{"paper_id":"027bb2d2-6c2f-43ed-bc81-7c32ccc3beaa","body_text":"Biophysical Basis and Principal Component Analysis of Morphological Traits Conferring Resistance to Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in land races of Rice | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biophysical Basis and Principal Component Analysis of Morphological Traits Conferring Resistance to Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in land races of Rice D M Divya, L Vijaykumar, B Shivanna, M S Kitturmatt, Raveendra HR, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7555654/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The investigations on evaluation of 252 landraces rice were undertaken in natural field conditions during Summer 2024, aiming to identify biophysical traits conferring resistance to yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas . Genotypes were comprehensively assessed for key morphological and anatomical features, such as plant height, leaf length, width and angle, leaf blade pubescence, stem diameter, number of tillers, peduncle length, and panicle length at various crop stages. Infestation was documented through levels of dead heart, white ear formation, and egg mass deposition at 30, 50, and 90 days after transplanting. The evaluation revealed that resistant rice genotypes consistently exhibited greater plant height, longer and narrower leaves, more erect leaf angles, thinner stems, and higher leaf trichome density, while susceptible types displayed broader leaves, wider leaf angles, thicker stems, and lower pubescence. Third leaf length, flag leaf angle, and tiller number were crucial for resistance in early growth, while flag leaf width and third leaf length dominated in mid-stage, and stem diameter with upper leaf pubescence were critical at the reproductive stage. Integrating these traits into breeding and selection strategies offers a sustainable approach for developing rice varieties with enhanced yellow stem borer resistance, supporting stable yields and reducing dependency on chemical control in important rice-growing regions. Rice biophysical characteristics host plant resistance Scirpophaga incertulas PCA analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction As the principal source of calories for nearly half of humanity, rice ( Oryza sativa L.) continues to serve as the backbone of global food and nutritional security (Kulagod, 2011 ; FAO, 2023 ). Beyond its role as a staple, rice holds immense socio-economic importance, particularly in Asia, where it contributes not only to daily diets but also to rural livelihoods and cultural practices. Globally, the crop accounts for approximately 40% of total food grain production, with Asia alone contributing over 90% of both cultivation and consumption, thereby highlighting the continent’s dependence on this single crop for sustenance and food stability. India stands out as one of the world’s largest rice-producing nations, second only to China. The crop occupies nearly 46.38 million hectares, producing 130.29 million tons with an average productivity of 2809 kg ha⁻¹ (Anon. 2022a). This massive cultivation reflects the crop’s significance in ensuring national food security and its central role in the agricultural economy, especially as rice provides both subsistence for smallholder farmers and marketable surplus for trade. Within India, Karnataka is a key contributor to overall rice production, owing to its favorable agro-climatic conditions and established irrigation networks. Among its rice-growing zones, Mandya district holds particular prominence as a major irrigated rice belt. The Cauvery River basin, coupled with well-developed canal irrigation systems, has made Mandya one of the most dependable centers of rice cultivation in the state (EMPRI, 2017). In addition to meeting regional food demands, rice production from this district plays an important role in stabilizing food supplies across southern India. Despite its economic and nutritional importance, rice productivity is severely constrained by various biotic and abiotic stresses, among which insect pests are the most critical, causing yield losses of 20–30% annually (Atwal and Dhaliwal, 2005 ; Vijaykumar et al. 2009a ). Globally, more than 300 insect species are associated with rice, but only few species are considered economically significant. In India, about 20 insect pests are recognized as key threats, including the yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas ), rice gall midge ( Orseolia oryzae ), leaf folder ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ), brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens ) and green leafhopper ( Nephotettix virescens ) (Krishnaiah and Mathur, 2004 ; Vijaykumar et al. 2015 ). Among these, the yellow stem borer (YSB) is the most destructive pest across South and Southeast Asia. After hatching, larvae penetrate the rice stem and feed internally, blocking the translocation of photosynthates and nutrients to upper plant parts. This results in the characteristic dead hearts during the vegetative stage and white ears at the reproductive stage, marked by unfilled or chaffy grains (Viajante et al. 1987 ; Balaji and Vijaykumar, 2025 ). Yield losses due to YSB can vary from 10% to as high as 60%, depending on the intensity and timing of infestation (Chatterjee and Mondal, 2014 ; Balaji and Vijaykumar, 2024 ). Farmers largely depend on chemical insecticides for YSB management; however, their indiscriminate use has led to multiple ecological and agronomic problems (Vijaykumar et al. 2012 ). These include the development of insecticide resistance, pest resurgence, outbreaks of secondary pests, disruption of natural enemy complexes and risks to human and environmental health (Georghiou, 1986 ; Dhaliwal and Arora, 2000 ; Wakil, 2001 ). Moreover, because the larvae remain concealed within plant tissues, insecticides often fail to reach lethal concentrations inside the stem, making chemical control even less effective. These challenges highlight the urgent need for eco-friendly and sustainable pest management approaches. One promising strategy is host plant resistance (HPR), which is cost-effective, farmer-friendly and environmentally safe. Unlike chemical control, HPR requires no additional input costs or specialized pest management skills, making it highly suitable for integration into integrated pest management (IPM) frameworks (Sharma, 1985 ; Dhillon et al. 2006; Vijaykumar et al. 2008 ). Resistance is known to be governed by morphological, anatomical and biochemical traits that collectively influence insect oviposition, larval survival and feeding behavior. Morphological characters such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf width, flag leaf length, leaf angle, panicle length, internode number and trichome density play significant roles in resistance expression (Pathak et al. 1971 ; Chavan and Patel, 2018 ; Megha, 2019 ). Similarly, biochemical constituents such as silica, phenolics, and nitrogen are also linked to differential susceptibility. Several studies emphasize the contribution of morphological and biophysical traits in conferring resistance to YSB. For instance, stem diameter, flag leaf length and leaf width were found positively associated with infestation, whereas taller plants, narrower leaves and specific flag leaf orientations were negatively correlated with pest incidence (Megha, 2019 ; Chavan and Patel, 2018 ; Hosseini et al. 2010). Additionally, resistance is often the outcome of multiple interacting traits rather than a single factor (Patanakamjorn and Pathak, 1967 ; Vijaykumar et al. 2022 ). Leaf pubescence and flag leaf angle also influence resistance, with resistant varieties typically exhibiting higher trichome density and more erect leaves (Sharmitha et al. 2019 ; Vinothini et al. 2022 ; Ashrith et al. 2020 ). Evidence from crops like sorghum further supports the role of plant architecture and surface traits in reducing pest infestation (Patel and Purohith, 2012 ). Despite these valuable insights, significant knowledge gaps remain. Many studies have been conducted under controlled or region-specific conditions, with limited emphasis on local landraces and farmer-preferred varieties in key rice-growing areas such as Mandya (Vijaykumar, 2007 ). Furthermore, although individual traits like stem diameter or leaf pubescence have been studied, the interactive effects of multiple biophysical characteristics on YSB resistance are not well understood. This gap limits the identification of rice genotypes that integrate multiple resistance-conferring traits, which could serve as donor parents in breeding programs for durable resistance. In this context, exploring the biophysical basis of resistance in local rice landraces is of critical importance. Such studies can uncover naturally occurring mechanisms of tolerance, provide farmers with sustainable and low-cost alternatives to chemical control, and enrich breeding programs with novel sources of resistance. By strengthening host plant resistance, farmers can achieve better crop protection without compromising environmental and human safety (Vijaykumar et al. 2009b ). Ultimately, this approach supports sustainable rice production, enhances food and nutritional security, and aligns with eco-friendly agricultural practices. Despite the severity of YSB damage and the promise of host plant resistance, research focusing on the biophysical traits of local rice landraces under field conditions remains limited. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of key morphological and anatomical characteristics in influencing YSB infestation, with the goal of identifying resistant genotypes that can be utilized in breeding programs and integrated pest management strategies. Material and methods Study site and experimental Design A total of 252 local landraces were collected from the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya (12°32′N, 76°53′E, 690 m above mean sea level) under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Rice and were evaluated against paddy yellow stem borer under field conditions during Summer 2024 at ‘A’ block, V. C. Farm, Mandya. The landraces were sown separately in a nursery bed, and twenty-five-day-old seedlings of each landrace were transplanted in three rows of 4.5 m length with spacing of 20 × 15 cm between rows and plants, respectively. Each genotype was raised as per the package of practices except for plant protection measures (Anon., 2017). The estimation of plant biophysical components, viz., plant height, length and width of the flag leaf, second and third leaves, flag leaf angle, second and third leaf angles, leaf blade pubescence on both upper and lower surfaces (No. cm⁻²), number of egg masses per hill, number of tillers, peduncle length and width, and stem diameter (at the basal portion just above the soil surface and at two inches above soil level) was carried out. The female adult moth, egg masses, larvae, damaged rice panicles and white Chaffey ear head of rice panicles are indicated in Fig. 1 . Biophysical Basis of Resistance Leaf Blade Pubescence Rice leaves possess two types of trichomes: micro hairs, located along stomatal cells or adjacent to motor cells, and macro hairs, situated on silica cells over thin vascular bundles (Hu et al., 2013). The trichome density of rice leaves across different entries was estimated following the procedure of Maite et al. (1980). Leaf samples were randomly collected and cut into 5 cm bits from the middle portion of the penultimate leaf (the uppermost leaf below the flag leaf). The samples were boiled in 20 ml of water in small glass vials for 15 minutes at 85°C in a hot water bath. After removing the water, 20 ml of 96% ethanol was added, and samples were boiled for 20 minutes at 80°C to remove chlorophyll. This process was repeated until the leaves were completely decolorized. Finally, 90% lactic acid was added, and samples were heated at 85°C for 30–45 minutes until leaf segments were cleared. The cleared samples were mounted on clean slides with a drop of lactic acid and observed under a compound microscope (45× magnification). Trichomes on both abaxial (lower) and adaxial (upper) surfaces were counted per cm², including micro hairs, macro hairs, and glandular hairs. Five replications were maintained for each accession/variety. Leaf pubescence was scored at the booting stage as per Bioversity International, IRRI, and WARDA (2007) Leaf Angle Leaf angle, defined as the openness of the blade tip relative to the culm, was measured using a protractor fixed at 90° vertically to the culm (Yoshida, 1981). Measurements were recorded for the flag leaf, first leaf and second leaf was calculated at 30 and 50 DAT. Leaf blade attitude, i.e., the position of the leaf tip relative to its base, was measured at the late vegetative stage (prior to heading) and classified as per Bioversity International, IRRI and WARDA (2007) Other morphological traits Morphological traits were recorded on ten randomly selected plants per genotype at different growth stages. Plant height, flag leaf length and width, and flag leaf angle were measured at 30 and 50 DAT, with similar measurements taken for the second and third leaves. Stem diameter was recorded at two positions (just above the soil and two inches above) at 30, 50, and 90 DAT. Number of tillers per hill was counted at 30 and 50 DAT, and pest incidence was assessed by counting egg masses at 30 DAT. Reproductive traits At the reproductive stage, peduncle length (stalk of the panicle) was measured in centimeters at 90 DAT. Panicle length was recorded at harvest from ten plants per genotype. Stem diameters at both basal positions (just above the soil level and at two inches above soil level) were again measured at 90 DAT to evaluate culm strength during reproductive growth. Statistical Analysis The mean data on biophysical components in different landraces were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means were separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test (Tukey, 1953) for multiple comparisons. Further, the level of incidence in each resistance category was correlated with biochemical constituents using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) in OriginPro 2025b. Statistical significance was assessed at p ≤ 0.01, as supported by OriginPro software. To determine the contribution of individual biophysical traits to variability in resistance, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using GRAPES software ( https://www.grapeshms.com ). PCA allowed the identification of key traits that most strongly influence yellow stem borer resistance, providing insights into the multivariate relationships among morphological and anatomical parameters. Principal Component Analysis: A principal component can be defined as a linear combination of optimally weighted observed variables as suggested by Rao (1964). The goal of PCA is to reduce the number of variables of interest into a smaller set of components. