{"paper_id":"040459f9-86f1-4a9f-841e-10b786cdce2d","body_text":"Unified GPU-Based Simulation of Porous Flow, Absorption, and Diffusion in Cloth–Liquid Coupling | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Unified GPU-Based Simulation of Porous Flow, Absorption, and Diffusion in Cloth–Liquid Coupling Jong-Hyun Kim, Jung Lee This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979683/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Cloth–liquid interaction involves complex physical phenomena such as porous flow, absorption, emission, and diffusion, which are difficult to model in a unified and stable manner, especially in real-time or high-resolution simulations. Existing approaches often address these effects in isolation or rely on unstable pressure estimates near boundaries, leading to numerical instability and limited scalability.In this paper, we propose a unified GPU-based framework for stable and efficient simulation of porous cloth–liquid interactions using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The proposed method reformulates porous flow as a directional process inspired by Darcy’s law, preserving physical intuition while avoiding unstable SPH pressure magnitudes through a virtual-pressure formulation. Absorption and emission are governed by a saturation-centered mass management scheme, and diffusion is handled as a sequentially decoupled stage, together ensuring mass conservation, directional consistency, and numerical robustness. To achieve high performance, all stages of the cloth–fluid coupling pipeline are executed entirely on the GPU, supported by a Bitonic sort–based hashing structure for efficient neighbor search.We evaluate the proposed framework through both qualitative and quantitative experiments, including frame-time analysis, scalability with increasing particle counts, mass conservation error measurement, and module-wise performance breakdown. The results demonstrate that the method achieves stable wetting behavior, reduced non-physical artifacts, and significant GPU-based speed-ups compared with baseline implementations. Overall, the proposed approach provides a stable, interpretable, and high-performance solution for large-scale wet-cloth simulation. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Physical sciences/Physics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 14 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 05 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 26 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-8979683\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":604259921,\"identity\":\"bb6fa0aa-6191-4b65-9be2-5b29e0244103\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Jong-Hyun Kim\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Inha University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jong-Hyun\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kim\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":604259922,\"identity\":\"a23b0ec1-837b-4131-bfdf-b10c4bf56e35\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Jung Lee\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgYGAyAlByTYoEJs+NQjtBhDtCQQowUKEjcQrYW/nfdBMe+O2vTt7GePPfj5g0Gev4Et7QM+LRKH2Q2Mec8cz93Zk5du2JPAYDjjANvhGXitOczGYMzbdix3w4EcMwmeBAbGDQzszXh1yEO1pBucf2Mm+SeBwZ6gFgOIlpoEgxs5ZtJAW4DhwHYYrxZDoBbDuW0HDDfceGNuLJMmkTzjMFsyXi1y54+xGbxtq5M3OJ9j9vCNjY1tf3ubMV4tQMAGjEW4UyTAkUsIMD9gYKgjrGwUjIJRMApGLgAAzPZBrE2KaloAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hanbat National University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jung\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Lee\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2026-02-26 15:53:17\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979683/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979683/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":104780595,\"identity\":\"f527322f-2ef6-40d0-87c2-9eadab96b5f5\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-03-17 07:53:20\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":5863247,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"LaTex.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8979683/v1_covered_510a5eb5-c38a-4265-a7d2-0988def18397.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Unified GPU-Based Simulation of Porous Flow, Absorption, and Diffusion in Cloth–Liquid Coupling\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"scientific-reports\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"scirep\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"\",\"title\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"stoa\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979683/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979683/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"Cloth–liquid interaction involves complex physical phenomena such as porous flow, absorption, emission, and diffusion, which are difficult to model in a unified and stable manner, especially in real-time or high-resolution simulations. Existing approaches often address these effects in isolation or rely on unstable pressure estimates near boundaries, leading to numerical instability and limited scalability.In this paper, we propose a unified GPU-based framework for stable and efficient simulation of porous cloth–liquid interactions using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The proposed method reformulates porous flow as a directional process inspired by Darcy’s law, preserving physical intuition while avoiding unstable SPH pressure magnitudes through a virtual-pressure formulation. Absorption and emission are governed by a saturation-centered mass management scheme, and diffusion is handled as a sequentially decoupled stage, together ensuring mass conservation, directional consistency, and numerical robustness. 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