{"paper_id":"05a840fb-7c6b-4d4e-8352-4056dbf5ad41","body_text":"Queer Child Growing Sideways: The Repercussion of Poor Parenting in Kacen Callender’s Select Novels | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Queer Child Growing Sideways: The Repercussion of Poor Parenting in Kacen Callender’s Select Novels R. K. Uthra Devi, S. Rema Devi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6558117/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Queer children face many issues due to heterosexual dominance norms in the society. Parental rejection, social stigma, and lack of representation in society lead queer children to emotional distress, identity struggles, and alienation. While existing research highlights the impact of family acceptance of queer children, little attention has been given to how literature influences the discourse on queer childhood and parenting. Kathryn Bond Stockton’s “sideways growth” theory provides insight into the non-linear development of queer children who navigate challenges outside traditional life paths. The study examines how Callender’s novels portray queer childhood, parental rejection, and acceptance through the lens of sideways growth. It also investigates the psychological impact of poor parenting on queer children and how literature serves as a tool for representation and advocacy. A qualitative textual analysis of Callender’s Felix Ever After , King and the Dragonflies , and Hurricane Child explores character development, parental relationships, and identity struggles while integrating existing scholarly research on queer childhood, family rejection, and chosen family structures. The paper reveals that parental rejection causes isolation, mistrust, and delayed self-acceptance, forcing queer children into sideways growth. The selected characters from Callender’s writing rely on unconventional survival strategies due to a lack of family support. Felix's father initially struggles, then eventually accepts him for being transqueer, which builds confidence in him. Literary representation helps validate queer identities and change cultural perspectives. Callender’s novels emphasize that parental acceptance is crucial for a queer child’s well-being by rejecting this will lead the queer children to grow sideways. The study highlights the role of inclusive literature in fostering acceptance and calls for further research on how literary depictions shape real-world parental attitudes and queer policies. Humanities/Literature Humanities/Medical humanities Humanities/Philosophy Social science/Psychology Social science/Sociology Queer childhood parental rejection sideways growth queer representation Kacen Callender Queer theory INTRODUCTION The term queer has been used for centuries and even finds traces of its existence in ancient texts. However, queer theory is a relatively modern academic discourse that explores the rights, struggles, and lived experiences of queer individuals. While much of queer theorists focus is on adult identities, limited attention is paid to such aspects as psychological development of queer children, their social struggles and how parental influence shapes identity. Research indicates that society often assumes children to be heterosexual, despite the common belief that children are free of sexual identity. This presumption of heterosexuality is evident in how parents approach their children's sexuality and future relationships (Martin, 2009 ). Kathryn Bond Stockton’s concept of growing sideways describes how queer children experience nonlinear development, as societal structures fail to provide them with the same milestones as their heterosexual peers. A typical child undergoes expected life stages such as high school, friendship, romantic relationships, college, career, marriage, and parenthood. However, for queer children, these milestones are often not as accessible due to societal barriers and lack of acceptance from family. This exclusion can cause the queer children to experience delays in self-discovery, social development, or emotional well-being. When queer children start realizing that their sexual orientation or gender identity differs from societal norms, they often struggle with expressing their true selves in society. Due to fear of rejection, discrimination, or misunderstanding, they often suppress their identity which leads to emotional distress and uncertainty about their place in the world. Most of the queer children struggle to cope with the societal and parental expectations until they are old enough to come out. Many queer children recognize their identity quite early on but hesitate to come out due to fear of rejection or societal pressure. Some struggle with self-acceptance and try to suppress their identity until adulthood. Regardless, family support plays a critical role in shaping the emotional well-being of queer children (Resnick & Bearman, 1997). By analyzing Kacen Callender’s narratives, the study underscores the crucial role of parental support in the psychological and emotional well-being of queer children. It argues that the absence of proper guidance, acceptance, and understanding can lead a queer child to emotional distress, identity struggles, and social alienation. Through a qualitative examination of Callender’s characters, the research highlights how literature can serve as both a mirror and a guide for parents navigating the challenges of raising queer children. The also study seeks to answer two primary questions: (1) How does Kacen Callender’s literature portray the emotional journeys of queer children facing parental rejection? (2) In what ways can literary narratives influence real-world parental attitudes toward queer youth and promote inclusive parenting practices? To address these questions, the paper first reviews relevant theoretical frameworks, including Stockton’s \"sideways growth\" and theories of family influence on queer children. By presenting literary narratives as a reflective tool, the paper aims to bridge the gap between fiction and real-world parenting, advocating for inclusive, informed, and compassionate approaches that foster healthier and more accepting family dynamics for queer youth. Theoretical Framework The current study is grounded in Kathryn Bond Stockton’s theory of growing sideways, which challenges traditional developmental models by arguing that queer children do not experience linear growth due to societal constraints and repression (Stockton, 2009 ). According to Stockton, childhood is often framed as a time of innocence and heteronormativity, where children are presumed to be asexual from their birth. Bond focuses on children queered by factors like “money, gender, sexuality, race, ghostly gayness, and imagined innocence” (Stockton K. B., 2016). Stockton’s concept of sideways growth captures how queer children must navigate their identity outside the fixed path of heterosexual milestones (e.g., dating, marriage,family building), instead developing through imagination, secrecy, and resistance. This framework is particularly relevant in analyzing Kacen Callender’s novels, where queer characters experience nonlinear growth due to parental rejection and social alienation. In King and the Dragonflies (2020), King, a Black queer boy, struggles with internalized homophobia and societal expectations which delays his acceptance of his sexuality. His growth is hindered by family and community pressures, aligning with Stockton’s idea that queer children develop in indirect ways rather than openly. Similarly, in Felix Ever After (2020), Felix, a transgender boy, experiences identity confusion, misrecognition, and parental resistance. His father’s hesitation to use Felix’s new name and stick with his dead name illustrates how parental denial disrupts queer identity affirmation. Which supports Stockton's argument that queer children must carve their own developmental paths. Likewise, in Hurricane Child (2018), Caroline, abandoned by her mother, experiences emotional isolation, leading her to form an imaginary attachment to spirits. This echoes Stockton’s claim that queer children who are neglected from real-world validation often find refuge in fantasy and alternative support systems. Through these narratives, Callender portrays how queer children develop coping mechanisms in response to parental and societal rejection, highlighting the psychological and emotional consequences of growing up queer in a world that often fails to accommodate their experiences. By applying Stockton’s sideways growth, the current study reveals how Callender’s characters reflect real-world struggles of queer adolescents, demonstrating that parental support plays an important role in either stalling or fostering queer identity development. The study underscores the need for affirmative parenting approaches that recognize and nurture children's growth without forcing them into heteronormative expectations. Literature, in particular works like Callender’s, serves as a crucial space for queer visibility, empowerment, and alternative narratives of identity formation. Methodology The study employs a qualitative literary analysis of Kacen Callender’s select novels to examine the repercussions of poor parenting on queer children’s development. Using thematic analysis, the research identifies recurring patterns related to identity suppression, emotional alienation, and the role of family in queer adolescents' growth. The study applies Kathryn Bond Stockton’s sideways growth to illustrate how queer children, rather than following a linear developmental trajectory, experience identity formation in nonlinear ways due to societal and parental pressures. Close reading techniques are used to analyse character interactions, parental influence, and coping mechanisms. Additionally, the research incorporates textual analysis to explore how Callender’s narratives reflect broader socio-cultural anxieties surrounding queer