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) determines the contribution of largest character to the total variation. Let’s say that, we have N eigen vectors, then the explained variance for each eigen vector i.e. principal component can be expressed as ratio of related eigen values to the total sum of eigen values as given by Hotteling (1933). The eigen vectors represent the principal components that contain most of the information of variance. The proportion of variance accounted for: A third criterion in solving the number of factors problem involves retaining a component, if it accounts for a specified proportion (or percentage) of variance in the data set. $$\\:Proportion=\\frac{\\begin{array}{c}Eigen\\:value\\:for\\:the\\:\\\\\\:component\\:of\\:interest\\end{array}}{\\begin{array}{c}Total\\:Eigen\\:values\\:of\\:the\\:\\\\\\:crrelation\\:matrix\\end{array}}$$ Results The results of the studies on various biophysical components of rice land races associated with the resistance and susceptibility to the yellow stem borer carried out during Summer 2024 are presented hereunder. Plant Height Resistant rice genotypes consistently exhibited higher plant heights than moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible genotypes at both 30 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT). At 30 DAT, Adari batta (68.96 cm), Karikagga (65.27 cm), and Karimunduga (61.91 cm) were the tallest among resistant entries, surpassing the checks W1263 (59.55 cm) and TKM6 (57.98 cm). Moderately resistant genotypes ranged from 49.85 to 42.96 cm, while moderately susceptible and susceptible genotypes varied between 38.96–32.96 cm. Highly susceptible genotypes, Krishna leela (33.01 cm) and Kundi polan (31.88 cm), were comparable to susceptible types (Table 1 ). At 50 DAT, a similar trend was observed, with Adari batta (81.21 cm), Karikagga (79.21 cm), and Karimunduga (76.12 cm) recording the highest heights, followed by resistant checks and other categories (Table 2 ). Length of Flag Leaf Flag leaf length exhibited significant variability among the tested genotypes, ranging from 25.16 to 39.21 cm at 30 DAT (Table 1 ) and 27.16 to 43.15 cm at 50 DAT (Table 2 ). Resistant entries such as TKM6, Nagaland paddy, Rajboga, W1263, Adari batta, Karikagga, and Karimunduga consistently recorded the longest flag leaves, with TKM6 reaching the maximum of 39.21 cm at 30 DAT and 43.15 cm at 50 DAT. Moderately resistant types, including Nirga samba, Kala jeera, and Black sticky, maintained intermediate values (31.04–36.15 cm), while moderately susceptible genotypes such as Neermuka, Manjula sona, and Kave kantak recorded shorter lengths (28.15–32.15 cm). Susceptible and highly susceptible entries, notably TN-1, Navara, Krishna leela, and Kundi polan, exhibited the lowest flag leaf lengths, ranging from 25.16 to 31.59 cm at 30 DAT and 27.16 to 35.12 cm at 50 DAT. Width of Flag Leaf The width of the flag leaf varied significantly among genotypes at both 30 (Table 1 ) and 50 DAT (Table 2 ). Resistant entries such as W1263, Rajboga, TKM6, Adari batta, Karikagga, Nagaland paddy, and Karimunduga consistently recorded the lowest values (0.74–0.89 cm at 30 DAT; 0.77–0.91 cm at 50 DAT), while moderately resistant types like Kala jeera, Nirga samba, and Black sticky showed slightly higher widths (0.91–0.98 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes (0.97–1.09 cm at 30 DAT; 0.99–1.10 cm at 50 DAT) and susceptible ones, including TN-1, Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Putta batta-2, and Punkutt kodi-1, exhibited significantly broader leaves (1.03–1.09 cm at 30 DAT; 1.08–1.13 cm at 50 DAT). Highly susceptible genotypes, Krishna leela and Kundi polan, also showed comparatively wider flag leaves (1.07–1.09 cm at 30 DAT; 1.13–1.15 cm at 50 DAT). Table 1 Morphological traits of local landraces of rice in relation to infestation of yellow stem borer, Summer 2024 at 30DAT Sl. No. Category Genotypes DH (%)* Pant height * Flag leaf * Second leaf * Third leaf * Number of tillers Length Width Angle Length Width Angle Length Width Angle 1 R Karikagga 5.32 jkl 65.27 ab 33.05 abc 0.86 bcde 4.28 fg 28.96 abcde 0.64 de 7.03 ef 31.05 abcd 0.72 bcde 10.15 gh 12.02 de 2 Rajbaga 3.21 kl 52.26 cdef 36.25 ab 0.81 de 8.25 efg 30.21 abc 0.69 bcde 11.01 def 32.09 abc 0.75 abcde 14.13 fgh 14.26 abcd 3 Nagaland Rice 7.21 ijk 52.93 cdef 36.89 ab 0.87 abcde 5.59 fg 29.36 abcd 0.75 abcde 8.34 ef 30.9 abcd 0.64 e 11.46 gh 15.26 ab 4 Karimunduga 8.1 ij 61.91 abc 32.16 abcd 0.89 abcde 4.48 fg 28.26 abcdef 0.71 abcde 7.23 ef 32.3 ab 0.62 e 10.35 gh 12.36 bcde 5 Adri batta 6.12 jkl 68.96 a 33.15 abc 0.85 cde 8.14 efg 29.15 abcde 0.63 e 10.89 def 33.1 ab 0.74 abcde 14.01 fgh 12.6 abcde 6 MR Nirga Samba 15.98 g 48.96 efg 32.59 abcd 0.97 abcd 14.56 d 25.36 bcdef 0.79 abcde 17.31 d 30.19 abcde 0.79 abcde 20.43 ef 11.26 e 7 Kala Jeera 14.32 gh 49.85 def 31.89 abcd 0.91 abcde 10.35 def 24.12 cdef 0.76 abcde 13.1 de 29.1 abcdef 0.8 abcde 16.22 fg 12.65 abcde 8 Black Sticky 11.12 hi 42.96 fgh 31.04 bcd 0.96 abcde 13.96 de 25.19 bcdef 0.77 abcde 16.71 d 30.8 abcd 0.81 abcde 19.83 f 14 abcde 9 MS Kave Kantak 21.05 f 36.98 hi 29.26 bcd 0.97 abcd 22.15 c 24.96 bcdef 0.83 abc 24.9 c 28.9 abcdef 0.89 abc 28.02 d 11.26 e 10 Neermullarae 23.05 f 38.96 ghi 28.12 cd 0.99 abcd 23.14 c 23.19 def 0.81 abcde 25.89 c 28.1 abcdef 0.87 abcd 29.01 d 12.6 abcde 11 Neermuka 21.1 f 34.98 hi 30.15 bcd 1.03 abcd 23.59 c 24.16 cdef 0.86 ab 26.34 c 27.9 abcdef 0.88 abcd 29.46 d 11.92 de 12 Manjula Sona 24.1 f 32.95 hi 29.15 bcd 1.09 a 21.26 c 24.19 cdef 0.82 abcd 24.01 c 29.1 abcdef 0.86 abcd 27.13 de 12.69 abcde 13 S Bangara Kolee 33.21 e 34.91 hi 28.06 cd 1.06 abc 24.56 c 23.96 cdef 0.84 abc 27.31 c 25.6 cdef 0.85 abcd 30.43 cd 12.26 de 14 Punkutt Kodi-1 36.12 e 32.96 hi 29.06 bcd 1.09 a 35.51 b 23.18 def 0.89 a 38.26 b 26.7 bcdef 0.86 abcd 41.38 b 11.26 e 15 Kankunia 42.12 c 34.44 hi 27.59 cd 1.08 ab 32.15 b 24.06 cdef 0.88 a 34.9 b 27.26 bcdef 0.89 abc 38.02 b 11.29 e 16 Navara 49.21 b 35.04 hi 26.15 cd 1.06 abc 31.2 b 23.16 def 0.87 ab 33.95 b 25.23 def 0.88 abcd 37.07 bc 11.35 de 17 Putta Batta-2 37.21 de 35.87 hi 27.9 cd 1.08 ab 37.2 b 24.01 cdef 0.83 abc 39.95 b 24.98 def 0.87 abcd 43.07 b 15.3 a 18 HS Kundi polan 62.12 a 31.88 i 25.16 d 1.09 a 48.12 a 22.15 f 0.89 a 50.87 a 23.21 f 0.91 ab 53.99 a 12.3 cde 19 Krishna Leela 65.26 a 33.01 hi 26.12 cd 1.07 abc 49.56 a 22.91 ef 0.86 ab 52.31 a 23.91 ef 0.93 a 55.43 a 12.6 abcde 20 SC TN-1 42.02 cd 38.31 hi 31.59 abcd 1.03 abcd 50.13 a 22.19 f 0.79 abcde 52.88 a 23.2 f 0.92 a 56 a 13.25 abcde 21 RC TKM6 3.21 kl 57.98 bcde 39.21 a 0.83 de 4.2 g 32.16 a 0.63 e 6.95 ef 34.21 a 0.71 cde 10.07 gh 14.26 abcd 22 W1263 2.35 l 59.55 abcd 36.15 ab 0.74 e 2.3 g 31.15 ab 0.67 cde 5.05 f 33.9 a 0.69 de 8.17 h 15.23 abc SEM ± 0.88 1.92 1.45 0.04 1.13 1.18 0.03 1.22 1.20 0.04 1.33 NS CD @ P = 0.05 2.53 5.48 4.13 0.12 3.21 3.37 0.09 3.49 3.44 0.10 3.81 *Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p = 0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check. Table 2 Morphological traits of local landraces of rice in relation to infestation of yellow stem borer S. incertulas Summer 2024 at 50 DAT Sl. No Category Genotypes DH (%)* Pant height * Flag leaf * Second leaf * Third leaf * Number of tillers Length Width Angle Length Width Angle Length Width Angle 1 R Karikagga 8.11 fg 79.21 ab 35.62 bcdef 0.88 a 5.17 gh 31.92 abcdefg 0.69 a 7.95 gh 34.15 abcde 0.75 a 11.13 gh 14.26 ab 2 Rajbaga 6.98 g 67.51 cde 39.15 abc 0.83 a 9.14 fg 33.29 abcde 0.72 a 11.93 fg 35.91 abc 0.76 a 15.11 fg 15.29 ab 3 Nagaland Rice 7.56 g 72.15 bc 38.12 abcd 0.89 a 6.48 fgh 34.12 abc 0.79 a 9.26 gh 34.16 abcde 0.68 a 12.44 fgh 16.12 a 4 Karimunduga 6.99 g 76.12 ab 33.89 bcdef 0.91 a 5.37 gh 32.16 abcdef 0.76 a 8.15 gh 35.19 abcd 0.63 a 11.33 gh 13.25 ab 5 Adri batta 8.21 fg 81.21 a 35.12 bcdef 0.88 a 9.03 fg 33.9 abcd 0.64 a 11.81 fg 38.19 ab 0.75 a 14.99 fg 14.29 ab 6 MR Nirga Samba 12.1 ef 63.21 de 36.15 abcde 0.98 a 15.45 e 28.16 cdefgh 0.82 a 18.23 e 36.12 abc 0.81 a 21.41 e 13.28 ab 7 Kala Jeera 13.56 e 67.12 cde 34.12 bcdef 0.93 a 11.24 ef 29.31 bcdefgh 0.78 a 14.02 ef 32.18 cdefg 0.82 a 17.2 ef 14.68 ab 8 Black Sticky 14.34 e 61.02 ef 33.12 bcdef 0.98 a 14.85 e 28.45 cdefgh 0.81 a 17.63 e 33.14 bcdef 0.83 a 20.81 e 14.96 ab 9 MS Kave Kantak 23.48 cd 52.15 g 31.02 defg 0.99 a 23.04 d 27.16 defgh 0.85 a 25.82 d 30.01 defgh 0.91 a 29 d 12.29 b 10 Neermullarae 22 d 53.12 fg 32.15 cdef 1.01 a 24.03 d 25.18 gh 0.89 a 26.81 d 30.15 defgh 0.9 a 29.99 d 13.8 ab 11 Neermuka 23.53 cd 49.12 gh 31.25 defg 1.04 a 24.48 d 26.94 efgh 0.9 a 27.26 d 28.4 fghi 0.89 a 30.44 d 13.59 ab 12 Manjula Sona 23.68 cd 47.12 gh 32.15 cdef 1.1 a 22.15 d 27.54 cdefgh 0.86 a 24.93 d 29.9 defgh 0.88 a 28.11 d 14.58 ab 13 S Bangara Kolee 27.66 bc 51.02 gh 31.05 defg 1.08 a 25.45 d 24.29 h 0.88 a 28.23 d 27.69 fghi 0.86 a 31.41 d 14.26 ab 14 Punkutt Kodi-1 28.62 b 48.12 gh 31.05 defg 1.13 a 36.4 bc 27.16 defgh 0.92 a 39.18 bc 28.19 fghi 0.89 a 42.36 bc 13.59 ab 15 Kankunia 27.19 bc 49.12 gh 29.16 efg 1.12 a 33.04 c 26.85 efgh 0.92 a 35.82 c 29.4 efghi 0.9 a 39 bc 13.4 ab 16 Navara 27.95 b 50.16 gh 28.45 fg 1.1 a 32.09 c 26.19 fgh 0.93 a 34.87 c 28.16 fghi 0.89 a 38.05 c 14.21 ab 17 Putta Batta-2 28.13 b 43.12 h 29.26 efg 1.13 a 38.09 b 28.49 cdefgh 0.86 a 40.87 b 26.84 ghi 0.89 a 44.05 b 16.15 a 18 HS Kundi polan 29.16 b 46.58 gh 27.16 g 1.15 a 49.01 a 24.51 h 0.9 a 51.79 a 24.16 i 0.93 a 54.97 a 13.21 ab 19 Krishna Leela 29.53 b 47.12 gh 29.8 efg 1.13 a 50.45 a 25.14 gh 0.89 a 53.23 a 23.98 i 0.95 a 56.41 a 13.25 ab 20 SC TN-1 33.97 a 49.16 gh 35.12 bcdef 1.12 a 51.02 a 25.89 fgh 0.83 a 53.8 a 25.89 hi 0.97 a 56.98 a 13.96 ab 21 RC TKM6 4.45 g 75.16 abc 43.15 a 0.86 a 5.09 gh 35.46 ab 0.64 a 7.87 gh 39.15 a 0.73 a 11.05 gh 15.26 ab 22 W1263 4.89 g 70.89 bcd 39.98 ab 0.77 a 3.19 h 36.89 a 0.69 a 5.97 h 37.94 ab 0.71 a 9.15 h 16.12 a SEM ± 0.78 1.56 1.39 0.18 0.89 1.27 0.18 0.84 1.02 0.18 1.00 NS CD @ P = 0.05 2.23 4.44 3.96 0.50 2.55 3.62 0.53 2.41 2.92 0.50 2.85 *Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p = 0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check. Angle of Flag leaf At both 30 and 50 DAT, the angle of the flag leaf showed significant variation among genotypes. Resistant and moderately resistant categories consistently exhibited lower angles compared to moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible genotypes. At 30 DAT (Table 1 ), resistant genotypes such as W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, and Rajboga recorded the lowest angles (2.30–8.25°). Moderately resistant genotypes like Kala jeera, Black sticky, and Nirga samba ranged between 10.35–14.56°, while moderately susceptible ones recorded 21.26–23.59°. Susceptible genotypes such as Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Punkutt kodi-1, Putta batta-2, and TN-1 showed higher angles (24.56–50.13°), followed by highly susceptible genotypes Kundi polan (48.12°) and Krishna leela (49.56°). A similar trend was observed at 50 DAT (Table 2 ), where resistant genotypes remained lowest (3.19–9.14°), moderately resistant ranged 11.24–15.45°, moderately susceptible 22.15–24.48°, and susceptible 25.45–51.02°, with highly susceptible genotypes reaching up to 50.45°. Length of second leaf At both 30 and 50 DAT, the second leaf length varied significantly among genotypes, with resistant and moderately resistant categories showing higher values than susceptible and highly susceptible ones. At 30 DAT, resistant genotypes such as TKM6, W1263, Rajboga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, Karikagga, and Karimunduga recorded the longest leaves (28.26–32.16 cm), while moderately resistant genotypes Nirga samba, Black sticky, and Kala jeera ranged from 24.12–25.36 cm. Moderately susceptible genotypes like Kave kantak, Manjula Sona, Neermuka, and Neermullarae recorded 23.19–24.96 cm, whereas susceptible and highly susceptible types including Kankunia, Putta batta-2, TN-1, Krishna leela, and Kundi polan showed the shortest leaves (22.15–24.06 cm). A similar trend was observed at 50 DAT, with resistant genotypes maintaining the highest leaf lengths (31.92–36.89 cm), moderately resistant 28.16–29.31 cm, moderately susceptible 25.18–27.54 cm, and susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes ranging 24.29–28.49 cm (Table 1 ; Table 2 ). Width of second leaf Significant differences were observed in the width of the second leaf among genotypes at both 30 and 50 DAT. Resistant genotypes, including Adari batta, TKM6, Karikagga, W1263, Rajboga, Karimunduga, and Nagaland paddy, exhibited the narrowest leaves (0.63–0.79 cm), whereas moderately resistant types such as Kala jeera, Black sticky, and Nirga samba had slightly broader leaves (0.76–0.82 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes like Neermullarae, Manjula Sona, Kave kantak, and Neermuka showed intermediate widths (0.81–0.90 cm), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes, including TN-1, Putta batta-2, Bangara kolee, Punkutt kodi-1, Kankunia, Navara, Krishna leela, and Kundi polan, recorded the widest leaves (0.83–0.93 cm). This pattern was consistent at both growth stages (Table 1 ; Table 2 ). Angle of second leaf At both 30 (Table 1 ) and 50 DAT (Table 2 ), the second leaf angle differed significantly among genotypes. Resistant and moderately resistant genotypes, including W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Karimunduga, and Kala jeera, had narrow angles (5.05–18.20°), whereas moderately susceptible genotypes showed intermediate angles (23.59–27.30°). Susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes, such as TN-1, Putta batta-2, Kundi polan, and Krishna leela, exhibited the widest angles (27.31–53.20°). This trend was consistent at both stages. Length of third leaf: The third leaf length showed significant variation among genotypes at both 30 and 50 DAT. Resistant genotypes such as TKM6, W1263, Adari batta, Karimunduga, Rajboga, Karikagga, and Nagaland paddy recorded the longest leaves (30.9–39.15 cm), followed by moderately resistant types (Kala jeera, Black sticky, Nirga samba) with slightly shorter lengths (29.1–36.12 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes like Manjula Sona, Kave kantak, Neermullarae, and Neermuka were intermediate (27.9–30.15 cm), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (TN-1, Putta