\"data\"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement(\"a\"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split(\"://\");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split(\"/\")[0].split(\"@\").pop().split(\":\")[1]),o.port&&\"0\"!==o.port||(o.port=\"https\"===a[0]?\"443\":\"80\"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],\"/\"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname=\"/\"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||\":\"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),\"/\"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){\"function\"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn(\"New Relic: \".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&\"object\"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)(\"feat-\"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)(\"block-\"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)(\"rumresp-\"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)(\"feat-\"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)(\"rumresp-\"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if(\"object\"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit(\"internal-error\",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return\"undefined\"==typeof document||\"complete\"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)(\"load\",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)(\"DOMContentLoaded\",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:\"bam.nr-data.net\",errorBeacon:\"bam.nr-data.net\"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)(\"visibilitychange\",(function(){if(t)return void(\"hidden\"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i=\"nr@original\";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n=\"\");var a,s,c,u=\"-\"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,\"fetch\",y),t.on(y+\"end\",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get(\"content-length\");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+\"done\",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+\"done\",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=[\"pushState\",\"replaceState\"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get(\"history\")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,\"-\")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=[\"appendChild\",\"insertBefore\",\"replaceChild\"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get(\"jsonp\")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\\w+)(\\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,\"dom-\"),t.on(\"dom-start\",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||\"string\"!=typeof e.nodeName||\"script\"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if(\"function\"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if(\"function\"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit(\"jsonp-end\",[],d),e.removeEventListener(\"load\",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener(\"error\",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit(\"jsonp-error\",[],d),t.emit(\"jsonp-end\",[],d),e.removeEventListener(\"load\",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener(\"error\",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],\"cb-\",d),e.addEventListener(\"load\",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener(\"error\",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit(\"new-jsonp\",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get(\"mutation\")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,\"fn-\")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get(\"promise\")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,\"executor-\",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,\"name\",{value:\"Promise\"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),[\"all\",\"race\"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a(\"all\"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit(\"propagate\",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),[\"resolve\",\"reject\"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit(\"propagate\",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,[\"onreadystatechange\"],\"fn-\",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit(\"xhr-resolved\",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,\"fn-\",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,\"-xhr-\",E),r.on(\"send-xhr-start\",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on(\"open-xhr-start\",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on(\"fn-end\",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i=\"nr@seenError\"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i=\"sm\",o=\"cm\",a=\"storeSupportabilityMetrics\",s=\"storeEventMetrics\"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i=\"firstbyte\",o=\"domcontent\",a=\"windowload\"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i=\"bstResource\",o=\"resource\",a=\"-start\",s=\"-end\",c=\"fn\"+a,u=\"fn\"+s,d=\"pushState\"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=[\"click\",\"submit\",\"keypress\",\"keydown\",\"keyup\",\"change\"],a=999,s=\"fn-start\",c=\"fn-end\",u=\"cb-start\",d=\"api-ixn-\",f=\"remaining\",l=\"interaction\",h=\"spaNode\",g=\"jsonpNode\",p=\"fetch-start\",m=\"fetch-done\",v=\"fetch-body-\",b=\"jsonp-end\",y=n.Yu.ST,w=\"-start\",x=\"-end\",A=\"-body\",E=\"cb\"+x,T=\"jsTime\",_=\"fetch\"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();[\"setErrorHandler\",\"finished\",\"addToTrace\",\"inlineHit\",\"addRelease\",\"addPageAction\",\"setCurrentRouteName\",\"setPageViewName\",\"setCustomAttribute\",\"interaction\",\"noticeError\",\"setUserId\"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,\"api\");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get(\"tracer\"),m=\"api-\",v=m+\"ixn-\";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?\"session\":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}[\"setErrorHandler\",\"finished\",\"addToTrace\",\"inlineHit\",\"addRelease\"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,\"api\"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,\"addPageAction\",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,\"routeName\",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if(\"string\"==typeof t)return\"/\"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t=\"/\"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||\"http://custom.transaction\")+t,x(m,\"setPageViewName\",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if(\"string\"==typeof e){if([\"string\",\"number\"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,\"setCustomAttribute\",r);(0,f.Z)(\"Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided.\"))}else(0,f.Z)(\"Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided.\"))},h.setUserId=function(e){if(\"string\"==typeof e||null===e)return b(\"enduser.id\",e,\"setUserId\",!0);(0,f.Z)(\"Failed to execute setUserId.\\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided.\"))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a=\"function\"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+\"tracer\",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?\"\":\"no-\")+\"fn-start\",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit(\"fn-err\",[arguments,this,\"string\"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit(\"fn-end\",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,[\"API/\"+t+\"/called\"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,\"api\")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)(\"Downloading runtime APIs failed...\")))}return[\"actionText\",\"setName\",\"setAttribute\",\"save\",\"ignore\",\"onEnd\",\"getContext\",\"end\",\"get\"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){\"string\"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,[\"API/noticeError/called\"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)(\"err\",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,\"api\"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,\"exposed\"),(0,h.EZ)(\"activatedFeatures\",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:\"ajax\",jserrors:\"jserrors\",metrics:\"metrics\",pageAction:\"page_action\",pageViewEvent:\"page_view_event\",pageViewTiming:\"page_view_timing\",sessionReplay:\"session_replay\",sessionTrace:\"session_trace\",spa:\"spa\"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:\"page_action-aggregate\",147:\"metrics-aggregate\",242:\"session-manager\",317:\"jserrors-aggregate\",348:\"page_view_timing-aggregate\",412:\"lazy-feature-loader\",439:\"async-api\",538:\"recorder\",590:\"session_replay-aggregate\",675:\"compressor\",733:\"session_trace-aggregate\",786:\"page_view_event-aggregate\",873:\"spa-aggregate\",898:\"ajax-aggregate\"}[e]||e)+\".\"+{78:\"ac76d497\",147:\"3dc53903\",148:\"1a20d5fe\",242:\"2a64278a\",317:\"49e41428\",348:\"bd6de33a\",412:\"2f55ce66\",439:\"30bd804e\",538:\"1b18459f\",590:\"cf0efb30\",675:\"ae9f91a8\",733:\"83105561\",786:\"06482edd\",860:\"03a8b7a5\",873:\"e6b09d52\",898:\"998ef92b\"}[e]+\"-1.236.0.min.js\"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t=\"NRBA:\",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:\"timeout\",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{\"undefined\"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:\"Module\"}),Object.defineProperty(e,\"__esModule\",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p=\"https://js-agent.newrelic.com/\",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&(\"load\"===r.type?