adolescents. By focusing on queer characters, the study highlights the intersection of race, queerness, and familial dynamics. The findings aim to inform more inclusive parenting approaches and contribute to queer children advocacy. Result To study queer children, the initial question to raise is, \"What is a child ? Who are we addressing as children?. All the adults walked on the same road. Yet thinking about childhood is cloudy and ghostly, surrounding children as figures in time” (Charlotte Brontë,1853). In Steven Bruhm and Natasha Hurley edited collection Curiouser: On the Queerness of Children (2004), they note that individuals under the age of consent, typically sixteen, are classified as children in these discussions. Katherine Bond Stockton, in her book The Queer Child: Or Growing Sideways in the Twentieth Century (2009), argues that the concept of childhood is created by adults to represent a specific stage of life, characterized by an unattainable ideal of innocence. This notion is rooted in the adults' own sense of nostalgia. Bond writes, “the child is precisely who we are not and, in fact, never were. It is the act of adults looking back. It is ghostly, unreachable fancy” (p. 5). As a person transitions into adulthood, they move further away from childhood. However, the issue arises when adults impose their expectations on children by assuming they will naturally conform to predefined gender roles. From birth, adults assign gender based on a child’s biological sex, even though the child is not yet aware of their gender identity. Judith Butler ( 1990 ), a prominent queer theorist, highlights this misconception, stating that \"gender identity, gender expression, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality, while illuminating different axes of the human experience, are often conflated under the term gender.\" This societal tendency to merge distinct aspects of identity leads to the rigid categorization of individuals from an early age. Rather than allowing children to explore their identities, adults often attempt to enforce gender norms as though they were an essential and unchangeable truth. However, Sigmund Freud (1975) rejects the notion that homosexuality is an illness or condition requiring a cure. This perspective challenges the rigid gender expectations placed on children, advocating for a more open and accepting approach to identity development. Rejecting child’s queerness for Social status In modern society, many parents struggle to accept their queer children due to concerns about their social reputation. Some go to extreme lengths, such as abandoning or even harming their child, in an attempt to preserve their perceived status. This societal pressure is evident in Kacen Callender’s King and the Dragonflies , where Sandy, a middle schooler who proudly embraces his gay identity without shame. However, his family’s reaction is not the same as him. Coming from a deeply prejudiced background, Sandy’s family sees his sexuality as a source of disgrace. The more Sandy’s family denies his identity as a gay, the more he resists their control. Even though his father is aware of Sandy’s homosexuality, he chooses to suppress it rather than allow society to find out. He thinks Sand’s identity will bring the same on his reputed family. To maintain his son’s secrecy, he locks Sandy inside their home, isolating him from the outside world. When King, Sandy’s friend, visits to check on him, Sandy’s racist father threatens him, saying, “You’ll leave now and promise you won't come back here again... I won't have you arrested and sent to juvenile court for aiding a runaway minor” (Callender, 2020 , p. 190). His words reflect not only his intolerance but also the extent to which he goes to silence his son’s truth. By portraying such harsh realities, Callender sheds light on the dangers of familial rejection and the trauma queer children face when their identities are denied. Sandy’s father’s strict and oppressive parenting methods fail to provide him with the support and security he needs. Unlike other children who grow up in a protective and happy environment, Sandy experiences constant rejection that drives him to run away from home at a young age. His father’s inability to accept his identity becomes the primary reason for his escape which leads him to develop a deep mistrust toward adults. Sandy's distrust extends beyond his father as he struggles to trust anyone, even those who show him kindness. Despite King’s parents welcoming him with acceptance, Sandy remains wary and insists King not trust any adults. Sandy’s experience reflects a broader issue faced by many queer youth. Research conducted in Los Angeles found that around 18% of homeless youth and young adults identify as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual (Unger, Kipke, Simon, Montgomery, & Johnson, 1997 ). This statistic highlights the harsh reality that many queer children face when their families reject them, leaving them without a safe home. Losing faith in one’s parents is not an easy experience, but when a child feels unprotected and unaccepted, they are often left with no choice but to find their path to survival. Sandy’s story exemplifies this painful reality, emphasizing the urgent need for parental acceptance and safe spaces for queer youth. Clearly, many parents do not want their children to be queer, viewing them as threats to their family's reputation. Some parents resort to abandonment or abuse to maintain their social standing. Unfortunately, they are failing to understand that sexuality is not a choice but an inherent part of identity which leads to detrimental effects on their child's development. Like Sandy's father, they believe that violence can alter their child's gender preferences. However, what they fail to grasp is that sexuality is not a choice; it is inherent to the individual. As a result of this brutal behaviour, Sandy loses trust in people at a very young age. Unlike a normal child, he does not trust his surroundings.When he says “ It feels like I could just live here forever. All I've got to do is catch some fish, pick some berries, and put out a pot of water whenever it rains. I’d be just fine here for the rest of my life.\" (154) Sandy is surrounded by doubt and rejection, forcing him to become entirely self-reliant. Instead of seeking connection, he withdraws from human interaction, choosing solitude as a form of protection. This emotional detachment reflects the harsh consequences of parental rejection and its lasting impact on a child’s well-being. Family rejection in behaviour change Research indicates that stereotypes and media representations of queer individuals often fail to capture the complexity and diversity of their experiences and personalities. While some portrayals perpetuate negative stereotypes, studies reveal a more nuanced reality. The closer examination reveals that their behavior is often shaped by a lack of parental affection and acceptance. When queer children do not receive support from their families, they are forced to fight for their place in society by often developing defensive behaviors as a means of self-preservation. Family acceptance plays a crucial role in a child's emotional development, and when denied, it can lead to frustration, isolation, and emotional distress. A strong example of this is Declan from Felix Ever After . At school, he is well-known and highly talented, yet Felix initially perceives him as rude and arrogant. Declan possesses remarkable artistic skills, creating work that is both sharp and timeless. Coming from a wealthy family, Declan makes everyone wonder why he works relentlessly to secure a scholarship to Brown University, even though his parents could afford to send him without financial strain. Despite forming alliances with some students, he remains emotionally isolated, longing for genuine friendship. Declan’s guarded nature stems from his family’s rejection after they discover he is gay, cutting him off emotionally and financially. This loss of parental support during a crucial stage shapes his defensive demeanor, masking deep pain and isolation. His perceived rudeness is a response to survival in an unwelcoming world. Callender highlights the lasting impact of familial rejection, showing how neglect and abandonment shape identity and relationships. The failure of parenting Growing up, children need love, attention, and guidance from their parents to develop a healthy sense of self. When a queer child experiences rejection or emotional neglect, it can lead to distress and alienation. Goldfried ( 2001 ) notes that \"gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals often speak of their network of friends as ‘family,’ no doubt because of the loss of, or alienation from, their actual families of origin.