batta-2, Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Krishna leela, Kundi polan) consistently recorded the shortest leaves (23.20–29.4 cm) (Table 1 ; Table 2 ). Width of third leaf: The width of the third leaf also varied significantly across genotypes at both stages. Resistant genotypes (Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Adari batta, Rajboga) had the narrowest leaves (0.62–0.76 cm), followed by moderately resistant genotypes (Kala jeera, Black sticky, Nirga samba) with slightly higher values (0.79–0.83 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes (Manjula Sona, Neermullarae, Neermuka, Kave kantak) were intermediate (0.86–0.91 cm), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (TN-1, Putta batta-2, Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Krishna leela, Kundi polan) recorded the broadest leaves (0.85–0.97 cm) (Table 1 ; Table 2 ). Angle of third leaf: Significant variation in third leaf angle was observed among categories at both 30 and 50 DAT (Table 1 ; Table 2 ). Resistant genotypes (W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, Rajboga) exhibited narrow angles (8.17–15.11°), moderately resistant ones (Kala jeera, Black sticky, Nirga samba) showed slightly wider angles (16.22–21.41°), and moderately susceptible genotypes (Manjula Sona, Kave kantak, Neermullarae, Neermuka) recorded intermediate values (27.13–30.44°). In contrast, susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Punkutt kodi-1, Putta batta-2, TN-1, Krishna leela, Kundi polan) consistently displayed the widest angles (30.43–56.98°). Number of tillers At both 30 and 50 DAT, the number of tillers among the selected genotypes showed non-significant variation. At 30 DAT, tiller numbers ranged from 11.26 to 15.23, with the highest in Putta batta-2 (15.3) followed by Nagaland paddy (15.26), W1263 (15.23), and Rajboga (14.26), while the lowest was recorded in Punkutt kodi-1 (11.26). Similarly, at 50 DAT, tillers varied from 12.29 to 16.15, with Putta batta-2 (16.15), Nagaland paddy (16.12), W1263 (16.12), and Rajboga (15.29) recording higher values, whereas Kave kantak had the lowest (12.29) (Table 1 ; Table 2 ). Length of peduncle The peduncle length varied significantly among genotypes, ranging from 4.02 cm to 11.8 cm, with resistant types showing the shortest values and susceptible ones the longest. Resistant genotypes such as W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Adari batta, Nagaland paddy, Karimunduga, and Rajboga recorded lengths of 4.02–5.26 cm, while moderately resistant genotypes (Black sticky, Nirga samba, Kala jeera) ranged from 5.58–6.41 cm. Moderately susceptible genotypes including Manjula Sona, Neermuka, Kave kantak, and Neermullarae recorded intermediate lengths of 6.5–7.9 cm. In contrast, susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes such as Punkutt kodi-1, Kankunia, Putta batta-2, Navara, Bangara kolee, TN-1, Kundi polan, and Krishna leela exhibited the maximum peduncle lengths of 8.96–11.68 cm (Table 3 ). Table 3 Morphological traits of local landraces of rice in relation to infestation of yellow stem borer, at 90DAT, Summer 2024 Sl. No. Category Genotypes WE (%) Peduncle length Panicle length Stem diameter (cm) Leaf blade pubescence (no/cm2/leaf) Just above soil Two inches above soil Upper surface Lower surface 1 R Karikagga 4.66 i 4.78 gh 24.56 abc 1.9 ef 1.79 ghi 94.56 a 20.16 a 2 Rajbaga 4.09 i 5.26 fgh 25.36 abc 1.94 ef 1.82 fghi 88.15 a 18.16 ab 3 Nagaland Rice 6.48 ghi 4.95 gh 26.59 abc 1.92 ef 1.86 fghi 92.15 a 16.79 b 4 Karimunduga 6.23 ghi 5.1 fgh 27.15 abc 1.9 ef 1.7 hi 89.23 a 19.8 a 5 Adri batta 5.19 hi 4.8 gh 26.5 abc 1.93 ef 1.78 ghi 94.12 a 16.54 b 6 MR Nirga Samba 8.34 fgh 6.32 efg 23.5 abc 2.3 cdef 2.1 defghi 68.15 bc 10.5 c 7 Kala Jeera 11.77 def 6.41 efg 24.56 abc 2.36 bcdef 2.31 abcdef 59.26 bcd 9.95 cd 8 Black Sticky 8.99 efg 5.58 fgh 23.58 abc 2.25 def 2.05 efghi 70.15 b 9.83 cde 9 MS Kave Kantak 12.08 de 7.8 de 21.26 bc 2.41 abcdef 2.21 abcdefgh 45.16 def 7.23 ef 10 Neermullarae 12.05 de 7.9 cde 22.3 abc 2.37 abcdef 2.15 cdefgh 49.15 de 6.89 f 11 Neermuka 13.69 cd 6.8 ef 22.9 abc 2.38 abcdef 2.19 bcdefgh 52.16 cd 6.22 f 12 Manjula Sona 12.19 de 6.5 efg 23.01 abc 2.42 abcde 2.28 abcdefg 48.19 de 7.3 def 13 S Bangara Kolee 21.62 a 11.25 ab 21.59 bc 2.8 abcd 2.61 abcd 35.19 efg 5.46 fg 14 Punkutt Kodi-1 21.72 a 8.96 cd 19.56 c 2.76 abcd 2.61 abcd 29.25 fgh 6.2 f 15 Kankunia 16.8 bc 9.26 cd 20.15 c 2.92 a 2.72 a 27.16 ghi 5.8 f 16 Navara 19.26 ab 11.23 ab 19.4 c 2.81 abc 2.68 ab 25.19 ghi 6.02 f 17 Putta Batta-2 20.16 ab 9.56 bc 21.05 bc 2.81 abc 2.61 abcd 34.5 efg 6.08 f 18 HS Kundi polan 22.31 a 11.59 a 20.15 c 2.72 abcd 2.53 abcde 11.23 i 4.59 fg 19 Krishna Leela 20.92 a 11.68 a 20.96 bc 2.8 abcd 2.63 abc 12.56 i 5.98 f 20 SC TN-1 19.28 ab 11.8 a 22.35 abc 2.89 ab 2.63 abc 15.3 hi 3.96 g 21 RC TKM6 3.24 i 4.08 h 30.15 a 1.86 f 1.62 i 87.29 a 18.95 ab 22 W1263 3.91 i 4.02 h 29.15 ab 1.91 ef 1.81 fghi 89.15 a 17.56 ab SEM ± 0.65 0.33 0.96 0.10 0.09 2.97 0.50 CD @ P = 0.05 1.85 0.93 2.75 0.31 0.27 8.48 1.43 *Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p = 0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check; No – number. LBP- Leaf blade pubescence; SD- Stem diameter. Length of Panicle Panicle length varied significantly among genotypes, ranging from 19.4 to 30.15 cm. Resistant types (TKM6, W1263, Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, Rajboga, Karikagga) had the longest panicles (24.56–30.15 cm), followed by moderately resistant (23.5–24.56 cm) and moderately susceptible genotypes (21.26–23.01 cm). In contrast, susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (e.g., TN-1, Navara, Punkutt kodi-1, Kankunia, Kundi polan, Krishna leela) showed significantly shorter panicles (19.4–22.35 cm) (Table 3 ). Stem Diameter (just above soil) Stem diameter differed significantly, with resistant genotypes showing the thinnest stems (1.86–1.94 cm) and susceptible ones the thickest (2.76–2.92 cm). Moderately resistant and moderately susceptible groups were intermediate (2.25–2.42 cm) (Table 3 ). Leaf Blade Pubescence (Upper Surface) Trichome density on the upper leaf surface ranged from 11.23 to 94.56 cm⁻². Resistant genotypes recorded the highest densities (Karikagga – 94.56, Adari batta – 94.12, Nagaland paddy – 92.15, Karimunduga – 89.23, W1263–89.15, Rajboga – 88.15, TKM6–87.29 cm⁻²). Moderately resistant types (Black sticky, Nirga samba, Kala jeera) showed intermediate values (59.26–70.15 cm⁻²). Moderately susceptible genotypes recorded lower densities (45.16–52.16 cm⁻²), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes had the least (11.23–35.19 cm⁻²) (Table 3 ). Leaf Blade Pubescence (Lower Surface) Trichome density on the lower leaf surface at 90 DAT ranged from 3.96 to 20.16 cm⁻². Resistant genotypes again recorded the highest values (Karikagga – 20.16, Karimunduga – 19.8, TKM6–18.95, Rajboga – 18.16, W1263–17.56, Nagaland paddy – 16.79, Adari batta – 16.54 cm⁻²). Moderately resistant genotypes (Nirga samba, Kala jeera, Black sticky) were intermediate (9.83–10.5 cm⁻²), while moderately susceptible genotypes ranged from 6.22–7.30 cm⁻². Susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes had the lowest trichome densities (3.96–6.20 cm⁻²) (Table 3 ). Discussion Plant height is considered as one of the important morphological traits influencing pest resistance in rice and other crops. Several studies have reported that taller plants are less susceptible to stem borers and other insect pests. For instance, Shahjahan ( 2001 ) observed a negative correlation between plant height and the number of egg masses deposited by Scirpophaga incertulas under caged conditions, suggesting that increased plant height reduced ovipositional preference. These findings are in accordance with the present investigation, where correlation analysis indicated a significant negative association between plant height and egg mass at both 30 DAT (r = -0.889**) and 50 DAT (r = -0.889**) (Table 5 ). Similarly, resistant rice genotypes characterized by greater height showed reduced dead heart and white ear incidence compared to susceptible entries (Geerthana et al., 2022 ). In addition, Vinothini et al. ( 2022 ) reported a significant negative correlation between plant height and yellow stem borer damage, further confirming that taller plants provide resistance. In the present study, a similar trend was recorded, where correlation analysis indicated a significant negative association between plant height and yellow stem borer infestation at both 30 DAT (r = -0.794**) and 50 DAT (r = -0.936**) (Fig. 2 (A & C); Table 5 ). These results collectively suggest that taller plants may confer a physical barrier or deterrent effect against oviposition and larval establishment. Consequently, plant height emerges as an important biophysical trait contributing to resistance and can serve as a potential selection criterion in breeding programs aimed at reducing stem borer damage. Figure 2 (A-E). Pearson correlation matrix heat map between dead heart and plant biophysical components at 30 DAT (A-B), at 50 DAT ( C-D)and at 90 DAT (E) ( DH- Dead heart; PH- Plant height; FLL- Flag leaf length; FLW- Flag leaf width; FLA- Flag leaf angle; NT- Number of tillers, WE- White ear; PEL- Peduncle length; PAL- Panicle length; SDJS: Stem diameter just above soil level; SD2S- Stem diameter 2 inches above soil level; LPUP- Leaf blade pubescence on upper surface; LPLS- Leaf blade pubescence on lower surface). Contrastingly, some studies have demonstrated that increased plant height is positively associated with pest infestation. Pathak et al. ( 1971 ) and Prakasa Rao ( 1983 ) reported a positive correlation between plant height and the number of eggs laid by stem borers, indicating that taller plants were more preferred for oviposition. Similar results were noted by Wada ( 1942 ), Patanakamjorn and Pathak ( 1967 ), and Islam ( 1991 ), who found that taller rice plants were more prone to egg mass deposition. Moreover, Rakesh et al. ( 2021 ) reported that plant height showed a significant positive correlation with yellow stem borer infestation during the vegetative stage. These contrasting results suggest that the role of plant height in conferring resistance to insect pests is complex and may vary depending on genotype, pest species, and environmental conditions. While many studies support the hypothesis that taller plants reduce stem borer infestation, evidence also exists for a positive association between plant height and ovipositional preference, highlighting the need for genotype-specific investigations. Table 4 Field evaluation of local landraces of rice in relation to per cent infestation and egg mass of yellow stem borer S. incertulas Summer 2024 at 30 DAT Sl. No. Genotypes Category %DH Mean No. of egg mass per hill 1 Karikagga R 5.32 jkl 2.06 f 2 Rajbaga 3.21 kl 1.06 h 3 Nagaland Rice 7.21 ijk 2.01 fg 4 Karimunduga 8.1 ij 1.05 h 5 Adri batta 6.12 jkl 1.1 gh 6 Nirga Samba MR 15.98 g 3.25 de 7 Kala Jeera 14.32 gh 4.26 abc 8 Black Sticky 11.12 hi 2.5 ef 9 Kave Kantak MS 21.05 f 3.9 bcd 10 Neermullarae 23.05 f 3.5 cd 11 Neermuka 21.1 f 4.32 abc 12 Manjula Sona 24.1 f 4.26 abc 13 Bangara Kolee S 33.21 e 4.59 ab 14 Punkutt Kodi-1 36.12 e 4.75 ab 15 Kankunia 42.12 c 3.98 bcd 16 Navara 49.21 b 4.56 ab 17 Putta Batta-2 37.21 de 4.31 abc 18 Kundi polan HS 62.12 a 4.75 ab 19 Krishna Leela 65.26 a 4.98 a 20 TN-1 SC 42.02 cd 2.15 f 21 TKM6 RC 3.21 kl 4.93 a 22 W1263 2.35 l 5.01 a SEM ± 0.88 0.17 CD @ P = 0.05 2.53 0.48 *Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p = 0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check; No – number. Leaf morphological traits are pivotal in determining rice resistance against stem borers, particularly the yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas ). Among these traits, leaf length, width, and insertion angle strongly influence ovipositional preference and larval establishment. In the present study, resistant genotypes exhibited significantly longer flag leaves than susceptible ones, with correlation analysis showing a strong negative association between flag leaf length and stem borer infestation (r = − 0.844** at 30 DAT; r = − 0.815** at 50 DAT) (Table 5 ), indicating that elongated flag leaves may hinder pest establishment (Fig. 2 (A & C); Table 5 ). Similarly, flag leaf length was negatively correlated with egg mass (r = − 0.814** at 30 DAT; r = − 0.763** at 50 DAT) (Table 5 ). These results corroborate earlier findings suggesting that longer leaves in resistant genotypes deter oviposition and reduce stem borer damage (Shahjahan, 2001 ; Islam and Catling, 1991 ). Leaf width was positively associated with pest susceptibility. Resistant genotypes had narrower flag leaves, whereas susceptible types exhibited broader leaves. Flag leaf width was strongly positively correlated with percent infestation (r = 0.841** at 30 DAT; r = 0.953** at 50 DAT) (Fig. 2 (A & C); Table 5 ) and with egg mass (r = 0.903** at 30 DAT; r = 0.908** at 50 DAT) (Table 5 ), suggesting that broader leaves provide a favourable substrate for oviposition. Similarly, erect leaf orientation reduced pest incidence. Flag leaf angle displayed a strong positive correlation with infestation (r = 0.947** at 30 DAT; r = 0.936** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r = 0.849** at both 30 and 50 DAT) (Table 5 ), with resistant cultivars exhibiting flag leaf angles of 1.33° to 6.83° and penultimate leaf angles of 6.68° to 8.64°, while highly susceptible entries had horizontal leaves exceeding 70° (Sharmitha et al., 2019 ; Vinothini et al., 2022 ). Second and third leaf traits mirrored these patterns. Longer second leaves were associated with reduced infestation (r = − 0.810** at 30 DAT; r = − 0.896** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r = − 0.942** at 30 DAT; r = − 0.904** at 50 DAT) (Fig. 2 (B & D); Table 5 ), whereas broader second leaves were more vulnerable (infestation: r = 0.815** at 30 DAT; r = 0.865** at 50 DAT; egg mass: r = 0.888** at 30 DAT; r = 0.849** at 50 DAT) (Table 5 ). Second leaf angle also positively correlated with both infestation (r = 0.947** at 30 DAT; r = 0.936** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r = 0.849** at 30 and 50 DAT) (Table 5 ). These results are consistent with prior studies reporting that YSB females prefer ovipositing on wider leaves with horizontal orientation, while erect, moderately sized leaves in resistant genotypes limit egg deposition (Kalode and Israel, 1970 ; Kojima et al., 1955 ; Padhi and Chatterji, 1984 ). Table 5 Correlation studies of biophysical traits with yellow stem borer. Biophysical traits Damage vs. biophysical