\"missing\":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message=\"Loading chunk \"+t+\" failed.\\n(\"+o+\": \"+a+\")\",s.name=\"ChunkLoadError\",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),\"chunk-\"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,\"\".concat(e,\".enabled\"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,\"privacy.cookies_enabled\");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)(\"A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.\",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,\"aggregate\");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)(\"Downloading and initializing \".concat(this.featureName,\" failed...\"),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,\"session_trace.enabled\")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),(\"undefined\"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&\"undefined\"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)(\"timing\",[\"load\",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if(\"count\"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r=\"\",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean(\"hidden\"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)(\"docHidden\",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)(\"pagehide\",(()=>(0,s.p)(\"winPagehide\",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem(\"__nr_flags\").split(\",\"),console&&\"function\"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf(\"dev\")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf(\"nr_dev\")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on(\"internal-error\",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on(\"fn-err\",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z(\"NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE\"),z(\"flags: \"+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(\", \")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on(\"fn-start\",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on(\"fn-err\",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)(\"err\",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on(\"fn-end\",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on(\"internal-error\",(function(t){(0,s.p)(\"ierr\",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener(\"unhandledrejection\",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t=\"Unhandled Promise Rejection: \";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)(\"err\",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){\"function\"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)(\"err\",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)(\"ierr\",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||\"Uncaught error with no additional information\",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q=\"nr@id\";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||\"object\"!==t&&\"function\"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if(\"string\"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if(\"object\"==typeof e){if(\"undefined\"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if(\"undefined\"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!(\"undefined\"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||\"\").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||\"\").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||\"\").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return\"00-\"+t+\"-\"+e+\"-01\"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+\"@nr=0-1-\"+r+\"-\"+n+\"-\"+e+\"----\"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!(\"function\"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:\"Browser\",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,\"distributed_tracing\")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener(\"load\",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener(\"progress\",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader(\"X-NewRelic-ID\",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader(\"newrelic\",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader(\"traceparent\",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader(\"tracestate\",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{\"abort\"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),(\"load\"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||\"function\"!=typeof t.onload)&&\"function\"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit(\"internal-error\",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set(\"newrelic\",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set(\"traceparent\",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set(\"tracestate\",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;\"string\"==typeof i?r=i:\"object\"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&\"object\"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(\"\"+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||\"GET\")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,\"string\"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i(\"xhr\",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,\"fetch\"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||\"agent\")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)(\"Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.\")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t=\"features\";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)(\"\".concat(t.featureName,\" is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (\").concat((0,D.P)(n),\"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...\")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)(\"Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -\",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)(\"bst\",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)(\"bstHist\",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get(\"tracer\"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get(\"events\"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit(\"newURL\",[\"\"+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,\"xhr-resolved\"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer([\"setTimeout\"+le,\"clearTimeout\"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,\"new-xhr\",\"send-xhr\"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+\"-done\",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer([\"newURL\"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer([\"propagate\",be,ge,\"executor-err\",\"resolve\"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,\"no-\"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer([\"new-jsonp\",\"cb-start\",\"jsonp-error\",\"jsonp-end\"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+\"-done\"),y(a,\"new-jsonp\"),y(a,\"jsonp-end\"),y(a,\"cb-start\"),h.on(\"pushState-end\",m),h.on(\"replaceState-end\",m),window.addEventListener(\"hashchange\",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener(\"load\",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener(\"popstate\",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:\"spa\"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is \"complete\" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event \"completion\" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', \"PixelInitialized\", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { \"@context\": \"https://schema.org\", \"@type\": \"ScholarlyArticle\", \"mainEntityOfPage\": { \"@type\": \"WebPage\", \"@id\": \"https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412\" }, \"headline\": \"Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study\", \"datePublished\": \"2024-04-26T17:23:04\", \"dateModified\": \"2024-04-26T17:23:04\", \"author\": [ { \"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Putri Setiani\" }, { \"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Adi Wibowo\" }, { \"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Supriatna Supriatna\" }, { \"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Fatwa Ramdani\" } ], \"publisher\": { \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"name\": \"F1000Research\", \"logo\": { \"@type\": \"ImageObject\", \"url\": \"https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png\", \"height\": 480, \"width\": 60 } }, \"image\": { \"@type\": \"ImageObject\", \"url\": \"https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png\", \"height\": 1200, \"width\": 150 }, \"description\": \" Background The Java Island is located in a seismically active region, which makes it vulnerable to earthquakes. On 21 November 2022, an earthquake of magnitude 5.6 struck Java, with its epicentre located in Cianjur, West Java. The earthquake caused significant damage to the buildings and infrastructure in the region, and several injuries and fatalities. Methods In this study, we used multisensor and multitemporal data to investigate the land deformation. Multi-pairs of Sentinel-1 SAR and aerial orthomosaic photos are used. Sentinel-1 SAR data were acquired from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem and the SNAP software was used to do inSAR analysis, while aerial orthomosaic data were acquired using DJI Drone Mavic Pro. Results Our results show that the earthquake caused significant land deformation in the area, with surface displacements of up to 9.8 cm and 11 cm for land uplift and land subsidence, respectively. We also found that deformation was primarily concentrated in the south-eastern and north-western parts of the study area. We identified the possibility of an unmapped fault that could trigger earthquakes in the future. Conclusions Our findings highlight the usefulness of radar and remotely sensed optical data in studying the effects of earthquakes. This data can be used to effectively design future disaster response and recovery efforts. \" } { \"@context\": \"http://schema.org\", \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\", \"itemListElement\": [ { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": \"1\", \"item\": { \"@id\": \"https://f1000research.com/\", \"name\": \"Home\" } }, { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": \"2\", \"item\": { \"@id\": \"https://f1000research.com/browse/articles\", \"name\": \"Browse\" } }, { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": \"3\", \"item\": { \"@id\": \"https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412\", \"name\": \"Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia:...\" } } ] } Home Browse Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia:... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Setiani P, Wibowo A, Supriatna S and Ramdani F. Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.147124.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] Putri Setiani 1 , Adi Wibowo 2 , Supriatna Supriatna 2 , Fatwa Ramdani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8645-354X 3 Putri Setiani 1 , Adi Wibowo 2 , Supriatna Supriatna 2 , Fatwa Ramdani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8645-354X 3 PUBLISHED 26 Apr 2024 Author details Author details 1 Environmental Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia 2 Geography, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia 3 International Public Policy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 3058577, Japan Putri Setiani Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Adi Wibowo Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Supriatna Supriatna Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization Fatwa Ramdani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Japan Institutional Gateway gateway. Abstract Background The Java Island is located in a seismically active region, which makes it vulnerable to earthquakes. On 21 November 2022, an earthquake of magnitude 5.6 struck Java, with its epicentre located in Cianjur, West Java. The earthquake caused significant damage to the buildings and infrastructure in the region, and several injuries and fatalities. Methods In this study, we used multisensor and multitemporal data to investigate the land deformation. Multi-pairs of Sentinel-1 SAR and aerial orthomosaic photos are used. Sentinel-1 SAR data were acquired from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem and the SNAP software was used to do inSAR analysis, while aerial orthomosaic data were acquired using DJI Drone Mavic Pro. Results Our results show that the earthquake caused significant land deformation in the area, with surface displacements of up to 9.8 cm and 11 cm for land uplift and land subsidence, respectively. We also found that deformation was primarily concentrated in the south-eastern and north-western parts of the study area. We identified the possibility of an unmapped fault that could trigger earthquakes in the future. Conclusions Our findings highlight the usefulness of radar and remotely sensed optical data in studying the effects of earthquakes. This data can be used to effectively design future disaster response and recovery efforts. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords earthquake, land deformation, SAR, Indonesia Corresponding Author(s) Fatwa Ramdani ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Fatwa Ramdani Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This research supported by University of Tsukuba for submission in Japan Institutional Gateway of F1000Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2024 Setiani P et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Setiani P, Wibowo A, Supriatna S and Ramdani F. Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.147124.1 ) First published: 26 Apr 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.147124.1 ) Latest published: 26 Apr 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.147124.1 ) Introduction Indonesia is situated in the so-called “Ring of Fire”, a region of high seismic activity along the Pacific Ocean. The country is particularly vulnerable to earthquakes because of its location on the Sunda megathrust, which is a major boundary between Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates ( Keep and Schellart 2012 ), and the geostatistical distribution of historical earthquake in Indonesia with magnitude more than 7.5 and casualties over 10 people has been studied elsewhere ( Ramdani and Chairunnisa 2021 ). In the previous decade, this region has experienced several large earthquakes, including an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 on 2 June 1994 and an earthquake of magnitude 7.7 on 17 July 2006, both of which occurred on the south of the Java Island and caused destructive tsunamis ( Gunawan et al. 2017 ). Furthermore, an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 occurred in Yogyakarta on 26 May 2006, and was at a shallow depth within the overriding Sunda Plate. Additionally, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 hit Java on August 2, 2019 ( Pratama et al. 2022 ; USGS 2022a ). On 21 November 2022, an earthquake of magnitude 5.6 struck Java, with its epicentre located in Cianjur, West Java. The earthquake caused significant damage to the buildings and infrastructure in the region, and several injuries and fatalities have been reported ( Sutarman et al. 2022 ). In this study, we geospatial data to investigate the land deformation caused by the Cianjur earthquake. In nature, land deformation constitutes vertical and horizontal deformation. The use of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to detect and monitor land deformation has gained significant attention in recent years. InSAR has proven to be an effective tool for detecting and quantifying land deformation because it allows for the measurement of ground deformation with high spatial and temporal resolution ( Li et al. 2019 ). Vertical land deformation is the vertical downward or upward movement of the Earth’s surface relative to a specific surface, such as the ellipsoidal height in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations. Many studies have been conducted on this topic ( Sneed and Brandt 2015 ; Liu et al. 2019 ; Jones, Jones, and Bekaert 2021 ; Deros et al. 2022 ). A study by monitored land subsidence in San Joaquin Valley, California using InSAR and GPS. They found that the InSAR data could accurately detect and map areas of land subsidence, and that this technique was able to provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal patterns of land subsidence. Another study by Bawden et al. (2012) used the InSAR method for ERS satellite data processing to monitor land subsidence in the Houston-Galveston region of Texas. They found that the InSAR technique could detect and map areas of land subsidence that provided valuable information on its spatial and temporal patterns. Furthermore, a study by Lai et al. (2022) used the InSAR method to monitor the land subsidence of Wuhan City, China. They found that land subsidence was caused by construction and underground subway development. Another study in Iran ( Ghorbani et al. 2022 ) reported an average annual rate of 38 mm between 2006 and 2020 using the InSAR technique. However, the authors stated that their method could not be optimised for local deformations such as for infrastructural monitoring. One advantage of InSAR method for land subsidence detection, is its ability to provide high-resolution measurements of ground deformation. InSAR uses radar images from multiple satellite passes to produce an interferogram, which is a map of the phase differences between the radar signals. These phase differences can be converted into displacement values, allowing for the measurement of land subsidence with sub-millimetre accuracy ( Raspini et al. 2016 ). Additionally, InSAR can provide continuous monitoring of land subsidence, allowing for the detection of both long-term and short-term changes in ground deformation. This can be particularly useful for detecting land subsidence events, such as those caused by underground mining ( Zhang, Lu, and Kim 2017 ). Furthermore, InSAR can be used to detect subsidence in areas that are difficult to access or monitor using traditional methods, such as remote or urban areas ( Zhang et al. 2011 ). This can provide valuable information for the management and mitigation of subsidence-related hazards. In summary, InSAR applications for land subsidence have several advantages. First, InSAR provides high spatial and temporal resolution, allowing for the detection