\" This underscores how many queer people seek alternative support systems when familial acceptance is lacking. Moreover, parental rejection has been linked to higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among queer youth. In societies where non-heterosexual identities face stigma, emotional support from family can be a protective factor like fostering resilience and self-acceptance. Without this support, queer individuals are more likely to experience isolation and self-doubt, making it essential for parents to create an environment where their children feel safe, valued, and affirmed in their identities. In Hurricane Child , the protagonist, Caroline, grows up believing she is cursed because she was born during a hurricane. Her mother leaves without explanation all of the sudden, and her father remarries soon after her mother’s absence. The sudden arrival of her stepmother and stepsister deepens her sense of abandonment. Deprived of parental love, Caroline seeks emotional reassurance from everyone around her. As a middle schooler, she may not yet grasp the concept of queer identities, but her desire for connection is undeniable. When she meets Kalinda at school, she develops strong feelings for her. Kalinda fills the emotional void left by Caroline’s absent parents. Also Kalinda, who experiences loneliness after being separated from her mother, reinforces the idea that children crave love and acceptance, regardless of their awareness of their identity. Furthermore, when there is no one at home for Caroline, she creates an imaginary companion to help her understand her identity, causing her to rely more on fantasy than reality. Lack of family support can have serious consequences for queer youth, leading to emotional struggles and feelings of isolation. Studies show that one in three gay youth experiences verbal abuse from family members, while one in four faces physical abuse from peers at school (D’Augelli, 1998). In King and the Dragonflies , Sandy suffers extreme abuse, ultimately leading to his death, with no one speaking up for him. In Felix Ever After , Declan is abandoned by his family, while Ezra's parents remain emotionally distant, showing no interest in discussing his identity. Their experiences illustrate how neglect and rejection impacts queer children’s emotional and psychological well-being. Parental support plays a critical role in shaping a queer child's self-esteem and mental health. Research indicates that parental acceptance is linked to higher life satisfaction and lower rates of depression among transgender youth (Simons, 2013). Queer children do not seek validation from society as much as they seek understanding and acceptance from their families. The presence of supportive parents can provide a sense of security and belonging, helping them navigate their identities with confidence rather than fear. How parent can handle Parents often find it difficult to accept that their child is queer. When they first learn that their daughter or son is gay, their initial reaction is usually quite negative (D’Augelli, 1998). Many parents struggle with how to respond when their child comes out to them as queer. From birth, they dream of many things for their child based on their birth gender, but parents must accept their child’s sexuality. One parent says, “I mourned her as if she had died. I felt like she had died, though intellectually I knew she was alive” (Robinson, Skeen, & Walters, 1989, pp. 67–68). Parents may recognize that their child is homosexual, yet hesitate to fully accept their sexuality. When discussing acceptance, researchers identify three patterns in how parents respond when their child comes out: loving denial, resentful denial, and loving open communication. Each of these responses significantly impacts the child’s development. The first two responses can damage the parent-child relationship and may lead queer children to distance themselves from their families, which can result in poor mental and physical health. Sandy’s experience of denial from his parents leads him to run away from his hometown. In contrast, loving open responses foster strong parent-child bonds and promote emotional stability. For example, Felix’s father initially denies his daughter’s transgender identity, but later supports Felix’s transition and makes an effort to understand him. Parents must learn to accept their child for who they are. Supporting this, a study by Muller ( 1987 ) shows that only a small percentage (11%) of relationships could be described as loving open , where parents not only accept their child and their partner but also openly and positively share this information with others. It appears that when parents feel confident in advocating for their child, acceptance becomes more than private—it becomes visible and affirming. Parental acceptance generally falls into three categories: loving denial, resentful denial, and loving openness. The first two create emotional distance and strain the parent-child relationship, often leading the child to leave home. Sandy’s rejection by his parents forces him to run away, illustrating the harm of denial. In contrast, loving openness fosters a healthy bond and provides a mentally stable environment for the child. In Felix Ever After , Felix’s father initially struggles to understand his child’s trans- identity and the process of transitioning. Accepting this change is difficult for him, as he grapples with both his past perception of Felix and the reality of his son’s identity. However, when he sees how much Felix is hurting, he expresses his sincere effort to learn and support him, saying: “I’m trying to understand. I want to understand. There is a lot I don’t know, and I’ve been slow. I know I’ve been slow to get it, and I know it’s been frustrating for you. I’m sorry. I really am. I’m sorry if I’ve hurt you. I’m sorry if you think my slowness has something to do with how I feel about you. Because I love you, kid. Don’t ever think that I don’t love you.” (Callender, 2020 , p. 330) This moment marks that while acceptance may take time, genuine effort and love can bridge the gap between misunderstanding and support between a child and parent. Felix’s father may not fully comprehend everything immediately, but his willingness to learn reinforces the importance of patience, growth, and unconditional love in the journey of parental acceptance. A study by Muller ( 1987 ) finds that only 11% of parent-child relationships could be described as truly accepting, where parents not only embraced their child's identity but also openly shared it with others. Gray et al. ( 2016 ) suggest that parents who confidently advocate for their queer child experience stronger family bonds and greater competence in their parenting. A supportive home empowers queer children to navigate the world with confidence. Rather than conforming to societal norms, parents must listen, support, and create a secure environment where their child feels valued. Discussion The study highlights the crucial role of parental acceptance in the emotional and psychological well-being of queer children. Through an analysis of Kacen Callender’s novels, it becomes evident that family rejection leads to emotional distress, social isolation, and, in extreme cases, homelessness or self-harm. Characters like Sandy ( King and the Dragonflies ), Declan and Ezra ( Felix Ever After ), and Caroline ( Hurricane Child ) reveal the harmful effects of neglect and parental disapproval. Their struggles illustrate how queer children who lack familial support are often left to navigate their identities alone, facing rejection both at home and in society. Kathryn Bond Stockton’s concept of ‘sideways growth’ provides a theoretical lens to understand these experiences. Stockton argues that queer children do not follow the linear developmental trajectory of their heterosexual peers. The queer children's growth to adulthood is shaped by negelection and rejections experienced in childhood. Callender’s characters, particularly Sandy and Caroline, embody this notion as they are forced into premature independence, emotional isolation, and self-reliance due to a lack of familial support. Rather than experiencing a stable childhood, they grow sideways, adapting to hostile environments and societal rejection. Parental denial and rejection manifest in different ways, ranging from emotional neglect to outright abuse. Sandy’s father resorts to extreme violence, believing that punishing his son can change his sexual orientation. Declan’s family, rather than responding with violence, completely abandons him, severing all financial and emotional ties. In both cases, the consequences are severe, leading to mistrust, isolation, and the loss of a secure childhood. Research confirms that family rejection is a major risk factor for depression, anxiety, and homelessness among queer youth (D’Augelli, 1998; Simons, 2013). Stockton’s sideway growth helps frame these experiences by showing how rejection disrupts traditional growth patterns, forcing queer children to navigate alternative and often more challenging paths. Conversely, acceptance and support play a transformative role in a queer child’s development. Felix’s father, despite his initial difficulty in understanding his child’s transition, ultimately makes an effort to learn and support Felix. His journey reflects a realistic portrayal of a parent grappling with change but choosing love over prejudice. Studies indicate parental support is linked to higher self-esteem and lower rates of mental health struggles in queer youth (Gray et al., 2016 ). According to Stockton’s sideways growth, Felix’s development is no longer constrained by societal rejection but is redirected toward self-affirmation and empowerment once he gains familial support. The theme of chosen family is another significant aspect in Callender’s novels. When queer children do not find acceptance within their biological families, they often turn to friendships and supportive communities for validation. Felix, for instance, finds solace in his friends, who affirm his identity when his father struggles to do so. Similarly, queer individuals in reality often build support systems outside of their immediate families to compensate for the lack of acceptance at home. Goldfried’s ( 2001 ) study, which emphasizes that queer individuals frequently develop deep connections within their social networks when familial ties are strained. Literature, particularly young adult (YA) fiction serves as both a reflection of these struggles and a tool for advocacy. By showcasing narratives that depict both rejection and acceptance, Callender’s novels contribute to the broader discourse on queer identity, parental responsibility, and societal change. Future research could further explore how literary representations of queer youth impact real-world parental attitudes and how increasing visibility in literature influences the broader fight for queer rights and acceptance. Conclusion The queer children are very fragile after they find out that they are