traits Egg mass vs . biophysical traits Pearson correlation coefficient (r) [n(Σxy) − ΣxΣy] / √[n(Σx²) − (Σx)²][n(Σy²) − (Σy)²] at 30 DAT PH -0.794 ** -0.889 ** FLL -0.844 ** -0.814 ** FLW 0.841 ** 0.903 ** FLA 0.947 ** 0.849 ** SLL -0.810 ** -0.942 ** SLW 0.815 ** 0.888 ** SLA 0.947 ** 0.849 ** TLL -0.929 ** -0.920 ** TLW 0.812 ** 0.889 ** TLA 0.947 ** 0.849 ** NT -0.365 NS -0.459 * Pearson correlation coefficient (r) [n(Σxy) − ΣxΣy] / √[n(Σx²) − (Σx)²][n(Σy²) − (Σy)²] at 50 DAT PH -0.936 ** -0.889 ** FLL -0.815 ** -0.763 ** FLW 0.953 ** 0.908 ** FLA 0.936 ** 0.849 ** SLL -0.896 ** -0.904 ** SLW 0.865 ** 0.849 ** SLA 0.936 ** 0.849 ** TLL -0.946 ** -0.916 ** TLW 0.925 ** 0.898 ** TLA 0.936 ** 0.849 ** NT -0.436 NS -0.428 * Pearson correlation coefficient (r) [n(Σxy) − ΣxΣy] / √[n(Σx²) − (Σx)²][n(Σy²) − (Σy)²] at 90 DAT PEL 0.949 ** 0.859 ** PAL -0.871 ** -0.871 ** SDJS 0.958 ** 0.920 ** SD2S 0.956 ** 0.927 ** LPUP -0.955 ** -0.928 ** LPLS -0.894 ** -0.943 ** *N = 22; ** Significant at P ≤ 0.01; NS- Non significant;*PH- Plant height; FLL- Flag leaf length; FLW- Flag leaf width; FLA- Flag leaf angle; NT- Number of tillers; PEL- Peduncle length; PAL- Panicle length; SDJS: Stem diameter just above soil level; SD2S- Stem diameter 2 inches above soil level; LPUP- Leaf blade pubescence on upper surface; LPLS- Leaf blade pubescence on lower surface Third leaf length negatively correlated with infestation (r = − 0.929** at 30 DAT; r = − 0.946** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r = − 0.920** at 30 DAT; r = − 0.916** at 50 DAT), whereas third leaf width (infestation: r = 0.812** at 30 DAT; r = 0.925** at 50 DAT; egg mass: r = 0.889** at 30 DAT; r = 0.898** at 50 DAT) and angle (infestation: r = 0.947** at 30 DAT; r = 0.936** at 50 DAT; egg mass: r = 0.849** at 30 and 50 DAT) showed strong positive correlations with pest parameters (Table 5 ; Fig. 2 (B & D)). These findings align with previous reports demonstrating that leaf insertion angle and broader leaf surfaces facilitate herbivore colonization and oviposition, whereas erect and moderate leaves contribute to antixenosis-based resistance (Shahjahan, 2001 ; Islam and Catling, 1991 ; Vijaykumar et al. 2015 a). Collectively, the present study and supporting literature emphasize that leaf length, width, and insertion angle are critical morphological determinants of resistance against yellow stem borer. Erect leaf angles and moderate leaf dimensions reduce egg deposition and stem borer damage, while broader, horizontally oriented leaves favour infestation. Integrating these leaf traits into breeding programs offers an effective strategy for developing rice cultivars with enhanced resistance to stem borers (Table 5 ; Fig. 2 (A–D)). Trichomes, epidermal outgrowths occurring as unicellular or multicellular hairs, play a critical role in plant defense against insect pests through both mechanical and chemical mechanisms. In rice, micro hairs along stomatal cells and macro hairs on silica cells contribute significantly to resistance against yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas ), where high trichome density on the upper leaf surface, narrow leaf blades, and erect flag leaf angles reduce oviposition and subsequent damage such as dead hearts and white ears (Geerthana et al., 2022 ; Vinothini et al., 2022 ; Hosseini et al., 2011 ). In the present investigation, leaf blade pubescence on the upper surface showed a strong negative correlation with infestation (r = − 0.955**) and egg mass (r = − 0.928**), while lower surface pubescence was similarly negatively associated with white ear infestation (r = − 0.894**) and egg mass (r = − 0.943%), confirming that denser trichomes hinder ovipositional preference and larval establishment (Table 5 ; Fig. 2 E) (Fig. 3 ). Resistant genotypes typically exhibit minimal egg mass deposition, whereas glabrous, horizontally oriented leaves are preferred by females, highlighting the importance of trichomes in antixenosis. Similar trends have been reported for rice striped stem borer ( Chilo suppressalis ), rice gall midge ( Orseolia oryzae ), and shoot fly ( Atherigona soccata ), where trichome density, leaf glossiness, and seedling vigor act as non-preference traits reducing herbivory and oviposition (Sharma & Nwanze, 1997 ; Zhu et al., 2008 ; Syed et al., 2017 ). Across other crops, high densities of non-glandular trichomes in pigeonpea, cotton, okra, and maize correlate with reduced incidence of pod borers, jassids, whiteflies, and thrips, often synergizing with structural traits such as pod wall thickness or chemical traits including phenols, flavonoids, and gossypol (Ambidi et al., 2021 ; Sandhi et al., 2017 ; Ullah et al., 2012 ; Vijaykumar et al. 2015 b). Herbivory can induce further increases in trichome density and metabolite production in subsequent leaves, enhancing resistance through induced defenses (Dalin & Björkman, 2003 ; War et al., 2012 ). Collectively, these findings, supported by the present study, underscore the multifaceted role of trichomes as a key morphological trait conferring antixenosis and contributing to integrated pest management in rice and other crops. Stem thickness is a critical morphological trait influencing rice susceptibility to the yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas ), acting as a structural determinant of oviposition and larval establishment. Thicker stems provide a favorable substrate for egg deposition and larval development, resulting in higher egg mass and increased damage in terms of dead hearts and white ears (Shahjahan, 2001 ; Hosseini et al., 2011 ; Rakesh et al., 2021 ). Previous studies have shown that highly susceptible genotypes, such as TN-1 (stem diameter 5.003 mm) and BA-270 (4.686 mm), supported the maximum number of egg masses per plant, whereas resistant genotypes like BA-132 (3.610 mm) and BA-155 (3.746 mm) had significantly lower egg deposition (Vinothini et al., 2022 ; Nisha et al., 2020 ). The preference of female yellow stem borer moths for thicker stems is likely due to better shelter and resources for larval survival, while thinner-stemmed varieties exhibit structural resistance that limits egg deposition and pest development (Shahjahan & Hossain, 2003 ). The present investigation corroborates these findings, with stem diameter measured two inches above the soil showing a significant positive correlation with infestation (r = 0.956**) (Fig. 2 E; Table 5 ) and egg mass (r = 0.927**) (Table 5 ). Similarly, stem diameter measured just above the soil level exhibited strong positive correlations with infestation (r = 0.958**) (Fig. 2 E; Table 5 ) and egg mass (r = 0.920**) (Table 5 ) (Fig. 3 ). These results confirm that thicker stems consistently favor higher yellow stem borer incidence and oviposition across diverse rice genotypes. Together, the literature and current investigation highlight stem thickness as a robust morphological factor influencing rice resistance to yellow stem borer. Assessing stem girth can therefore serve as an important criterion in breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars with lower vulnerability to this pest. The number of tillers in rice genotypes can influence yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas ) oviposition and infestation, as plants with higher tiller numbers potentially provide more favorable oviposition sites (Moreira, 2002 ). However, this effect is not consistently observed across studies (Pazini et al. 2022 ). In the present investigation, all evaluated cultivars were equally chosen by YSB adults for feeding and oviposition, suggesting that tiller number alone did not strongly affect egg mass deposition. Correlation analysis further revealed a significant negative association between the number of tillers and egg mass at 30 DAT (r = − 0.459*) and 50 DAT (r = − 0.428*), with an overall strong negative correlation (r = − 0.894**) (Table 5 ). Similarly, for other pests and crops, such as jassid, whitefly, thrips in cotton, or pod borer in pigeonpea, tiller or branch number had less influence on pest incidence compared to structural or morphological traits, including leaf hair density, trichome length, or pod wall thickness. Overall, while higher tillering may increase the number of potential oviposition sites, its impact on egg mass deposition and pest infestation is variable and generally secondary to other plant traits. Principal Component Analysis of Morphological Traits and Their Association with Pest Infestation The principal component analysis (PCA) provided insights into the relative contribution of morphological traits associated with pest infestation at different crop growth stages during summer 2024. At 30 DAT, PCA of 12 variables reduced to two uncorrelated components with eigenvalue > 1. PC1, with the highest eigenvalue (9.816), explained 81.797% of the total variance and was mainly influenced by third leaf length (9.282%), flag leaf angle (9.193%), second leaf angle (9.192%), and third leaf angle (9.192%), indicating their role in influencing pest incidence and morphological variation. PC2, which explained 8.504% of the variance (eigenvalue 1.02), was strongly influenced by number of tillers (67.835%) and flag leaf angle (5.788%), suggesting their contribution to morphological differentiation (Table 6 ; Fig. 5 A & 5 B). Table 6 Loading of each trait and % contribution of variables towards principal components during at 30 and 50 DAT summer, 2024 Loadings of each variable 30 DAT 50 DAT Variables PC1 PC2 PC1 DH 0.3 -0.133 0.313 PH -0.291 0.023 -0.298 FLL -0.288 -0.229 -0.272 FLW 0.301 0.119 0.307 FLA 0.303 -0.241 0.302 SLL -0.3 -0.149 -0.296 SLW 0.293 0.135 0.278 SLA 0.303 -0.241 0.302 TLL -0.305 0.151 -0.305 TLW 0.294 0.019 0.295 TLA 0.303 -0.241 0.302 NT -0.146 -0.824 -0.162 % contribution of variables on PCs Variables PC1 PC2 PC1 DH 9.001 1.759 9.769 PH 8.473 0.051 8.876 FLL 8.267 5.241 7.425 FLW 9.048 1.409 9.414 FLA 9.193 5.788 9.124 SLL 8.997 2.213 8.772 SLW 8.568 1.811 7.738 SLA 9.192 5.79 9.124 TLL 9.282 2.278 9.324 TLW 8.656 0.034 8.687 TLA 9.192 5.79 9.124 NT 2.13 67.835 2.625 Eigenvalue 9.816 1.02 9.867 percentage of variance 81.797 8.504 82.229 cumulative percentage of variance 81.797 90.301 82.229 *DH- Dead heart; PH- Plant height; FLL- Flag leaf length; FLW- Flag leaf width; FLA- Flag leaf angle; NT- Number of tillers; At 50 DAT, PCA of 12 variables was reduced to a single component with eigenvalue > 1. PC1 (eigenvalue 9.867) accounted for 82.229% of the total variance and was predominantly influenced by dead heart (9.769%), flag leaf width (9.414%), and third leaf length (9.324%), highlighting their importance in relation to pest infestation and structural variation (Table 6 ; Fig. 6 A & 6 B). At 90 DAT, PCA of 7 variables also reduced to one uncorrelated component with eigenvalue > 1. PC1 (eigenvalue 6.51) explained 93.0% of the variance, with the highest contributions from stem diameter just above soil level (15.01%), stem diameter 2 inches above soil level (14.807%), and leaf blade pubescence on the upper surface (14.796%), emphasizing their role in minimizing pest infestation and contributing to resistance expression (Table 7 ; Fig. 7 A & 7 B).These findings align with earlier studies that highlighted the significance of morphological traits such as trichome density in imparting resistance to insect pests. For instance, PCA studies in sorghum demonstrated that trichome density was a key trait contributing to shoot fly resistance (Ehab et al., 2020 ), corroborating earlier reports (Omori et al., 1983; Sekar et al., 2018 ; Abinaya et al., 2019 ). Table 7 Loading of each trait and % contribution of variables towards principal components during at 90 DAT summer, 2024 Loadings of each variable 90 DAT Variables PC1 WE 0.382 PEL 0.374 PAL -0.361 SDJS 0.387 SD2S 0.385 LPUP -0.385 LPLS -0.371 % contribution of variables on PCs Variables PC1 WE 14.624 PEL 14.006 PAL 13.001 SDJS 15.01 SD2S 14.807 LPUP 14.796 LPLS 13.756 Eigenvalue 6.51 Percentage of variance 93 Cumulative percentage of variance 93 *WE- white ear; PEL- Peduncle length; PAL- Panicle length; SDJS: Stem diameter just above soil level; SD2S- Stem diameter 2 inches above soil level; LPUP- Leaf blade pubescence on upper surface; LPLS- Leaf blade pubescence on lower surface The inheritance of trichome density has been shown to be complex, varying with the type of parental genotypes and seasonal factors (Jayanthi et al., 1999 ). Resistance mechanisms in sorghum to shoot fly are largely governed by antixenosis (oviposition non-preference), antibiosis, and tolerance (Doggett et al., 1970 ; Raina et al., 1981 ; Sharma and Nwanze, 1997 ; Dhillon et al., 2005, 2006a ; Sivakumar et al., 2008 ; Vijaykumar et al. 2006 ). Furthermore, oviposition has been directly correlated with pest damage severity. Plants receiving higher numbers of eggs exhibited increased dead heart formation, indicating a strong relationship between oviposition preference and subsequent damage (Dhillon et al., 2006b ). These resistance-related traits were later connected to a general mechanism of non-preference for oviposition (Gorthy et al., 2017 ), providing a basis for developing resistant crop varieties. Taken together, the PCA results of the present study support the role of morphological traits such as leaf angles, leaf dimensions, stem thickness, and trichome density in pest resistance (Table 8 ). The consistency of these findings with earlier reports suggests that integrated use of morphological Table 8 Major contributing traits identified by PCA at different crop growth stages (summer, 2024) Loading of each trait and % contribution of variables towards principal components at 30 and 50 DAT during summer, 2024 Growth stage Key contributing traits Interpretation 30 DAT Third leaf length, Flag leaf angle, Second leaf angle, Number of tillers Leaf morphology and tiller number were important in influencing pest incidence and resistance. 50 DAT Dead heart, Flag leaf width, Third leaf length Traits directly linked to pest damage and leaf morphology dominated. 90 DAT Stem diameter (base and 2” above soil), Leaf blade pubescence (upper surface) Stem robustness and trichome density played a key role in resistance expression. Conclusion The present investigation on rice landraces during summer 2024 revealed significant variation in their response to yellow stem borer infestation, with genotypes such as W1263, TKM6, Adari batta, Karikagga, Rajboga, Karimunduga, and Nagaland paddy exhibiting strong resistance through lower dead heart and white ear incidence, fewer egg masses, narrower leaves and angles, higher trichome density, and sturdier stem diameters. While, susceptible land races like Krishna leela and Kundi polan recorded the highest infestation levels. Further, the correlation and PCA analyses highlighted the importance of multiple interacting biophysical traits particularly flag leaf length, third leaf length, stem diameter, leaf angles, and pubescence in governing resistance, indicating that no single trait alone determines tolerance to rice yellow stemborer. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of these resistant landraces of rice as donor parents in breeding programs and underlines the value of exploiting indigenous genetic diversity for sustainable and eco-friendly management of yellow stem borer in rice. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere gratitude to the authorities of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, for their support. Special thanks are extended to the Director of Research for their guidance and facility. The second author gratefully acknowledges the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, for providing moral support. Author Contribution Statement Divya DM - Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Writing-original draft. Vijaykumar L – Conceptualization; Writing; review & editing; Validation; Methodology; Investigation. Shivanna B, Kitturmatt MS, Raveendra HR, Ashoka KR - Conceptualization; Methodology; Supervision; Review & editing; Visualization; Validation; Methodology. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Funding: No funding Clinical trial number: Not applicable Conflict Of Interest The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial conflict of interest. References Abinaya M, Malarvizhi M, Ramesh S (2019) Morphological traits associated with resistance to shoot fly in sorghum. J Appl Nat Sci 11(2):338–344 Ambidi S, Rani PU, Naresh P (2021) Role of trichomes in host plant resistance to insect pests: A review. J Entomol Zool Stud 9(1):456–463 Anon (2022a) Agricultural statistics at a glance. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India Ashrith AN, Shankarganesh K, Umamaheswari T (2020) Influence of morphological and biochemical traits in rice genotypes against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker). 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 25 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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LPLS- Leaf blade pubescence on lower surface).\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7555654/v1/cb0d69066ad6674ed4d08f9b.png\"},{\"id\":99311398,\"identity\":\"a77092c1-eb4e-474a-8b2a-094b2147d20f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-31 16:14:48\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":76925,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eRelation between leaf blade pubescence and egg mass during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7555654/v1/474435a2e3d98d10b92bac7d.png\"},{\"id\":99312075,\"identity\":\"62ac0d89-6cb5-4189-8ad7-e6a669cd43d9\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-31 16:17:51\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":86239,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eRelation between pest infestation and stem thickness\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7555654/v1/9f93e9d4de48dd5d73147801.png\"},{\"id\":98976010,\"identity\":\"143fb1cb-34c3-44c3-9c10-5fc22dd30f86\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-25 04:13:40\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":242164,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5A. \\u003c/strong\\u003eIndividual PCA of variables towards the principal components at 30 DAT during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e5B. \\u003c/strong\\u003eBiplot PCA of variables towards the principal components at 30 DAT during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7555654/v1/6e7debe4ae3546fd19c46180.png\"},{\"id\":99312477,\"identity\":\"0e72408a-82b1-483a-aa54-ab3e2b42e0bd\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-31 16:19:00\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":6,\"title\":\"Figure 6\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":156811,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e6A. \\u003c/strong\\u003eIndividual PCA of variables towards the principal components at 50 DAT during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e6B. \\u003c/strong\\u003eBiplot PCA of variables towards the principal components at 50 DAT during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"6.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7555654/v1/63204143c68973dc1895e568.png\"},{\"id\":98976019,\"identity\":\"9fe89951-462b-48f4-b8c8-e3984a8b6275\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-12-25 04:13:41\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":7,\"title\":\"Figure 7\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":131440,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7A. \\u003c/strong\\u003eIndividual PCA of variables towards the principal components at 90 DAT during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e7B. \\u003c/strong\\u003eBiplot PCA of variables towards the principal components at 90 DAT during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"7.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7555654/v1/6653c27844c1a2e9ab24ae21.png\"},{\"id\":106810836,\"identity\":\"934851eb-5c2e-4b88-9707-b57185b8b106\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2026-04-13 16:17:00\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":3987882,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7555654/v1/2b8465d8-48bf-4670-bfe1-90bb25d6a24b.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Biophysical Basis and Principal Component Analysis of Morphological Traits Conferring Resistance to Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in land races of Rice\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAs the principal source of calories for nearly half of humanity, rice (\\u003cem\\u003eOryza sativa\\u003c/em\\u003e L.) continues to serve as the backbone of global food and nutritional security (Kulagod, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e; FAO, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2023\\u003c/span\\u003e). Beyond its role as a staple, rice holds immense socio-economic importance, particularly in Asia, where it contributes not only to daily diets but also to rural livelihoods and cultural practices. Globally, the crop accounts for approximately 40% of total food grain production, with Asia alone contributing over 90% of both cultivation and consumption, thereby highlighting the continent\\u0026rsquo;s dependence on this single crop for sustenance and food stability. India stands out as one of the world\\u0026rsquo;s largest rice-producing nations, second only to China. The crop occupies nearly 46.38\\u0026nbsp;million hectares, producing 130.29\\u0026nbsp;million tons with an average productivity of 2809 kg ha⁻\\u0026sup1; (Anon. 2022a). This massive cultivation reflects the crop\\u0026rsquo;s significance in ensuring national food security and its central role in the agricultural economy, especially as rice provides both subsistence for smallholder farmers and marketable surplus for trade.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWithin India, Karnataka is a key contributor to overall rice production, owing to its favorable agro-climatic conditions and established irrigation networks. Among its rice-growing zones, Mandya district holds particular prominence as a major irrigated rice belt. The Cauvery River basin, coupled with well-developed canal irrigation systems, has made Mandya one of the most dependable centers of rice cultivation in the state (EMPRI, 2017). In addition to meeting regional food demands, rice production from this district plays an important role in stabilizing food supplies across southern India. Despite its economic and nutritional importance, rice productivity is severely constrained by various biotic and abiotic stresses, among which insect pests are the most critical, causing yield losses of 20\\u0026ndash;30% annually (Atwal and Dhaliwal, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2005\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR59\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009a\\u003c/span\\u003e). Globally, more than 300 insect species are associated with rice, but only few species are considered economically significant. In India, about 20 insect pests are recognized as key threats, including the yellow stem borer (\\u003cem\\u003eScirpophaga incertulas\\u003c/em\\u003e), rice gall midge (\\u003cem\\u003eOrseolia oryzae\\u003c/em\\u003e), leaf folder (\\u003cem\\u003eCnaphalocrocis medinalis\\u003c/em\\u003e), brown planthopper (\\u003cem\\u003eNilaparvata lugens\\u003c/em\\u003e) and green leafhopper (\\u003cem\\u003eNephotettix virescens\\u003c/em\\u003e) (Krishnaiah and Mathur, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2004\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAmong these, the yellow stem borer (YSB) is the most destructive pest across South and Southeast Asia. After hatching, larvae penetrate the rice stem and feed internally, blocking the translocation of photosynthates and nutrients to upper plant parts. This results in the characteristic dead hearts during the vegetative stage and white ears at the reproductive stage, marked by unfilled or chaffy grains (Viajante et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1987\\u003c/span\\u003e; Balaji and Vijaykumar, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2025\\u003c/span\\u003e). Yield losses due to YSB can vary from 10% to as high as 60%, depending on the intensity and timing of infestation (Chatterjee and Mondal, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e; Balaji and Vijaykumar, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2024\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFarmers largely depend on chemical insecticides for YSB management; however, their indiscriminate use has led to multiple ecological and agronomic problems (Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR57\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). These include the development of insecticide resistance, pest resurgence, outbreaks of secondary pests, disruption of natural enemy complexes and risks to human and environmental health (Georghiou, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1986\\u003c/span\\u003e; Dhaliwal and Arora, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2000\\u003c/span\\u003e; Wakil, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR62\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e). Moreover, because the larvae remain concealed within plant tissues, insecticides often fail to reach lethal concentrations inside the stem, making chemical control even less effective. These challenges highlight the urgent need for eco-friendly and sustainable pest management approaches.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOne promising strategy is host plant resistance (HPR), which is cost-effective, farmer-friendly and environmentally safe. Unlike chemical control, HPR requires no additional input costs or specialized pest management skills, making it highly suitable for integration into integrated pest management (IPM) frameworks (Sharma, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1985\\u003c/span\\u003e; Dhillon et al. 2006; Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e). Resistance is known to be governed by morphological, anatomical and biochemical traits that collectively influence insect oviposition, larval survival and feeding behavior. Morphological characters such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf width, flag leaf length, leaf angle, panicle length, internode number and trichome density play significant roles in resistance expression (Pathak et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1971\\u003c/span\\u003e; Chavan and Patel, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Megha, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similarly, biochemical constituents such as silica, phenolics, and nitrogen are also linked to differential susceptibility.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeveral studies emphasize the contribution of morphological and biophysical traits in conferring resistance to YSB. For instance, stem diameter, flag leaf length and leaf width were found positively associated with infestation, whereas taller plants, narrower leaves and specific flag leaf orientations were negatively correlated with pest incidence (Megha, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Chavan and Patel, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hosseini et al. 2010). Additionally, resistance is often the outcome of multiple interacting traits rather than a single factor (Patanakamjorn and Pathak, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1967\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR58\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). Leaf pubescence and flag leaf angle also influence resistance, with resistant varieties typically exhibiting higher trichome density and more erect leaves (Sharmitha et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vinothini et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ashrith et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). Evidence from crops like sorghum further supports the role of plant architecture and surface traits in reducing pest infestation (Patel and Purohith, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDespite these valuable insights, significant knowledge gaps remain. Many studies have been conducted under controlled or region-specific conditions, with limited emphasis on local landraces and farmer-preferred varieties in key rice-growing areas such as Mandya (Vijaykumar, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e). Furthermore, although individual traits like stem diameter or leaf pubescence have been studied, the interactive effects of multiple biophysical characteristics on YSB resistance are not well understood. This gap limits the identification of rice genotypes that integrate multiple resistance-conferring traits, which could serve as donor parents in breeding programs for durable resistance.