of small-scale subsidence events and monitoring of changes over time ( Hooper et al. 2012 ). Second, InSAR can operate under all weather conditions, making it suitable for areas with variable climatic conditions ( Li et al. 2019 ). Third, InSAR can penetrate vegetation and clouds, providing access to areas that are difficult to monitor using other traditional methods ( Flores-Anderson et al. 2019 ). This study aimed to accurately measure and monitor the land deformation in the study area using the InSAR method. This information can be used to identify potential hazards associated with land deformation, such as soil instability, liquefaction or the risk of landslides, and to support effective land management, disaster response, and recovery ( Hidayat et al. 2020 ; Jiang et al. 2021 ; Krisnanto et al. 2021 ; Deros et al. 2022 ). Study area Cianjur is located in the south-eastern part of Indonesia’s capital Jakarta, approximately 107 km by road from Jakarta. It is located in a mountainous region, with the exception of short plains in some areas on the southern coast. The total area of Cianjur is 3,840.16 km 2 with a population of 2,437,838 inhabitants ( BPS 2022 ) and a population density of 634.82/km 2 . The livelihood of the community depends predominantly on food crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries, plantations, and forestry. The majority of the population works in the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors. Major and small rivers, such as the Cibuni River, which drains into the Indian Ocean and is the longest river in Cianjur, are the source for crop irrigation, which supports the agricultural sector. From 1992 to 2022, the region has been struck by more than 200 earthquakes ( USGS 2022a ). One of the largest earthquakes was an earthquake with a force of seven magnitudes on the Richter scale that occurred on 2 September 2009 ( Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 2022 ). The earthquake occurred at a depth of approximately 50 km as a result of reverse faulting near the Australian Sunda plate boundary. The rupture occurred on north-northeast- or south-striking, moderately dipping the reverse fault according to focal mechanism solutions ( USGS 2009 ). As per the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the earthquake that struck on November 21, 2022, measuring 5.6 magnitude, resulted from movement along fault lines within the crust of the Sunda plate. The fault lines either slant sharply to the north with a rightward shift or to the east with a leftward shift, as indicated by seismic data. The Australian plate moves about 59 mm/year towards the north-northeast relative to the Sunda Plate, sinking beneath it at the Sunda Trench, approximately 260 km southwest of the quake’s epicenter ( USGS 2022b ). The region where the Australian plate meets the Sunda plate is known for frequent seismic activity, with significant earthquakes occurring within both plates and along their boundary. Over the past three decades, there have been notable instances of seismic events in this area (see Figure 1 ), making it susceptible to secondary disasters like landslides and damage to infrastructure. Figure 1. The study area of Cianjur overlaid with Sentinel-1 acquisition segment coverage and earthquake history (larger than magnitude 5), from 1992 to 2022. The layouting process was done using QGIS Desktop 3.22.8. Methods To study land deformation caused by the earthquake, we used SAR data from the Sentinel-1 satellite operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Sentinel-1 satellite carries a C-band SAR instrument that can be used to measure ground displacement with high spatial and temporal resolution. Some studies also showed that data from Sentinel-1 images can be used to support fault line identification in the event of major earthquake ( Yang et al. 2020 ; Li et al. 2023 ; Funning and Garcia 2019 ; Li et al. 2021 ). We acquired SAR data for the Cianjur region before and after the earthquake and applied interferometric techniques using The European Space Agency’s (ESA) software, called the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) ( McGarragh et al. 2015 ), to calculate the surface displacement caused by the earthquake. The data were downloaded from https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home . Table 1 summarises the data. Table 1. Sentinel-1 data used in this study. Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Acquisition date October 14, 2022 December 13, 2022 October 26, 2022 December 01, 2022 November 19, 2022 December 01, 2022 Product type SLC SLC SLC SLC SLC SLC Mission Sentinel-1A Sentinel-1A Sentinel-1A Sentinel-1A Sentinel-1A Sentinel-1A Acquisition mode IW IW IW IW IW IW Path/Frame 47/614 47/614 47/614 47/614 47/614 47/614 Flight direction Descending Descending Descending Descending Descending Descending Polarization VV+VH VV+VH VV+VH VV+VH VV+VH VV+VH The downloaded data required pre-processing. The first step was to create a new product with a selected swath and apply the orbit file using the S1-TOPS Split operator. These pre-processes were performed for both the acquired data (before and after the earthquake). The next step was to Appy-Orbit-File and Back Geocoding which allows the co-registration of both SLC products at sub-pixel accuracy for interferometry analysis. Next, we performed the joint co-registration of Sentinel-1 (obtained from the previous step) by creating a network (graph) of images and then estimating range and azimuth offsets by solving an optimisation problem using the Enhanced-Spectral-Diversity operator of SNAP. We then performed the deburst and merge using the TOPSAR Deburst operator because IW products have three swaths and EW products have five swaths. Each sub-swath image consisted of a series of bursts, where each burst was processed as a separate SLC image. The flowchart in Figure 2 . shows the pre-processing steps. Figure 2. Pre-processing steps. The interferogram was then computed using the input data from the stack of co-registered-debursted images. We then estimated and subtracted the topographic phase from the interferogram using the TopoPhaseRemoval operator of the SNAP software. To improve image interpretability, a multilook process was then performed to reduce the speckle noise effect inherent in the original SAR data. Finally, the Goldstein phase-filtering operator ( Feng et al. 2016 ) was used to reduce the residues from the later process in the phase-unwrapping step and enhance the phase-unwrapping accuracy. A flowchart of interferogram computation is presented in Figure 3 . Figure 3. Interferogram computation flowchart. The output result from the Goldstein Phase Filtering was then exported to the Statistical-Cost, Network-Flow Algorithm for Phase Unwrapping (SNAPHU) ( Zebker 2023 ) to unwrap the phase product. The exported result contained a configuration file with a command to call SNAPHU. This command can be extracted from the configuration file and pasted into the command line to correctly run the SNAPHU process to produce an interferogram phase map. The output from this result was then used as the input for the SNAPHU import operator. The interferogram phase map is rich in information regarding the location of land deformation as well as the strength and direction of surface deformation. The interferogram phase map can also be used as a proxy for other earthquake-related variables such as energy generation during an event and the intensity of shaking felt throughout the impacted region. The interferogram results are shown in Figure 4 . Figure 4. Interferogram phase (unit are radians) result of the study area produced using ESA SNAP software version 9.0.0 and exported to Google Earth KMZ. The blue arrows on the left illustrate the satellite’s antenna pointing direction. The lay outing process was done using Google Earth Pro version 7.3.6.9285 (64-bit). Finally, the displacement map was generated using the phase-to-displacement operator of the SNAP software. To reduce bias, we stacked the coherence and displacement maps. We then masked the displacement using coherence values lower than or equal to 0.2. The displacement results before masking are shown in Figure 5 . Figure 5. The displacement map result from the interferogram phase before being masked by coherence values produced using ESA SNAP software version 9.0.0 and exported to Google Earth KMZ. The blue arrows on the left illustrate the satellite’s antenna pointing direction. The layouting process was done using Google Earth Pro version 7.3.6.9285 (64-bit). For the accuracy assessment, we compared the results with very high-resolution satellite images from the PlanetScope data. The PlanetScope dataset used in this study was acquired on 27 September 2022 (before the earthquake), and 29 November 2022 (after the earthquake). The data were downloaded from https://www.planet.com/explorer/ . The images were then classified using a supervised classification algorithm. Classification was performed using the Random Forest algorithm, which has been widely applied for classification techniques ( Breiman 2001 ; Purwanto et al. 2023 ; Gounaridis, Apostolou, and Koukoulas 2016 ; Tempa and Aryal 2022 ), with the Semi-automatic Classification Plugin in QGIS. The input data are the spectral bands of the satellite images, and the output data are the landslides as proof of land