queer. The circumstances do not favor the queer children while asserting their identity. Right after opening up, the queer children expect everyone to accept them for who they are, and in most cases, they expect acceptance to come from the family. Family is the first place for queer children to reveal their identity. The acceptance from the family makes queer children bring their courage to face the society. When Felix's father accepts him as trans, it gives him the strength to face the world. When King's father welcomes him with warmth, he feels confident in himself and ready to face the rest of the world. In addition to this, Callender brings out the balanced relationship between parent and the queer child like Felix and his father, which teaches the others that “children can both affirm their identity and understand the demands of a world mostly organized around the mutually exclusive binary of gender. Parents can both nurture their child’s singularity and operate as a mediator between the child’s wish and the social reality” (Malpas, 2011 , p. 457). In contemporary times, the children have the right to choose their identity. This new culture is emerging. When King says, “We should be who we are and who we like, no matter who’s going to laugh” (Callender, 2020 , p. 298), it reflects this shift. However, societal acceptance must go beyond words—real-world efforts are necessary to create environments where queer children feel safe, valued, and empowered. This study offers valuable insights for parents, educators, and queer advocates: Parenting: Parents must recognize the long-term psychological effects of rejection and instead foster open communication, unconditional love, and affirmative support for their queer children. Education: Schools should implement inclusive curricula and support systems to ensure queer students feel validated, safe, and empowered. Training programs for teachers and counselors should include queer sensitivity training to better assist students navigating their identities. Queer Advocacy: The study emphasizes the need for broader community engagement, safe spaces, and representation in literature and media. Callender’s works serve as an essential tool for normalizing queer experiences and challenging heteronormative parenting expectations. By addressing these aspects, this research highlights the importance of family support, educational reform, and media representation in fostering a more accepting world for queer youth. Future studies should explore how literary representations influence real-world parenting approaches and how different cultural contexts shape the experiences of queer children. Ensuring greater societal acceptance and institutional support will help create a future where queer children can grow with confidence, security, and the love they deserve. Declarations Author Contribution Author U.D. contributes to develop the theory and write the paperCoauthor S. Rema Devi contributes to proofread and narrow down the ideas for the manuscript References Boucai M (2012) Sexual liberty and same-sex marriage: An argument for bisexuality. San Diego Law Rev 49:415 Bruhm S, Hurley N (2004) Introduction to. Curiouser: On the queerness of children. 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Uthra Devi\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhBxIIGBgfkAkCFBhA42kJYEkBa2BJK18BgQ5yyD+73HPvz8cSePn/3M51c3aiwY+Nu7E/BrOcaXPLMn4VmxZE/uNuucYxIMEmfObiCghceYgSfhcOKGG7zbjHPYJBgMJHIJa2H8A9Sy/wbPM+Ocf0RqYQbbIsHD/Di3jQgtksdyjJll0g4XS5xJM2PO7ZPgIegXvsNnjBnf2BzO428//Phzzrc6Of72XvxakAEbKB55iFYOAswfSFI+CkbBKBgFIwYAAMc3SDJ/awqzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"R.\",\"middleName\":\"K. Uthra\",\"lastName\":\"Devi\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":575195617,\"identity\":\"2c4f0442-d044-4add-a46a-5f050533150d\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"S. 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However, queer theory is a relatively modern academic discourse that explores the rights, struggles, and lived experiences of queer individuals. While much of queer theorists focus is on adult identities, limited attention is paid to such aspects as psychological development of queer children, their social struggles and how parental influence shapes identity. Research indicates that society often assumes children to be heterosexual, despite the common belief that children are free of sexual identity. This presumption of heterosexuality is evident in how parents approach their children's sexuality and future relationships (Martin, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKathryn Bond Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s concept of growing sideways describes how queer children experience nonlinear development, as societal structures fail to provide them with the same milestones as their heterosexual peers. A typical child undergoes expected life stages such as high school, friendship, romantic relationships, college, career, marriage, and parenthood. However, for queer children, these milestones are often not as accessible due to societal barriers and lack of acceptance from family. This exclusion can cause the queer children to experience delays in self-discovery, social development, or emotional well-being. When queer children start realizing that their sexual orientation or gender identity differs from societal norms, they often struggle with expressing their true selves in society. Due to fear of rejection, discrimination, or misunderstanding, they often suppress their identity which leads to emotional distress and uncertainty about their place in the world. Most of the queer children struggle to cope with the societal and parental expectations until they are old enough to come out. Many queer children recognize their identity quite early on but hesitate to come out due to fear of rejection or societal pressure. Some struggle with self-acceptance and try to suppress their identity until adulthood. Regardless, family support plays a critical role in shaping the emotional well-being of queer children (Resnick \\u0026amp; Bearman, 1997). By analyzing Kacen Callender\\u0026rsquo;s narratives, the study underscores the crucial role of parental support in the psychological and emotional well-being of queer children. It argues that the absence of proper guidance, acceptance, and understanding can lead a queer child to emotional distress, identity struggles, and social alienation. Through a qualitative examination of Callender\\u0026rsquo;s characters, the research highlights how literature can serve as both a mirror and a guide for parents navigating the challenges of raising queer children. The also study seeks to answer two primary questions:\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(1) How does Kacen Callender\\u0026rsquo;s literature portray the emotional journeys of queer children facing parental rejection?\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(2) In what ways can literary narratives influence real-world parental attitudes toward queer youth and promote inclusive parenting practices?\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo address these questions, the paper first reviews relevant theoretical frameworks, including Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s \\\"sideways growth\\\" and theories of family influence on queer children. By presenting literary narratives as a reflective tool, the paper aims to bridge the gap between fiction and real-world parenting, advocating for inclusive, informed, and compassionate approaches that foster healthier and more accepting family dynamics for queer youth.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Theoretical Framework\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe current study is grounded in Kathryn Bond Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s theory of growing sideways, which challenges traditional developmental models by arguing that queer children do not experience linear growth due to societal constraints and repression (Stockton, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009\\u003c/span\\u003e). According to Stockton, childhood is often framed as a time of innocence and heteronormativity, where children are presumed to be asexual from their birth. Bond focuses on children queered by factors like \\u0026ldquo;money, gender, sexuality, race, ghostly gayness, and imagined innocence\\u0026rdquo; (Stockton K. B., 2016). Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s concept of sideways growth captures how queer children must navigate their identity outside the fixed path of heterosexual milestones (e.g., dating, marriage,family building), instead developing through imagination, secrecy, and resistance. This framework is particularly relevant in analyzing Kacen Callender\\u0026rsquo;s novels, where queer characters experience nonlinear growth due to parental rejection and social alienation. In \\u003cem\\u003eKing and the Dragonflies\\u003c/em\\u003e (2020), King, a Black queer boy, struggles with internalized homophobia and societal expectations which delays his acceptance of his sexuality. His growth is hindered by family and community pressures, aligning with Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s idea that queer children develop in indirect ways rather than openly. Similarly, in \\u003cem\\u003eFelix Ever After\\u003c/em\\u003e (2020), Felix, a transgender boy, experiences identity confusion, misrecognition, and parental resistance. His father\\u0026rsquo;s hesitation to use Felix\\u0026rsquo;s new name and stick with his dead name illustrates how parental denial disrupts queer identity affirmation. Which supports Stockton's argument that queer children must carve their own developmental paths. Likewise, in \\u003cem\\u003eHurricane Child\\u003c/em\\u003e (2018), Caroline, abandoned by her mother, experiences emotional isolation, leading her to form an imaginary attachment to spirits. This echoes Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s claim that queer children who are neglected from real-world validation often find refuge in fantasy and alternative support systems. Through these narratives, Callender portrays how queer children develop coping mechanisms in response to parental and societal rejection, highlighting the psychological and emotional consequences of growing up queer in a world that often fails to accommodate their experiences.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBy applying Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s sideways growth, the current study reveals how Callender\\u0026rsquo;s characters reflect real-world struggles of queer adolescents, demonstrating that parental support plays an important role in either stalling or fostering queer identity development. The study underscores the need for affirmative parenting approaches that recognize and nurture children's growth without forcing them into heteronormative expectations. Literature, in particular works like Callender\\u0026rsquo;s, serves as a crucial space for queer visibility, empowerment, and alternative narratives of identity formation.\\u003c/p\\u003e \"},{\"header\":\"Methodology\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe study employs a qualitative literary analysis of Kacen Callender\\u0026rsquo;s select novels to examine the repercussions of poor parenting on queer children\\u0026rsquo;s development. Using thematic analysis, the research identifies recurring patterns related to identity suppression, emotional alienation, and the role of family in queer adolescents' growth. The study applies Kathryn Bond Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s sideways growth to illustrate how queer children, rather than following a linear developmental trajectory, experience identity formation in nonlinear ways due to societal and parental pressures. Close reading techniques are used to analyse character interactions, parental influence, and coping mechanisms. Additionally, the research incorporates textual analysis to explore how Callender\\u0026rsquo;s narratives reflect broader socio-cultural anxieties surrounding queer adolescents. By focusing on queer characters, the study highlights the intersection of race, queerness, and familial dynamics. The findings aim to inform more inclusive parenting approaches and contribute to queer children advocacy.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Result\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTo study queer children, the initial question to raise is, \\\"What is a child ? Who are we addressing as children?. All the adults walked on the same road. Yet thinking about childhood is cloudy and ghostly, surrounding children as figures in time\\u0026rdquo; (Charlotte Bront\\u0026euml;,1853). In Steven Bruhm and Natasha Hurley edited collection \\u003cem\\u003eCuriouser: On the Queerness of Children\\u003c/em\\u003e (2004), they note that individuals under the age of consent, typically sixteen, are classified as children in these discussions. Katherine Bond Stockton, in her book \\u003cem\\u003eThe Queer Child: Or Growing Sideways in the Twentieth Century\\u003c/em\\u003e (2009), argues that the concept of childhood is created by adults to represent a specific stage of life, characterized by an unattainable ideal of innocence. This notion is rooted in the adults' own sense of nostalgia. Bond writes, \\u0026ldquo;the child is precisely who we are not and, in fact, never were. It is the act of adults looking back. It is ghostly, unreachable fancy\\u0026rdquo; (p. 5). As a person transitions into adulthood, they move further away from childhood. However, the issue arises when adults impose their expectations on children by assuming they will naturally conform to predefined gender roles. From birth, adults assign gender based on a child\\u0026rsquo;s biological sex, even though the child is not yet aware of their gender identity. Judith Butler (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1990\\u003c/span\\u003e), a prominent queer theorist, highlights this misconception, stating that \\\"gender identity, gender expression, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality, while illuminating different axes of the human experience, are often conflated under the term gender.\\\" This societal tendency to merge distinct aspects of identity leads to the rigid categorization of individuals from an early age. Rather than allowing children to explore their identities, adults often attempt to enforce gender norms as though they were an essential and unchangeable truth. However, Sigmund Freud (1975) rejects the notion that homosexuality is an illness or condition requiring a cure. This perspective challenges the rigid gender expectations placed on children, advocating for a more open and accepting approach to identity development.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eRejecting child’s queerness for Social status\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn modern society, many parents struggle to accept their queer children due to concerns about their social reputation. Some go to extreme lengths, such as abandoning or even harming their child, in an attempt to preserve their perceived status. This societal pressure is evident in Kacen Callender\\u0026rsquo;s \\u003cem\\u003eKing and the Dragonflies\\u003c/em\\u003e, where Sandy, a middle schooler who proudly embraces his gay identity without shame. However, his family\\u0026rsquo;s reaction is not the same as him. Coming from a deeply prejudiced background, Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s family sees his sexuality as a source of disgrace. The more Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s family denies his identity as a gay, the more he resists their control. Even though his father is aware of Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s homosexuality, he chooses to suppress it rather than allow society to find out. He thinks Sand\\u0026rsquo;s identity will bring the same on his reputed family. To maintain his son\\u0026rsquo;s secrecy, he locks Sandy inside their home, isolating him from the outside world. When King, Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s friend, visits to check on him, Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s racist father threatens him, saying, \\u0026ldquo;You\\u0026rsquo;ll leave now and promise you won't come back here again... I won't have you arrested and sent to juvenile court for aiding a runaway minor\\u0026rdquo; (Callender, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e, p. 190). His words reflect not only his intolerance but also the extent to which he goes to silence his son\\u0026rsquo;s truth.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBy portraying such harsh realities, Callender sheds light on the dangers of familial rejection and the trauma queer children face when their identities are denied. Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s father\\u0026rsquo;s strict and oppressive parenting methods fail to provide him with the support and security he needs. Unlike other children who grow up in a protective and happy environment, Sandy experiences constant rejection that drives him to run away from home at a young age. His father\\u0026rsquo;s inability to accept his identity becomes the primary reason for his escape which leads him to develop a deep mistrust toward adults. Sandy's distrust extends beyond his father as he struggles to trust anyone, even those who show him kindness. Despite King\\u0026rsquo;s parents welcoming him with acceptance, Sandy remains wary and insists King not trust any adults. Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s experience reflects a broader issue faced by many queer youth. Research conducted in Los Angeles found that around 18% of homeless youth and young adults identify as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual (Unger, Kipke, Simon, Montgomery, \\u0026amp; Johnson, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1997\\u003c/span\\u003e). This statistic highlights the harsh reality that many queer children face when their families reject them, leaving them without a safe home. Losing faith in one\\u0026rsquo;s parents is not an easy experience, but when a child feels unprotected and unaccepted, they are often left with no choice but to find their path to survival. Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s story exemplifies this painful reality, emphasizing the urgent need for parental acceptance and safe spaces for queer youth.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eClearly, many parents do not want their children to be queer, viewing them as threats to their family's reputation. Some parents resort to abandonment or abuse to maintain their social standing. Unfortunately, they are failing to understand that sexuality is not a choice but an inherent part of identity which leads to detrimental effects on their child's development. Like Sandy's father, they believe that violence can alter their child's gender preferences. However, what they fail to grasp is that sexuality is not a choice; it is inherent to the individual. As a result of this brutal behaviour, Sandy loses trust in people at a very young age. Unlike a normal child, he does not trust his surroundings.When he says\\u003cdiv class=\\\"BlockQuote\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ldquo; It feels like I could just live here forever. All I've got to do is catch some fish, pick some berries, and put out a pot of water whenever it rains. I\\u0026rsquo;d be just fine here for the rest of my life.