deformation due to the earthquake. Furthermore, we also utilised an aerial orthophoto product acquired using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to acquire the data of damaged residential buildings at a higher spatial resolution. Results Our analysis of SAR data revealed significant land deformation in the Cianjur region following the earthquake. Figure 6 . shows a map of the surface displacement caused by the earthquake, with the colours indicating the magnitude of the displacement. Highest displacements were observed in the south-eastern and north-western parts of the study area, with displacements of up to 9.8 cm (uplift) and 11 cm (subsidence). Figure 6. A. Land subsidence result of Pair 1; B. Land subsidence result of Pair 2; C. Land subsidence result of Pair 3; D. Average vertical land displacement of all pairs. The results show a high possibility of faults occurring around the study area. As shown in Figure 7 , the northwest and southeast parts experienced opposite effects. The northwest part experienced land uplift, whereas the southeast part experienced land subsidence. Moreover, the fault line approximately aligns with the historical epicentre of earthquakes, forming a straight line from the South-West to the North-East, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8 . Therefore, we drew a line across the location of a possible fault which has never been mapped. Figure 7. Map of surface displacement caused by the earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia after masking the coherence values lower or equal to 0.2. Overlaying with epicentre and possible fault that has been mapped before. Colours indicate the magnitude of the displacement, with blue indicating uplift and red indicating land subsidence. The layouting process was done using QGIS Desktop 3.22.8. Figure 8. The cross-section values are extracted from the cross-section line. The approximate fault line is illustrated within the red-dashed polygon boundary. Land displacement was observed in the northern (uplift) and southern (subsidence) part of the fault, indicating that the possible direction of the fault is east-west. Then epicentre location of historical earthquakes formed a seemingly straight east-west direction fault, as shown in Figure 7 . Such method of fault line determination from interferograms have also been used in other studies ( Li et al. 2021 , 2023 ). Furthermore, we created a cross-sectional line to extract the value of land deformation. The line length was 24 km from the north-western to the south-eastern part of the study area. There was a displacement of approximately 8 cm around the fault line ( Figure 8 ). Figure 9 shows the landslide as proof of land deformation. This was overlapped with the observed land deformation map produced using the InSAR technique. Many residential buildings and public infrastructure were damaged observed using aerial orthophotos, and the locations exactly overlapped with the land deformation map ( Figure 10 ). Figure 9. Map of the landslides as proof of land deformation overlapping with the proxy of displacement produced using InSAR methodology. The layouting process was done using QGIS Desktop 3.22.8. Figure 10. The map of damaged residential infrastructure acquired by UAV is overlapping with the deformation map produced using InSAR methodology. The layouting process was done using QGIS Desktop 3.22.8. Discussion Our results show that the earthquake of magnitude 5.6 that struck Cianjur on 21 November 2022 caused significant land deformation in the region. The highest displacements were observed in the south-eastern and north-western parts of the study area, with some areas experiencing land uplift of up to 9.8 cm and subsidence of up to 11 cm. A report by the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation of Indonesia stated that the most affected location, seeing massive damage, was the Cugenang District, especially the villages of Gasol and Sarampad. This is due to the rock layers of old volcanic products that have experienced weathering, and buildings that are not designed to be earthquake-resistant ( Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation 2022 ), with additional possibility of vertical deformation. This report is consistent with our findings, where massive landslides and damaged residential infrastructure were found in the Cugenang District ( Figures 11 and 12 ). Considering the seriousness of the impact, the use of InSAR for regular monitoring in this area is highly recommended to provide detailed information that is required for education purpose, as well as mitigation measure in time of disaster. InSAR can be used to study wider area where estimation on heavily impacted areas can be obtained, so that the use of ground radar can be more efficient as it become more directed. Then, for verification of fault line identification using images from Sentinel-1, the highest accuracy is provided by ground survey. However, the two additional datasets from PlanetScope satellites and orthophoto obtained from UAV as is discussed in this study also significantly improve the confidence level of fault lines identification. Figure 11. The most affected area of Cugenang District (yellow polygon) is where we can find the large average displacement of uplift (represented in dark blue colour) and subsidence (represented in pink and red colour). The zonal statistic operator of QGIS was used to calculate the average values of land displacement. The algorithm calculates statistics of the land displacement raster layer of an overlapping hexagon vector layer. The layouting process was done using QGIS Desktop 3.22.8. Figure 12. The visualization of land displacement overlapping with geological classification. The old volcano products, lava, and lahar deposits (symbolized with Qot, Qyl, Qyg, respectively) that have experienced weathering led to massive collapsed buildings in the study area. The visualization was designed using QGIS Desktop 3.22.8. However, this study has some limitations. For example, the detected land deformation can be due to other changes not related to the earthquake, since a large part of the study area is cultivated, for example paddy fields are present in the study area. Furthermore, some densely vegetated areas may produce false positive results. Changes in these areas should not be considered as land deformation. The approximate fault line also requires further investigation using ground-based techniques. Also, there are limitations in the use of InSAR for land subsidence mapping and monitoring. One limitation is the need for a stable reference surface, known as the “interferometric baseline”, to accurately measure subsidence ( Antonova et al. 2018 ). This can be challenging in areas with complex topographies or large variations in the surface reflectivity. Another limitation is that atmospheric effects are one of the limiting error sources in repeat-pass InSAR measurements. InSAR is sensitive to atmospheric effects, such as changes in temperature and water vapour, which can introduce errors in the measurements of ground deformation ( Ding et al. 2008 ). A subsequent limitation is the need for multiple satellite passes in order to generate an interferogram, which can limit the temporal resolution of InSAR measurements. Conclusion In this study, we used multisensor and multitemporal data to investigate land deformation in Cianjur, West Java, following an earthquake of magnitude 5.6 that occurred on 21 November 2022. Our results show that the earthquake caused significant land deformation in the area, with surface displacements of uplift of up to 9.8 cm and land subsidence of up to 11 cm in some areas. We also found that deformation was primarily concentrated in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the study area. The earthquake led to secondary disasters such as landslides and collapsed residential buildings. This is due to a combination of geological factors and inadequate building structures. We recommend that local and national governments conduct regular monitoring of the study area using InSAR, supported by ground-based techniques to track changes in land deformation over time and assess the effectiveness of any mitigation measures. For future research, possibility of using cloud-based processing system is important to be explored to improve the processing time, so that faster observation result can be generated to provide a timelier recommendation in time of disaster mitigation. Data availability Zenodo: InSAR result of Cianjur Earthquake (November 2022), Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10483646 ( Ramdani et al. 2024 ). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). References Antonova S, Sudhaus H, Strozzi T, et al. : Thaw Subsidence of a Yedoma Landscape in Northern Siberia, Measured In Situ and Estimated from TerraSAR-X Interferometry. Remote Sens. 2018; 10 (4): 494. Publisher Full Text Bawden GW, Johnson MR, Kasmarek MC, et al. : Investigation of land subsidence in the Houston-Galveston region of Texas by using the Global Positioning System and interferometric synthetic aperture radar, 1993-2000. Scientific Investigations Report. 2012; 2012–5211. Reference Source BPS: Indikator Kesejahteraan Rakyat Kabupaten Cianjur 2021. Cianjur: BPS Kabupaten Cianjur; 2022. Reference Source Breiman L: Random Forests. Mach. Learn. 