\\\" (154)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSandy is surrounded by doubt and rejection, forcing him to become entirely self-reliant. Instead of seeking connection, he withdraws from human interaction, choosing solitude as a form of protection. This emotional detachment reflects the harsh consequences of parental rejection and its lasting impact on a child\\u0026rsquo;s well-being.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eFamily rejection in behaviour change\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eResearch indicates that stereotypes and media representations of queer individuals often fail to capture the complexity and diversity of their experiences and personalities. While some portrayals perpetuate negative stereotypes, studies reveal a more nuanced reality. The closer examination reveals that their behavior is often shaped by a lack of parental affection and acceptance. When queer children do not receive support from their families, they are forced to fight for their place in society by often developing defensive behaviors as a means of self-preservation. Family acceptance plays a crucial role in a child's emotional development, and when denied, it can lead to frustration, isolation, and emotional distress. A strong example of this is Declan from \\u003cem\\u003eFelix Ever After\\u003c/em\\u003e. At school, he is well-known and highly talented, yet Felix initially perceives him as rude and arrogant. Declan possesses remarkable artistic skills, creating work that is both sharp and timeless. Coming from a wealthy family, Declan makes everyone wonder why he works relentlessly to secure a scholarship to Brown University, even though his parents could afford to send him without financial strain. Despite forming alliances with some students, he remains emotionally isolated, longing for genuine friendship. Declan\\u0026rsquo;s guarded nature stems from his family\\u0026rsquo;s rejection after they discover he is gay, cutting him off emotionally and financially. This loss of parental support during a crucial stage shapes his defensive demeanor, masking deep pain and isolation. His perceived rudeness is a response to survival in an unwelcoming world. Callender highlights the lasting impact of familial rejection, showing how neglect and abandonment shape identity and relationships.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eThe failure of parenting\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eGrowing up, children need love, attention, and guidance from their parents to develop a healthy sense of self. When a queer child experiences rejection or emotional neglect, it can lead to distress and alienation. Goldfried (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e) notes that \\\"gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals often speak of their network of friends as \\u0026lsquo;family,\\u0026rsquo; no doubt because of the loss of, or alienation from, their actual families of origin.\\\" This underscores how many queer people seek alternative support systems when familial acceptance is lacking. Moreover, parental rejection has been linked to higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among queer youth. In societies where non-heterosexual identities face stigma, emotional support from family can be a protective factor like fostering resilience and self-acceptance. Without this support, queer individuals are more likely to experience isolation and self-doubt, making it essential for parents to create an environment where their children feel safe, valued, and affirmed in their identities.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn \\u003cem\\u003eHurricane Child\\u003c/em\\u003e, the protagonist, Caroline, grows up believing she is cursed because she was born during a hurricane. Her mother leaves without explanation all of the sudden, and her father remarries soon after her mother\\u0026rsquo;s absence. The sudden arrival of her stepmother and stepsister deepens her sense of abandonment. Deprived of parental love, Caroline seeks emotional reassurance from everyone around her. As a middle schooler, she may not yet grasp the concept of queer identities, but her desire for connection is undeniable. When she meets Kalinda at school, she develops strong feelings for her. Kalinda fills the emotional void left by Caroline\\u0026rsquo;s absent parents. Also Kalinda, who experiences loneliness after being separated from her mother, reinforces the idea that children crave love and acceptance, regardless of their awareness of their identity. Furthermore, when there is no one at home for Caroline, she creates an imaginary companion to help her understand her identity, causing her to rely more on fantasy than reality.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLack of family support can have serious consequences for queer youth, leading to emotional struggles and feelings of isolation. Studies show that one in three gay youth experiences verbal abuse from family members, while one in four faces physical abuse from peers at school (D\\u0026rsquo;Augelli, 1998). In \\u003cem\\u003eKing and the Dragonflies\\u003c/em\\u003e, Sandy suffers extreme abuse, ultimately leading to his death, with no one speaking up for him. In \\u003cem\\u003eFelix Ever After\\u003c/em\\u003e, Declan is abandoned by his family, while Ezra's parents remain emotionally distant, showing no interest in discussing his identity. Their experiences illustrate how neglect and rejection impacts queer children\\u0026rsquo;s emotional and psychological well-being. Parental support plays a critical role in shaping a queer child's self-esteem and mental health. Research indicates that parental acceptance is linked to higher life satisfaction and lower rates of depression among transgender youth (Simons, 2013). Queer children do not seek validation from society as much as they seek understanding and acceptance from their families. The presence of supportive parents can provide a sense of security and belonging, helping them navigate their identities with confidence rather than fear.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eHow parent can handle\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParents often find it difficult to accept that their child is queer. When they first learn that their daughter or son is gay, their initial reaction is usually quite negative (D\\u0026rsquo;Augelli, 1998). Many parents struggle with how to respond when their child comes out to them as queer. From birth, they dream of many things for their child based on their birth gender, but parents must accept their child\\u0026rsquo;s sexuality. One parent says, \\u0026ldquo;I mourned her as if she had died. I felt like she had died, though intellectually I knew she was alive\\u0026rdquo; (Robinson, Skeen, \\u0026amp; Walters, 1989, pp. 67\\u0026ndash;68). Parents may recognize that their child is homosexual, yet hesitate to fully accept their sexuality. When discussing acceptance, researchers identify three patterns in how parents respond when their child comes out: loving denial, resentful denial, and loving open communication. Each of these responses significantly impacts the child\\u0026rsquo;s development. The first two responses can damage the parent-child relationship and may lead queer children to distance themselves from their families, which can result in poor mental and physical health. Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s experience of denial from his parents leads him to run away from his hometown. In contrast, loving open responses foster strong parent-child bonds and promote emotional stability. For example, Felix\\u0026rsquo;s father initially denies his daughter\\u0026rsquo;s transgender identity, but later supports Felix\\u0026rsquo;s transition and makes an effort to understand him. Parents must learn to accept their child for who they are. Supporting this, a study by Muller (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1987\\u003c/span\\u003e) shows that only a small percentage (11%) of relationships could be described as \\u003cem\\u003eloving open\\u003c/em\\u003e, where parents not only accept their child and their partner but also openly and positively share this information with others. It appears that when parents feel confident in advocating for their child, acceptance becomes more than private\\u0026mdash;it becomes visible and affirming.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParental acceptance generally falls into three categories: loving denial, resentful denial, and loving openness. The first two create emotional distance and strain the parent-child relationship, often leading the child to leave home. Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s rejection by his parents forces him to run away, illustrating the harm of denial. In contrast, loving openness fosters a healthy bond and provides a mentally stable environment for the child. In \\u003cem\\u003eFelix Ever After\\u003c/em\\u003e, Felix\\u0026rsquo;s father initially struggles to understand his child\\u0026rsquo;s trans- identity and the process of transitioning. Accepting this change is difficult for him, as he grapples with both his past perception of Felix and the reality of his son\\u0026rsquo;s identity. However, when he sees how much Felix is hurting, he expresses his sincere effort to learn and support him, saying:\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;I\\u0026rsquo;m trying to understand. I want to understand. There is a lot I don\\u0026rsquo;t know, and I\\u0026rsquo;ve been slow. I know I\\u0026rsquo;ve been slow to get it, and I know it\\u0026rsquo;s been frustrating for you. I\\u0026rsquo;m sorry. I really am. I\\u0026rsquo;m sorry if I\\u0026rsquo;ve hurt you. I\\u0026rsquo;m sorry if you think my slowness has something to do with how I feel about you. Because I love you, kid. Don\\u0026rsquo;t ever think that I don\\u0026rsquo;t love you.\\u0026rdquo; (Callender, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e, p. 330)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis moment marks that while acceptance may take time, genuine effort and love can bridge the gap between misunderstanding and support between a child and parent. Felix\\u0026rsquo;s father may not fully comprehend everything immediately, but his willingness to learn reinforces the importance of patience, growth, and unconditional love in the journey of parental acceptance. A study by Muller (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1987\\u003c/span\\u003e) finds that only 11% of parent-child relationships could be described as truly accepting, where parents not only embraced their child's identity but also openly shared it with others. Gray et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e) suggest that parents who confidently advocate for their queer child experience stronger family bonds and greater competence in their parenting. A supportive home empowers queer children to navigate the world with confidence. Rather than conforming to societal norms, parents must listen, support, and create a secure environment where their child feels valued.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe study highlights the crucial role of parental acceptance in the emotional and psychological well-being of queer children. Through an analysis of Kacen Callender\\u0026rsquo;s novels, it becomes evident that family rejection leads to emotional distress, social isolation, and, in extreme cases, homelessness or self-harm. Characters like Sandy (\\u003cem\\u003eKing and the Dragonflies\\u003c/em\\u003e), Declan and Ezra (\\u003cem\\u003eFelix Ever After\\u003c/em\\u003e), and Caroline (\\u003cem\\u003eHurricane Child\\u003c/em\\u003e) reveal the harmful effects of neglect and parental disapproval. Their struggles illustrate how queer children who lack familial support are often left to navigate their identities alone, facing rejection both at home and in society.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKathryn Bond Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s concept of \\u0026lsquo;sideways growth\\u0026rsquo; provides a theoretical lens to understand these experiences. Stockton argues that queer children do not follow the linear developmental trajectory of their heterosexual peers. The queer children's growth to adulthood is shaped by negelection and rejections experienced in childhood. Callender\\u0026rsquo;s characters, particularly Sandy and Caroline, embody this notion as they are forced into premature independence, emotional isolation, and self-reliance due to a lack of familial support. Rather than experiencing a stable childhood, they grow sideways, adapting to hostile environments and societal rejection. Parental denial and rejection manifest in different ways, ranging from emotional neglect to outright abuse. Sandy\\u0026rsquo;s father resorts to extreme violence, believing that punishing his son can change his sexual orientation. Declan\\u0026rsquo;s family, rather than responding with violence, completely abandons him, severing all financial and emotional ties. In both cases, the consequences are severe, leading to mistrust, isolation, and the loss of a secure childhood. Research confirms that family rejection is a major risk factor for depression, anxiety, and homelessness among queer youth (D\\u0026rsquo;Augelli, 1998; Simons, 2013). Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s sideway growth helps frame these experiences by showing how rejection disrupts traditional growth patterns, forcing queer children to navigate alternative and often more challenging paths.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eConversely, acceptance and support play a transformative role in a queer child\\u0026rsquo;s development. Felix\\u0026rsquo;s father, despite his initial difficulty in understanding his child\\u0026rsquo;s transition, ultimately makes an effort to learn and support Felix. His journey reflects a realistic portrayal of a parent grappling with change but choosing love over prejudice. Studies indicate parental support is linked to higher self-esteem and lower rates of mental health struggles in queer youth (Gray et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). According to Stockton\\u0026rsquo;s sideways growth, Felix\\u0026rsquo;s development is no longer constrained by societal rejection but is redirected toward self-affirmation and empowerment once he gains familial support.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe theme of chosen family is another significant aspect in Callender\\u0026rsquo;s novels. When queer children do not find acceptance within their biological families, they often turn to friendships and supportive communities for validation. Felix, for instance, finds solace in his friends, who affirm his identity when his father struggles to do so. Similarly, queer individuals in reality often build support systems outside of their immediate families to compensate for the lack of acceptance at home. Goldfried\\u0026rsquo;s (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e) study, which emphasizes that queer individuals frequently develop deep connections within their social networks when familial ties are strained. Literature, particularly young adult (YA) fiction serves as both a reflection of these struggles and a tool for advocacy. By showcasing narratives that depict both rejection and acceptance, Callender\\u0026rsquo;s novels contribute to the broader discourse on queer identity, parental responsibility, and societal change. Future research could further explore how literary representations of queer youth impact real-world parental attitudes and how increasing visibility in literature influences the broader fight for queer rights and acceptance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe queer children are very fragile after they find out that they are queer. The circumstances do not favor the queer children while asserting their identity. Right after opening up, the queer children expect everyone to accept them for who they are, and in most cases, they expect acceptance to come from the family. Family is the first place for queer children to reveal their identity. The acceptance from the family makes queer children bring their courage to face the society. When Felix's father accepts him as trans, it gives him the strength to face the world. When King's father welcomes him with warmth, he feels confident in himself and ready to face the rest of the world. In addition to this, Callender brings out the balanced relationship between parent and the queer child like Felix and his father, which teaches the others that \\u0026ldquo;children can both affirm their identity and understand the demands of a world mostly organized around the mutually exclusive binary of gender. Parents can both nurture their child\\u0026rsquo;s singularity and operate as a mediator between the child\\u0026rsquo;s wish and the social reality\\u0026rdquo; (Malpas, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e, p. 457). In contemporary times, the children have the right to choose their identity. This new culture is emerging. When King says, \\u0026ldquo;We should be who we are and who we like, no matter who\\u0026rsquo;s going to laugh\\u0026rdquo; (Callender, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e, p. 298), it reflects this shift. However, societal acceptance must go beyond words\\u0026mdash;real-world efforts are necessary to create environments where queer children feel safe, valued, and empowered.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThis study offers valuable insights for parents, educators, and queer advocates:\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cul\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParenting: Parents must recognize the long-term psychological effects of rejection and instead foster open communication, unconditional love, and affirmative support for their queer children.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEducation: Schools should implement inclusive curricula and support systems to ensure queer students feel validated, safe, and empowered. Training programs for teachers and counselors should include queer sensitivity training to better assist students navigating their identities.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eQueer Advocacy: The study emphasizes the need for broader community engagement, safe spaces, and representation in literature and media. Callender\\u0026rsquo;s works serve as an essential tool for normalizing queer experiences and challenging heteronormative parenting expectations.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003c/ul\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBy addressing these aspects, this research highlights the importance of family support, educational reform, and media representation in fostering a more accepting world for queer youth. Future studies should explore how literary representations influence real-world parenting approaches and how different cultural contexts shape the experiences of queer children. Ensuring greater societal acceptance and institutional support will help create a future where queer children can grow with confidence, security, and the love they deserve.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAuthor U.D. contributes to develop the theory and write the paperCoauthor S. Rema Devi contributes to proofread and narrow down the ideas for the manuscript\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBoucai M (2012) Sexual liberty and same-sex marriage: An argument for bisexuality. San Diego Law Rev 49:415\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBruhm S, Hurley N (2004) Introduction to. Curiouser: On the queerness of children. University of Minnesota Press\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eButler J (1990) \\u003cem\\u003eGender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.