2001. Publisher Full Text Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation: Geologi Gempa Cianjur - 21 November 2022. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Badan Geologi. 2022. Reference Source Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters: The International Disaster Database. EM-DAT Public. 2022. Reference Source Deros SN, Mohamad NM, Din SM, et al. : Land Subsidence Susceptibility Projection for Palembang Slum Area by Complex MCDM-AHP Technique. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. 2022; 54 : 220104. Publisher Full Text Ding X-l, Li Z-w, Zhu J-j, et al. : Atmospheric Effects on InSAR Measurements and Their Mitigation. Sensors. 2008; 8 (03): 5426–5448. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Feng Q, Huaping X, Zhefeng W, et al. : Improved Goldstein Interferogram Filter Based on Local Fringe Frequency Estimation. Sensors (Switzerland). 2016; 16 . PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Flores-Anderson AI, Herndon KE, Thapa RB, et al. : SAR Handbook: Comprehensive Methodologies for Forest Monitoring and Biomass Estimation. Huntsville, Alabama: SERVIR Global Science Coordination Office National Space Science and Technology Center; 2019. Publisher Full Text Funning GJ, Garcia A: A Systematic Study of Earthquake Detectability Using Sentinel-1 InterferometricWide-Swath Data. Geophys. J. Int. 2019; 216 (1): 332–349. Publisher Full Text Gounaridis D, Apostolou A, Koukoulas S: Land Cover of Greece, 2010: A Semi-Automated Classification Using Random Forests. J. Maps. 2016; 12 : 1055–1062. Publisher Full Text Gunawan E, Meilano I, Hanifa NR, et al. : Effect of Coseismic and Postseismic Deformation on Homogeneous and Layered Half-Space and Spherical Analysis: Model Simulation of the 2006 Java, Indonesia, Tsunami Earthquake. J. Appl. Geod. 2017; 11 : 207–214. Publisher Full Text Hidayat RF, Kiyota T, Tada N, et al. : Reconnaissance on Liquefaction-Induced Flow Failure Caused by the 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Earthquake, Palu, Indonesia. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. 2020; 52 (1): 51–65. Publisher Full Text Hooper A, Bekaert D, Spaans K, et al. : Recent advances in SAR interferometry time series analysis for measuring crustal deformation. Tectonophysics. 2012; 514-517 (01): 1–13. Publisher Full Text Jiang G, Feng Z, Zhao R, et al. : Unload Pull-out Test of Full-Length Grouted Bolts in Slope Reconstruction and Expansion. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences. 2021; 53 . Publisher Full Text Jones J, Jones CE, Bekaert DP: Value of InSAR for Monitoring Land Subsidence to Support Water Management in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2021; 58 : 995–1001. Publisher Full Text Keep M, Schellart WP: Introduction to the Thematic Issue on the Evolution and Dynamics of the Indo-Australian Plate. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2012; 59 : 807–808. Publisher Full Text Krisnanto S, Rahardjo H, Kartiko RD, et al. : Characteristics of Rainfall-Induced Slope Instability in Cisokan Region, Indonesia. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences. 2021; 53 (5): 210504. Publisher Full Text Lai W, Shen Q, Hansheng Wang CK, et al. : InSAR-derived land subsidence in Wuhan between 2015 and 2020. All Earth. 2022; 34 (1): 224–242. Publisher Full Text Li S, Wang X, Tao T, et al. : Source Model of the 2023 Turkey Earthquake Sequence Imaged by Sentinel-1 and GPS Measurements: Implications for Heterogeneous Fault Behavior along the East Anatolian Fault Zone. Remote Sens. 2023; 15 (10). Publisher Full Text Li Y, Jiang W, Zhang J, et al. : Sentinel-1 SAR-Based Coseismic Deformation Monitoring Service for Rapid Geodetic Imaging of Global Earthquakes. Nat. Hazards Res. 2021; 1 : 11–19. Publisher Full Text Li Z, Wei Y, Wei J, et al. : Time-series InSAR ground deformation monitoring: Atmospheric delay modeling and estimating. Earth Sci. Rev. 2019; 192 (05): 258–284. Publisher Full Text Liu Z, Liu P-W, Massoud E, et al. : Monitoring Groundwater Change in California’s Central Valley Using Sentinel-1 and GRACE Observations. Geosciences. 2019; 9 (10). Publisher Full Text McGarragh G, Poulsen C, Povey A, et al. : SNAP (Sentinel Application Platform) and the ESA Sentinel 3 Toolbox. ESASP; 2015. Pratama C, Heliani LS, Widjajanti N, et al. : Recent GPS-Based Long Wavelength Crustal Deformation Revealed Active Postseismic Deformation Due to the 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake. J. Appl. Geod. 2022; 16 : 131–141. Publisher Full Text Purwanto AD, Wikantika K, Deliar A, et al. : Decision Tree and Random Forest Classification Algorithms for Mangrove Forest Mapping in Sembilang National Park, Indonesia. Remote Sens. 2023; 15 . Publisher Full Text Ramdani F, Chairunnisa V: Combination of Geostatistical and Geovisualisation Techniques for Analysing 120 Year Earthquake Events in Indonesia Using Open- Source Software.2021. Publisher Full Text Ramdani F, Setiani P, Wibowo A, et al. : InSAR result of Cianjur Earthquake (November 2022), Indonesia (1.0). [Dataset]. Zenodo. 2024. Publisher Full Text Raspini F, Bardi F, Bianchini S, et al. : The contribution of satellite SAR-derived displacement measurements in landslide risk management practices. Nat. Hazards. 2016; 86 (11): 327–351. Publisher Full Text Sneed M, Brandt JT: Land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, 2007–2014. Copernicus Publications on behalf of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. 2015; 11 : 23–27. Reference Source Sutarman S, Herlina H, Mulyeni S, et al. : Implementation of Human Concern in Education and Empowerment of Earthquake Victims in Cianjur Regency. Int. J. Educ. Manag. Sociol. 2022; 1 (2): 1–17. Publisher Full Text Tempa K, Aryal KR: Semi-Automatic Classification for Rapid Delineation of the Geohazard-Prone Areas Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery. SN Appl. Sci. 2022; 4 . Publisher Full Text USGS: M 7.0-66 km SSW of Banjar, Indonesia. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program; 2009. Reference Source USGS: Search Earthquake Catalog. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program; 2022a. Reference Source USGS: M 5.6-18 km WSW of Ciranjang-hilir, Indonesia. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program; 2022b. Reference Source Yang J, Caijun X, Wang S, et al. : Sentinel-1 Observation of 2019 Mw 5.7 Acipayam Earthquake: A Blind Normal-Faulting Event in the Acipayam Basin, Southwestern Turkey. J. Geodyn. 2020; 135 : 101707. Publisher Full Text Ghorbani Z, Khosravi A, Maghsoudi Y, et al. : Use of InSAR data for measuring land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal and climate change in Ardabil Plain, Iran. Sci. Rep. 2022; 12 (08): 13998. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Zebker HA: SNAPHU: Statistical-Cost, Network-Flow Algorithm for Phase Unwrapping. Stanford Radar Interferometry Research Group; 2023; vol. 2023 . . Reference Source Zhang A, Jason L, Kim J-W: Detecting mining-induced ground deformation and associated hazards using spaceborne InSAR techniques. Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk. 2017; 9 (1): 211–223. Publisher Full Text Zhang Y, Zhang J, Hongan W, et al. : Monitoring of urban subsidence with SAR interferometric point target analysis: A case study in Suzhou, China. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2011; 13 (5): 812–818. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Apr 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Environmental Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia 2 Geography, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia 3 International Public Policy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 3058577, Japan Putri Setiani Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Adi Wibowo Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Supriatna Supriatna Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization Fatwa Ramdani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This research supported by University of Tsukuba for submission in Japan Institutional Gateway of F1000Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 26 Apr 2024, 13:412 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.147124.1 Copyright © 2024 Setiani P et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Setiani P, Wibowo A, Supriatna S and Ramdani F. Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.147124.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Apr 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Zhao C. Reviewer Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r275596 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-275596 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 14 Sep 2024 Chaoying Zhao , School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r275596 The paper examines land deformation caused by an earthquake in the Cianjuar area of Indonesia using the InSAR technique with SNAP software. The study aims to identify the blind fault in the region. However, I suggest making some major revisions ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper examines land deformation caused by an earthquake in the Cianjuar area of Indonesia using the InSAR technique with SNAP software. The study aims to identify the blind fault in the region. However, I suggest making some major revisions to the manuscript: - The sentences are too long and should be split apart. - The figures should align with the text in the manuscript. Currently, the figures are placed before the text. - Some moderate editing of the English language is required. -What’s the difference between Figs. 6 and 7. Please give some explanation. - The InSAR results are too noisy, so the main findings are not fully supported by the deformation results. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: InSAR, geohazard monitoring related to land subsidence, landslide, glacier movement etc. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Zhao C. Reviewer Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r275596 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-275596 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Usman F. Reviewer Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r301157 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-301157 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 Aug 2024 Fathoni Usman , Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Civil Engineering, Universitas Indo Global Mandiri (Ringgold ID: 185766), Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r301157 In the method section, the author did not explain how they selected the pairs of the image. It is supposed to mention the temporal and spatial baselines that will affect the quality of the interferogram and displacement results. The study ... Continue reading READ ALL In the method section, the author did not explain how they selected the pairs of the image. It is supposed to mention the temporal and spatial baselines that will affect the quality of the interferogram and displacement results. The study area was large and dominated by vegetative regions, which caused the low coherence. Since the Sentilen-1 is considered low-quality SAR data with band C. The size of the study area and considering the ratio between vegetative or water areas to fix features on the ground will become crucial. Filtering was also not mentioned clearly in the method especially the pairs of imagery taken during the rainy season between October to December. It is needed to manage the atmospheric error due to time lagging because of the atmospheric conditions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Civil Engineering with Geospatial AI and Remote Sensing. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Usman F. Reviewer Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r301157 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-301157 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ali Yücel M. Reviewer Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r269941 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-269941 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 31 May 2024 Mehmet Ali Yücel , Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r269941 The article is well-prepared. The data is sufficient, and good results have been obtained. I have a suggestion regarding maps. I think adding it would be useful. I have also added a reference suggestion to the list. ... Continue reading READ ALL The article is well-prepared. The data is sufficient, and good results have been obtained. I have a suggestion regarding maps. I think adding it would be useful. I have also added a reference suggestion to the list. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate some fault lines in the study area. It would be beneficial to display the faults of the entire study area on the topographic location map in Figure 1 and to incorporate the fault lines into the geological map in Figure 12. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Pırtı A, Hoşbaş R, Yücel M: Examination of the Earthquake (Samos Island) in Izmir (30.10.2020) by Using Cors-Tr GNSS Observations and InSAR Data. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering . 2023; 27 (1): 135-144 Publisher Full Text 2. PIRTI A: Investigation and prediction of the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake by using GNSS on 25, 26 and 27 February 2010. Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 2024; 133 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Cartography, GIS, GNSS, Remote Sensing I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ali Yücel M. Reviewer Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r269941 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-269941 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 29 Jun 2024 Fatwa Ramdani , International Public Policy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 29 Jun 2024 Author Response Thank you very much for your expertise and time to review our work. We have been looking for the existing fault data in the study area, but unfortunately, the data ... Continue reading Thank you very much for your expertise and time to review our work. We have been looking for the existing fault data in the study area, but unfortunately, the data is not available. We will update the figure when the data is available. Thank you very much for your expertise and time to review our work. We have been looking for the existing fault data in the study area, but unfortunately, the data is not available. We will update the figure when the data is available. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 29 Jun 2024 Fatwa Ramdani , International Public Policy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 29 Jun 2024 Author Response Thank you very much for your expertise and time to review our work. We have been looking for the existing fault data in the study area, but unfortunately, the data ... Continue reading Thank you very much for your expertise and time to review our work. We have been looking for the existing fault data in the study area, but unfortunately, the data is not available. We will update the figure when the data is available. Thank you very much for your expertise and time to review our work. We have been looking for the existing fault data in the study area, but unfortunately, the data is not available. We will update the figure when the data is available. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Apr 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 26 Apr 24 read read read Mehmet Ali Yücel , Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey Fathoni Usman , Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Kajang, Malaysia; Universitas Indo Global Mandiri (Ringgold ID: 185766), Palembang, Indonesia Chaoying Zhao , Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Zhao C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 14 Sep 2024 | for Version 1 Chaoying Zhao , School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China 0 Views copyright © 2024 Zhao C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper examines land deformation caused by an earthquake in the Cianjuar area of Indonesia using the InSAR technique with SNAP software. The study aims to identify the blind fault in the region. However, I suggest making some major revisions to the manuscript: - The sentences are too long and should be split apart. - The figures should align with the text in the manuscript. Currently, the figures are placed before the text. - Some moderate editing of the English language is required. -What’s the difference between Figs. 6 and 7. Please give some explanation. - The InSAR results are too noisy, so the main findings are not fully supported by the deformation results. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise InSAR, geohazard monitoring related to land subsidence, landslide, glacier movement etc. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Zhao C. Peer Review Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r275596) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-275596 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Usman F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Aug 2024 | for Version 1 Fathoni Usman , Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Civil Engineering, Universitas Indo Global Mandiri (Ringgold ID: 185766), Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2024 Usman F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions In the method section, the author did not explain how they selected the pairs of the image. It is supposed to mention the temporal and spatial baselines that will affect the quality of the interferogram and displacement results. The study area was large and dominated by vegetative regions, which caused the low coherence. Since the Sentilen-1 is considered low-quality SAR data with band C. The size of the study area and considering the ratio between vegetative or water areas to fix features on the ground will become crucial. Filtering was also not mentioned clearly in the method especially the pairs of imagery taken during the rainy season between October to December. It is needed to manage the atmospheric error due to time lagging because of the atmospheric conditions. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Civil Engineering with Geospatial AI and Remote Sensing. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Usman F. Peer Review Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r301157) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-301157 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ali Yücel M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 31 May 2024 | for Version 1 Mehmet Ali Yücel , Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ali Yücel M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article is well-prepared. The data is sufficient, and good results have been obtained. I have a suggestion regarding maps. I think adding it would be useful. I have also added a reference suggestion to the list. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate some fault lines in the study area. It would be beneficial to display the faults of the entire study area on the topographic location map in Figure 1 and to incorporate the fault lines into the geological map in Figure 12. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Pırtı A, Hoşbaş R, Yücel M: Examination of the Earthquake (Samos Island) in Izmir (30.10.2020) by Using Cors-Tr GNSS Observations and InSAR Data. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering . 2023; 27 (1): 135-144 Publisher Full Text 2. PIRTI A: Investigation and prediction of the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake by using GNSS on 25, 26 and 27 February 2010. Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 2024; 133 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Cartography, GIS, GNSS, Remote Sensing I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 29 Jun 2024 Fatwa Ramdani, International Public Policy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Thank you very much for your expertise and time to review our work. We have been looking for the existing fault data in the study area, but unfortunately, the data is not available. We will update the figure when the data is available. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Ali Yücel M. Peer Review Report For: Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia: A multisensor-multitemporal study [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :412 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.161278.r269941) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1#referee-response-269941 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = \"Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur,...\".replace(\"'\", ''); var linkedInUrl = \"http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1\" + \"&title=\" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + \"&summary=\" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = \"https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1&title=\" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = \"http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1\" + \"&title=\" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Setiani P et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : \"facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com\", services_expanded : \"facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com\", services_custom : [ { name: \"LinkedIn\", url: linkedInUrl, icon:\"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg\" }, { name: \"Mendeley\", url: \"http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1/mendeley\", icon:\"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg\" }, { name: \"Reddit\", url: redditUrl, icon:\"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg\" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: \"https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412\", templates : { twitter : \"Land deformation due to earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia:.... Setiani P et al., published by \" + \"@F1000Research\" + \", https://f1000research.com/articles/13-412/v1\" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != \"undefined\"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(\".f1r-shares-twitter\").attr(\"href\", \"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=\" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(\".f1r-shares-facebook\").attr(\"href\", \"https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=\" + addthis_share.url); $(\".f1r-shares-linkedin\").attr(\"href\", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(\".f1r-shares-reddit\").attr(\"href\", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(\".f1r-shares-mendelay\").attr(\"href\", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(\".addthis_button_expanded\").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== \"\" && count != \"0\") $(this).removeClass(\"is-hidden\"); else $(this).addClass(\"is-hidden\"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get(\"/articles/acj/147124/161278\") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay(\"articles\", \"article\", \"161278\"); $(document).ready(function() { $( \"#frame1\" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find(\"div\"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(\".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info\"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr(\"title\"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: [\"-115\", \"30\"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + \" \" }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr(\"title\"); $(\"body\").on(\"click\", \".cite-living-figure\", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr(\"data-ref\"); $(this).closest(\".living-figure-list-container\").find(\"#\" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $(\"body\").on(\"click\", \".close-cite-living-figure\", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(\".popup-window-wrapper\").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on(\"mouseup\", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(\".article-metrics-popover-wrapper\"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(\".article-metrics-close-button\").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($(\"#main-article-count-box\").attachArticleMetrics) { $(\"#main-article-count-box\").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(\".new_figshare_widget\"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load(\"f1000\", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr(\"figshare_articleId\") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { \"275596\": 5, \"275597\": 0, \"275598\": 0, \"275599\": 0, \"275592\": 0, \"275593\": 0, \"275594\": 0, \"275595\": 0, \"275600\": 0, \"275601\": 0, \"315182\": 0, \"315183\": 0, \"315188\": 0, \"310708\": 0, \"315189\": 0, \"310709\": 0, \"315190\": 0, \"310710\": 0, \"315191\": 0, \"310711\": 0, \"315184\": 0, \"310704\": 0, \"315185\": 0, \"310705\": 0, \"315186\": 0, \"310706\": 0, \"315187\": 0, \"310707\": 0, \"310712\": 0, \"310713\": 0, \"297156\": 0, \"297157\": 0, \"297158\": 0, \"297159\": 0, \"297152\": 0, \"297153\": 0, \"297154\": 0, \"297155\": 0, \"297160\": 0, \"297161\": 0, \"301156\": 0, \"301157\": 6, \"301158\": 0, \"301159\": 0, \"301155\": 0, \"301164\": 0, \"269932\": 0, \"269934\": 0, \"269935\": 0, \"301160\": 0, \"301161\": 0, \"301162\": 0, \"301163\": 0, \"269940\": 0, \"269941\": 16, \"269942\": 0, \"269936\": 0, \"269937\": 0, \"269938\": 0, \"269939\": 0, }; $(\".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report\").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr(\"data-reportid\"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(\".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views\").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $(\"#article_uuid\"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = \"d9448bb6-091c-45bb-b506-9162e8c7ce3b\"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $(\"a[href*='article_uuid=']\").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr(\"href\").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr(\"href\", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: \"f1000research\", displayName: \"F1000Research\", hostName: \"f1000research.com\", id: \"1\", editorialEmail: \"research@f1000.com\", infoEmail: \"info@f1000.com\", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(\".cookie-warning\").is(\":visible\")) { $(\".sticky\").css(\"margin-bottom\", \"35px\"); $(\".devices\").addClass(\"devices-and-cookie-warning\"); } $(\".cookie-warning .close-button\").click(function (e) { $(\".devices\").removeClass(\"devices-and-cookie-warning\"); $(\".sticky\").css(\"margin-bottom\", \"0\"); }); $(\"#tweeter-feed .tweet-message\").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(\".partner\").on(\"mouseenter mouseleave\", function() { $(this).find(\".gray-scale, .colour\").toggleClass(\"is-hidden\"); }); }); <!-- Sign in --> Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $(\"a[id=googleSignInButton]\").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $(\"input[id=oAuthSystem]\").val(\"GOOGLE\"); $(\"form[id=oAuthForm]\").submit(); }); $(\"a[id=facebookSignInButton]\").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $(\"input[id=oAuthSystem]\").val(\"FACEBOOK\"); $(\"form[id=oAuthForm]\").submit(); }); $(\"a[id=orcidSignInButton]\").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $(\"input[id=oAuthSystem]\").val(\"ORCID\"); $(\"form[id=oAuthForm]\").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($(\"#sign-in-form-gfb-popup\")); $(\".target-field\").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split(\"/\"); if (uris.pop() === \"login\") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(\",\",\"/\")); } }); });","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}