\\u003c/em\\u003e Routledge\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBront\\u0026euml; C (1853) Villette. Smith, Elder \\u0026amp; Co\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCallender K (2020) King and the Dragonflies (Scholastic Gold). Scholastic Inc.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eCallender K (2020) \\u003cem\\u003eFelix ever after\\u003c/em\\u003e. Balzer\\u0026thinsp;+\\u0026thinsp;Bray\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eD'Augelli AR (1998) Developmental implications of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. J Gay Lesbian Social Serv 8(1):35\\u0026ndash;52\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eDykstra KJ, Litwiller F (2022) Are you trying to make them gay? Culture wars, anxieties about gender play, and the subsequent impacts on youth. The messiness of leisure research. Routledge, pp 90\\u0026ndash;101\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFreud S (1905) Three essays on the theory of sexuality. Basic Books\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGoldfried MR, Goldfried AP (2001) The importance of parental support in the lives of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. J Clin Psychol 57(5):681\\u0026ndash;693. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1035\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1002/jclp.1035\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eGray SA, Sweeney KK, Randazzo R, Levitt HM (2016) Am I doing the right thing? Pathways to parenting a gender-variant child. Fam Process 55(1):123\\u0026ndash;138. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12205\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/famp.12205\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHaggerty GE, McGarry M (eds) (2015) A companion to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer studies. Wiley\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMalpas J (2011) Between pink and blue: A multi-dimensional family approach to gender-nonconforming children and their families. Fam Process 50(4):453\\u0026ndash;470. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01371\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01371\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMartin KA (2009) Normalizing Heterosexuality: Mothers\\u0026rsquo; Assumptions, Talk, and Strategies with Young Children. Am Sociol Rev 74(2):190\\u0026ndash;207. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400202\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1177/000312240907400202\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMuller A (1987) Parents matter: Parents' relationships with lesbian daughters and gay sons. Naiad\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eResnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RW, Bauman KE, Harris KM, Jones J, Udry JR (1997) Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA 278(10):823\\u0026ndash;832. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.10.823\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1001/jama.278.10.823\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSchmeiser SR (2009) Changing immutable. Connecticut Law Rev 41(5):1495\\u0026ndash;1521\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSimons L, Schrager SM, Clark LF, Belzer M, Olson J (2013) Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health 53(6):791\\u0026ndash;793. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.018\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.018\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eStockton KB (2009) The queer child, or growing sideways in the twentieth century. Duke University Press\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eStockton KB (2016) The queer child now and its paradoxical global effects. GLQ: J Lesbian Gay Stud 22(4):505\\u0026ndash;539. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-3603229\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1215/10642684-3603229\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eUnger JB, Kipke MD, Simon TR, Montgomery SB, Johnson CJ (1997) Homeless youths and young adults in Los Angeles: prevalence of mental health problems and the relationship between mental health and substance abuse disorders. Am J Community Psychol 25(3):371\\u0026ndash;394. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024657828873\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1023/A:1024657828873\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWilliams-Savin R (2013) And then I became gay: Young men's stories. Routledge\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"palcomms\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Humanities \\u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)\",\"snPcode\":\"41599\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3\",\"title\":\"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Nature AJ\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Queer childhood, parental rejection, sideways growth, queer representation, Kacen Callender Queer theory\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6558117/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6558117/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eQueer children face many issues due to heterosexual dominance norms in the society. Parental rejection, social stigma, and lack of representation in society lead queer children to emotional distress, identity struggles, and alienation. While existing research highlights the impact of family acceptance of queer children, little attention has been given to how literature influences the discourse on queer childhood and parenting. Kathryn Bond Stockton’s “sideways growth” theory provides insight into the non-linear development of queer children who navigate challenges outside traditional life paths. The study examines how Callender’s novels portray queer childhood, parental rejection, and acceptance through the lens of sideways growth. It also investigates the psychological impact of poor parenting on queer children and how literature serves as a tool for representation and advocacy. A qualitative textual analysis of Callender’s \\u003cem\\u003eFelix Ever After\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eKing and the Dragonflies\\u003c/em\\u003e, and \\u003cem\\u003eHurricane Child\\u003c/em\\u003e explores character development, parental relationships, and identity struggles while integrating existing scholarly research on queer childhood, family rejection, and chosen family structures. The paper reveals that parental rejection causes isolation, mistrust, and delayed self-acceptance, forcing queer children into sideways growth. The selected characters from Callender’s writing rely on unconventional survival strategies due to a lack of family support. Felix's father initially struggles, then eventually accepts him for being transqueer, which builds confidence in him. Literary representation helps validate queer identities and change cultural perspectives. Callender’s novels emphasize that parental acceptance is crucial for a queer child’s well-being by rejecting this will lead the queer children to grow sideways. The study highlights the role of inclusive literature in fostering acceptance and calls for further research on how literary depictions shape real-world parental attitudes and queer policies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Queer Child Growing Sideways: The Repercussion of Poor Parenting in Kacen Callender’s Select Novels\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2026-01-16 18:39:13\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6558117/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-03-22T06:15:36+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-03-12T12:44:25+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-02-12T16:43:35+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-02-11T18:05:49+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"58092533672369951844979858085373088740\",\"date\":\"2026-01-16T17:18:19+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"34904760338386971601515990886708606978\",\"date\":\"2026-01-15T16:52:51+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"212467816218917804975403214407850160125\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T09:34:37+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-13T09:23:54+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-06-13T06:19:17+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-05-23T09:28:00+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-05-23T09:27:36+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications\",\"date\":\"2025-04-29T15:50:33+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"palcomms\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Humanities \\u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)\",\"snPcode\":\"41599\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3\",\"title\":\"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Nature AJ\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"da0960cb-e8c6-41f1-8c2c-6393aad860ba\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"January 16th, 2026\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"in-revision\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":61269162,\"name\":\"Humanities/Literature\"},{\"id\":61269163,\"name\":\"Humanities/Medical humanities\"},{\"id\":61269164,\"name\":\"Humanities/Philosophy\"},{\"id\":61269165,\"name\":\"Social science/Psychology\"},{\"id\":61269166,\"name\":\"Social science/Sociology\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-03-22T06:23:46+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2026-01-16 18:39:13\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6558117\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6558117\",\"identity\":\"rs-6558117\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}