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn this context, exploring the biophysical basis of resistance in local rice landraces is of critical importance. Such studies can uncover naturally occurring mechanisms of tolerance, provide farmers with sustainable and low-cost alternatives to chemical control, and enrich breeding programs with novel sources of resistance. By strengthening host plant resistance, farmers can achieve better crop protection without compromising environmental and human safety (Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR56\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2009b\\u003c/span\\u003e). Ultimately, this approach supports sustainable rice production, enhances food and nutritional security, and aligns with eco-friendly agricultural practices. Despite the severity of YSB damage and the promise of host plant resistance, research focusing on the biophysical traits of local rice landraces under field conditions remains limited. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of key morphological and anatomical characteristics in influencing YSB infestation, with the goal of identifying resistant genotypes that can be utilized in breeding programs and integrated pest management strategies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Material and methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStudy site and experimental Design\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA total of 252 local landraces were collected from the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya (12\\u0026deg;32\\u0026prime;N, 76\\u0026deg;53\\u0026prime;E, 690 m above mean sea level) under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Rice and were evaluated against paddy yellow stem borer under field conditions during \\u003cem\\u003eSummer\\u003c/em\\u003e 2024 at \\u0026lsquo;A\\u0026rsquo; block, V. C. Farm, Mandya. The landraces were sown separately in a nursery bed, and twenty-five-day-old seedlings of each landrace were transplanted in three rows of 4.5 m length with spacing of 20 \\u0026times; 15 cm between rows and plants, respectively. Each genotype was raised as per the package of practices except for plant protection measures (Anon., 2017). The estimation of plant biophysical components, viz., plant height, length and width of the flag leaf, second and third leaves, flag leaf angle, second and third leaf angles, leaf blade pubescence on both upper and lower surfaces (No. cm⁻\\u0026sup2;), number of egg masses per hill, number of tillers, peduncle length and width, and stem diameter (at the basal portion just above the soil surface and at two inches above soil level) was carried out. The female adult moth, egg masses, larvae, damaged rice panicles and white Chaffey ear head of rice panicles are indicated in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig11\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eBiophysical Basis of Resistance\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec5\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLeaf Blade Pubescence\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRice leaves possess two types of trichomes: micro hairs, located along stomatal cells or adjacent to motor cells, and macro hairs, situated on silica cells over thin vascular bundles (Hu et al., 2013). The trichome density of rice leaves across different entries was estimated following the procedure of Maite et al. (1980). Leaf samples were randomly collected and cut into 5 cm bits from the middle portion of the penultimate leaf (the uppermost leaf below the flag leaf). The samples were boiled in 20 ml of water in small glass vials for 15 minutes at 85\\u0026deg;C in a hot water bath. After removing the water, 20 ml of 96% ethanol was added, and samples were boiled for 20 minutes at 80\\u0026deg;C to remove chlorophyll. This process was repeated until the leaves were completely decolorized. Finally, 90% lactic acid was added, and samples were heated at 85\\u0026deg;C for 30\\u0026ndash;45 minutes until leaf segments were cleared.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe cleared samples were mounted on clean slides with a drop of lactic acid and observed under a compound microscope (45\\u0026times; magnification). Trichomes on both abaxial (lower) and adaxial (upper) surfaces were counted per cm\\u0026sup2;, including micro hairs, macro hairs, and glandular hairs. Five replications were maintained for each accession/variety. Leaf pubescence was scored at the booting stage as per Bioversity International, IRRI, and WARDA (2007)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eLeaf Angle\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eLeaf angle, defined as the openness of the blade tip relative to the culm, was measured using a protractor fixed at 90\\u0026deg; vertically to the culm (Yoshida, 1981). Measurements were recorded for the flag leaf, first leaf and second leaf was calculated at 30 and 50 DAT. Leaf blade attitude, i.e., the position of the leaf tip relative to its base, was measured at the late vegetative stage (prior to heading) and classified as per Bioversity International, IRRI and WARDA (2007)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003eOther morphological traits\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMorphological traits were recorded on ten randomly selected plants per genotype at different growth stages. Plant height, flag leaf length and width, and flag leaf angle were measured at 30 and 50 DAT, with similar measurements taken for the second and third leaves. Stem diameter was recorded at two positions (just above the soil and two inches above) at 30, 50, and 90 DAT. Number of tillers per hill was counted at 30 and 50 DAT, and pest incidence was assessed by counting egg masses at 30 DAT.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cstrong\\u003eReproductive traits\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt the reproductive stage, peduncle length (stalk of the panicle) was measured in centimeters at 90 DAT. Panicle length was recorded at harvest from ten plants per genotype. Stem diameters at both basal positions (just above the soil level and at two inches above soil level) were again measured at 90 DAT to evaluate culm strength during reproductive growth.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec8\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical Analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe mean data on biophysical components in different landraces were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means were separated using Tukey\\u0026rsquo;s honestly significant difference (HSD) test (Tukey, 1953) for multiple comparisons. Further, the level of incidence in each resistance category was correlated with biochemical constituents using Pearson\\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient (R) in OriginPro 2025b. Statistical significance was assessed at \\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;0.01, as supported by OriginPro software.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTo determine the contribution of individual biophysical traits to variability in resistance, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using GRAPES software (\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://www.grapeshms.com\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"https://www.grapeshms.com\\\" targettype=\\\"URL\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e ). PCA allowed the identification of key traits that most strongly influence yellow stem borer resistance, providing insights into the multivariate relationships among morphological and anatomical parameters.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\\n\\u003ch3\\u003ePrincipal Component Analysis:\\u003c/h3\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA principal component can be defined as a linear combination of optimally weighted observed variables as suggested by Rao (1964). The goal of PCA is to reduce the number of variables of interest into a smaller set of components. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) determines the contribution of largest character to the total variation. Let\\u0026rsquo;s say that, we have N eigen vectors, then the explained variance for each eigen vector i.e. principal component can be expressed as ratio of related eigen values to the total sum of eigen values as given by Hotteling (1933). The eigen vectors represent the principal components that contain most of the information of variance. The proportion of variance accounted for: A third criterion in solving the number of factors problem involves retaining a component, if it accounts for a specified proportion (or percentage) of variance in the data set.\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Equa\\\" class=\\\"Equation\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv format=\\\"TEX\\\" class=\\\"mathdisplay\\\" id=\\\"FileID_Equa\\\" name=\\\"EquationSource\\\"\\u003e\\n$$\\\\:Proportion=\\\\frac{\\\\begin{array}{c}Eigen\\\\:value\\\\:for\\\\:the\\\\:\\\\\\\\\\\\:component\\\\:of\\\\:interest\\\\end{array}}{\\\\begin{array}{c}Total\\\\:Eigen\\\\:values\\\\:of\\\\:the\\\\:\\\\\\\\\\\\:crrelation\\\\:matrix\\\\end{array}}$$\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe results of the studies on various biophysical components of rice land races associated with the resistance and susceptibility to the yellow stem borer carried out during \\u003cem\\u003eSummer\\u003c/em\\u003e 2024 are presented hereunder.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec11\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePlant Height\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResistant rice genotypes consistently exhibited higher plant heights than moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible genotypes at both 30 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT). At 30 DAT, Adari batta (68.96 cm), Karikagga (65.27 cm), and Karimunduga (61.91 cm) were the tallest among resistant entries, surpassing the checks W1263 (59.55 cm) and TKM6 (57.98 cm). Moderately resistant genotypes ranged from 49.85 to 42.96 cm, while moderately susceptible and susceptible genotypes varied between 38.96\\u0026ndash;32.96 cm. Highly susceptible genotypes, Krishna leela (33.01 cm) and Kundi polan (31.88 cm), were comparable to susceptible types (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). At 50 DAT, a similar trend was observed, with Adari batta (81.21 cm), Karikagga (79.21 cm), and Karimunduga (76.12 cm) recording the highest heights, followed by resistant checks and other categories (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec12\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLength of Flag Leaf\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFlag leaf length exhibited significant variability among the tested genotypes, ranging from 25.16 to 39.21 cm at 30 DAT (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) and 27.16 to 43.15 cm at 50 DAT (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Resistant entries such as TKM6, Nagaland paddy, Rajboga, W1263, Adari batta, Karikagga, and Karimunduga consistently recorded the longest flag leaves, with TKM6 reaching the maximum of 39.21 cm at 30 DAT and 43.15 cm at 50 DAT. Moderately resistant types, including Nirga samba, Kala jeera, and Black sticky, maintained intermediate values (31.04\\u0026ndash;36.15 cm), while moderately susceptible genotypes such as Neermuka, Manjula sona, and Kave kantak recorded shorter lengths (28.15\\u0026ndash;32.15 cm). Susceptible and highly susceptible entries, notably TN-1, Navara, Krishna leela, and Kundi polan, exhibited the lowest flag leaf lengths, ranging from 25.16 to 31.59 cm at 30 DAT and 27.16 to 35.12 cm at 50 DAT.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec13\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eWidth of Flag Leaf\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe width of the flag leaf varied significantly among genotypes at both 30 (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) and 50 DAT (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Resistant entries such as W1263, Rajboga, TKM6, Adari batta, Karikagga, Nagaland paddy, and Karimunduga consistently recorded the lowest values (0.74\\u0026ndash;0.89 cm at 30 DAT; 0.77\\u0026ndash;0.91 cm at 50 DAT), while moderately resistant types like Kala jeera, Nirga samba, and Black sticky showed slightly higher widths (0.91\\u0026ndash;0.98 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes (0.97\\u0026ndash;1.09 cm at 30 DAT; 0.99\\u0026ndash;1.10 cm at 50 DAT) and susceptible ones, including TN-1, Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Putta batta-2, and Punkutt kodi-1, exhibited significantly broader leaves (1.03\\u0026ndash;1.09 cm at 30 DAT; 1.08\\u0026ndash;1.13 cm at 50 DAT). Highly susceptible genotypes, Krishna leela and Kundi polan, also showed comparatively wider flag leaves (1.07\\u0026ndash;1.09 cm at 30 DAT; 1.13\\u0026ndash;1.15 cm at 50 DAT).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMorphological traits of local landraces of rice in relation to infestation of yellow stem borer, \\u003cem\\u003eSummer\\u003c/em\\u003e 2024 at 30DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\" colnum=\\\"13\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\" colnum=\\\"14\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" colnum=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSl.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCategory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDH \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(%)*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePant \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eheight *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFlag leaf *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c11\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSecond leaf *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c14\\\" namest=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThird leaf *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNumber \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eof tillers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWidth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAngle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWidth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAngle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWidth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAngle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarikagga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.32\\u003csup\\u003ejkl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65.27\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.05\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003csup\\u003ebcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.28\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28.96\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.03\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.05\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003csup\\u003ebcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.15\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.02\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRajbaga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.21\\u003csup\\u003ekl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52.26\\u003csup\\u003ecdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.25\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.81\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.25\\u003csup\\u003eefg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30.21\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.69\\u003csup\\u003ebcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.01\\u003csup\\u003edef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.09\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.13\\u003csup\\u003efgh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.26\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNagaland Rice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.21\\u003csup\\u003eijk\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52.93\\u003csup\\u003ecdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.89\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.87\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.59\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.36\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.34\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30.9\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.46\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.26\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarimunduga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.1\\u003csup\\u003eij\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e61.91\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.16\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.48\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28.26\\u003csup\\u003eabcdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.71\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.23\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.3\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.62\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.35\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.36\\u003csup\\u003ebcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdri batta\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.12\\u003csup\\u003ejkl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e68.96\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.15\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.85\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.14\\u003csup\\u003eefg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.15\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd 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colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53.99\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.3\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKrishna Leela\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65.26\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.01\\u003csup\\u003ehi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.12\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.07\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e49.56\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.91\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52.31\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.91\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.93\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e55.43\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.6\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTN-1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42.02\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38.31\\u003csup\\u003ehi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.59\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.03\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50.13\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.19\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e52.88\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.2\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.92\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.25\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTKM6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.21\\u003csup\\u003ekl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e57.98\\u003csup\\u003ebcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39.21\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.83\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.2\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.16\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.95\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.21\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.71\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.07\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.26\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eW1263\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.35\\u003csup\\u003el\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e59.55\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.15\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.74\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.3\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.15\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.67\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.05\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.9\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.69\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.17\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.23\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSEM \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.92\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCD @ P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.37\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.49\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.81\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMorphological traits of local landraces of rice in relation to infestation of yellow stem borer \\u003cem\\u003eS. incertulas Summer\\u003c/em\\u003e 2024 at 50 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\" colnum=\\\"11\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\" colnum=\\\"12\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\" colnum=\\\"13\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\" colnum=\\\"14\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" colnum=\\\"15\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSl.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCategory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(%)*\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePant \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eheight *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFlag leaf *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c11\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSecond leaf *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c14\\\" namest=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThird leaf *\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNumber\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eof tillers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWidth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAngle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWidth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAngle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWidth\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAngle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarikagga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.11\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e79.21\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35.62\\u003csup\\u003ebcdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.17\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e31.92\\u003csup\\u003eabcdefg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.69\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.95\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.15\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.13\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.26\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRajbaga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.98\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67.51\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39.15\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.83\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.14\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.29\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.72\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.93\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35.91\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.76\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.11\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.29\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNagaland Rice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.56\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e72.15\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38.12\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.48\\u003csup\\u003efgh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.12\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.26\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.16\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.68\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.44\\u003csup\\u003efgh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.12\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarimunduga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.99\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e76.12\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.89\\u003csup\\u003ebcdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.91\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.37\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e32.16\\u003csup\\u003eabcdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.76\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.15\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35.19\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.63\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.33\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.25\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdri batta\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.21\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e 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align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e38.19\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.75\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.99\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.29\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNirga Samba\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd 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colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKala Jeera\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.56\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67.12\\u003csup\\u003ecde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.12\\u003csup\\u003ebcdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.93\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.24\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.31\\u003csup\\u003ebcdefgh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd 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colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.9\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51.79\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.16\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.93\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e54.97\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.21\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKrishna Leela\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.53\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e47.12\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.8\\u003csup\\u003eefg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.13\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50.45\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.14\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53.23\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.98\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.95\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.41\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.25\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTN-1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.97\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e49.16\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35.12\\u003csup\\u003ebcdef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.12\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e51.02\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.89\\u003csup\\u003efgh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.83\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e53.8\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.89\\u003csup\\u003ehi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.97\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e56.98\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.96\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTKM6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.45\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e75.16\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e43.15\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.09\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e35.46\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.87\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39.15\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.73\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.05\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.26\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eW1263\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.89\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e70.89\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e39.98\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.19\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.89\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.69\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.97\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37.94\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.71\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.15\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.12\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSEM \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.78\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.56\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.39\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.84\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.00\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c15\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCD @ P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.23\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.44\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.96\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.55\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.62\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c11\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.41\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c12\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.92\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c13\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c14\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec14\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAngle of Flag leaf\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt both 30 and 50 DAT, the angle of the flag leaf showed significant variation among genotypes. Resistant and moderately resistant categories consistently exhibited lower angles compared to moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible genotypes. At 30 DAT (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e), resistant genotypes such as W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, and Rajboga recorded the lowest angles (2.30\\u0026ndash;8.25\\u0026deg;). Moderately resistant genotypes like Kala jeera, Black sticky, and Nirga samba ranged between 10.35\\u0026ndash;14.56\\u0026deg;, while moderately susceptible ones recorded 21.26\\u0026ndash;23.59\\u0026deg;. Susceptible genotypes such as Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Punkutt kodi-1, Putta batta-2, and TN-1 showed higher angles (24.56\\u0026ndash;50.13\\u0026deg;), followed by highly susceptible genotypes Kundi polan (48.12\\u0026deg;) and Krishna leela (49.56\\u0026deg;). A similar trend was observed at 50 DAT (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e), where resistant genotypes remained lowest (3.19\\u0026ndash;9.14\\u0026deg;), moderately resistant ranged 11.24\\u0026ndash;15.45\\u0026deg;, moderately susceptible 22.15\\u0026ndash;24.48\\u0026deg;, and susceptible 25.45\\u0026ndash;51.02\\u0026deg;, with highly susceptible genotypes reaching up to 50.45\\u0026deg;.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec15\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLength of second leaf\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt both 30 and 50 DAT, the second leaf length varied significantly among genotypes, with resistant and moderately resistant categories showing higher values than susceptible and highly susceptible ones. At 30 DAT, resistant genotypes such as TKM6, W1263, Rajboga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, Karikagga, and Karimunduga recorded the longest leaves (28.26\\u0026ndash;32.16 cm), while moderately resistant genotypes Nirga samba, Black sticky, and Kala jeera ranged from 24.12\\u0026ndash;25.36 cm. Moderately susceptible genotypes like Kave kantak, Manjula Sona, Neermuka, and Neermullarae recorded 23.19\\u0026ndash;24.96 cm, whereas susceptible and highly susceptible types including Kankunia, Putta batta-2, TN-1, Krishna leela, and Kundi polan showed the shortest leaves (22.15\\u0026ndash;24.06 cm). A similar trend was observed at 50 DAT, with resistant genotypes maintaining the highest leaf lengths (31.92\\u0026ndash;36.89 cm), moderately resistant 28.16\\u0026ndash;29.31 cm, moderately susceptible 25.18\\u0026ndash;27.54 cm, and susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes ranging 24.29\\u0026ndash;28.49 cm (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec16\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eWidth of second leaf\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSignificant differences were observed in the width of the second leaf among genotypes at both 30 and 50 DAT. Resistant genotypes, including Adari batta, TKM6, Karikagga, W1263, Rajboga, Karimunduga, and Nagaland paddy, exhibited the narrowest leaves (0.63\\u0026ndash;0.79 cm), whereas moderately resistant types such as Kala jeera, Black sticky, and Nirga samba had slightly broader leaves (0.76\\u0026ndash;0.82 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes like Neermullarae, Manjula Sona, Kave kantak, and Neermuka showed intermediate widths (0.81\\u0026ndash;0.90 cm), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes, including TN-1, Putta batta-2, Bangara kolee, Punkutt kodi-1, Kankunia, Navara, Krishna leela, and Kundi polan, recorded the widest leaves (0.83\\u0026ndash;0.93 cm). This pattern was consistent at both growth stages (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec17\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAngle of second leaf\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt both 30 (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e) and 50 DAT (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e), the second leaf angle differed significantly among genotypes. Resistant and moderately resistant genotypes, including W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Karimunduga, and Kala jeera, had narrow angles (5.05\\u0026ndash;18.20\\u0026deg;), whereas moderately susceptible genotypes showed intermediate angles (23.59\\u0026ndash;27.30\\u0026deg;). Susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes, such as TN-1, Putta batta-2, Kundi polan, and Krishna leela, exhibited the widest angles (27.31\\u0026ndash;53.20\\u0026deg;). This trend was consistent at both stages.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec18\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLength of third leaf:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe third leaf length showed significant variation among genotypes at both 30 and 50 DAT. Resistant genotypes such as TKM6, W1263, Adari batta, Karimunduga, Rajboga, Karikagga, and Nagaland paddy recorded the longest leaves (30.9\\u0026ndash;39.15 cm), followed by moderately resistant types (Kala jeera, Black sticky, Nirga samba) with slightly shorter lengths (29.1\\u0026ndash;36.12 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes like Manjula Sona, Kave kantak, Neermullarae, and Neermuka were intermediate (27.9\\u0026ndash;30.15 cm), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (TN-1, Putta batta-2, Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Krishna leela, Kundi polan) consistently recorded the shortest leaves (23.20\\u0026ndash;29.4 cm) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec19\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eWidth of third leaf:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe width of the third leaf also varied significantly across genotypes at both stages. Resistant genotypes (Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Adari batta, Rajboga) had the narrowest leaves (0.62\\u0026ndash;0.76 cm), followed by moderately resistant genotypes (Kala jeera, Black sticky, Nirga samba) with slightly higher values (0.79\\u0026ndash;0.83 cm). Moderately susceptible genotypes (Manjula Sona, Neermullarae, Neermuka, Kave kantak) were intermediate (0.86\\u0026ndash;0.91 cm), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (TN-1, Putta batta-2, Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Krishna leela, Kundi polan) recorded the broadest leaves (0.85\\u0026ndash;0.97 cm) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec20\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eAngle of third leaf:\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSignificant variation in third leaf angle was observed among categories at both 30 and 50 DAT (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). Resistant genotypes (W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, Rajboga) exhibited narrow angles (8.17\\u0026ndash;15.11\\u0026deg;), moderately resistant ones (Kala jeera, Black sticky, Nirga samba) showed slightly wider angles (16.22\\u0026ndash;21.41\\u0026deg;), and moderately susceptible genotypes (Manjula Sona, Kave kantak, Neermullarae, Neermuka) recorded intermediate values (27.13\\u0026ndash;30.44\\u0026deg;). In contrast, susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (Bangara kolee, Navara, Kankunia, Punkutt kodi-1, Putta batta-2, TN-1, Krishna leela, Kundi polan) consistently displayed the widest angles (30.43\\u0026ndash;56.98\\u0026deg;).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec21\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eNumber of tillers\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt both 30 and 50 DAT, the number of tillers among the selected genotypes showed non-significant variation. At 30 DAT, tiller numbers ranged from 11.26 to 15.23, with the highest in Putta batta-2 (15.3) followed by Nagaland paddy (15.26), W1263 (15.23), and Rajboga (14.26), while the lowest was recorded in Punkutt kodi-1 (11.26). Similarly, at 50 DAT, tillers varied from 12.29 to 16.15, with Putta batta-2 (16.15), Nagaland paddy (16.12), W1263 (16.12), and Rajboga (15.29) recording higher values, whereas Kave kantak had the lowest (12.29) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec22\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLength of peduncle\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe peduncle length varied significantly among genotypes, ranging from 4.02 cm to 11.8 cm, with resistant types showing the shortest values and susceptible ones the longest. Resistant genotypes such as W1263, TKM6, Karikagga, Adari batta, Nagaland paddy, Karimunduga, and Rajboga recorded lengths of 4.02\\u0026ndash;5.26 cm, while moderately resistant genotypes (Black sticky, Nirga samba, Kala jeera) ranged from 5.58\\u0026ndash;6.41 cm. Moderately susceptible genotypes including Manjula Sona, Neermuka, Kave kantak, and Neermullarae recorded intermediate lengths of 6.5\\u0026ndash;7.9 cm. In contrast, susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes such as Punkutt kodi-1, Kankunia, Putta batta-2, Navara, Bangara kolee, TN-1, Kundi polan, and Krishna leela exhibited the maximum peduncle lengths of 8.96\\u0026ndash;11.68 cm (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMorphological traits of local landraces of rice in relation to infestation of yellow stem borer, at 90DAT, Summer 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\" colnum=\\\"8\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\" colnum=\\\"9\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\" colnum=\\\"10\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSl.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNo.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCategory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(%)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePeduncle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003elength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePanicle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003elength\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c8\\\" namest=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStem diameter (cm)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c10\\\" namest=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaf blade pubescence\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e(no/cm2/leaf)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eJust above \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003esoil\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTwo inches \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eabove soil\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUpper \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003esurface\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLower\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003esurface\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarikagga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.66\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.78\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.56\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.9\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.79\\u003csup\\u003eghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.56\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.16\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRajbaga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.09\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.26\\u003csup\\u003efgh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.36\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.94\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.82\\u003csup\\u003efghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e88.15\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.16\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNagaland Rice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.48\\u003csup\\u003eghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.95\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.59\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.92\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.86\\u003csup\\u003efghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e92.15\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.79\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarimunduga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.23\\u003csup\\u003eghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.1\\u003csup\\u003efgh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27.15\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.9\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.7\\u003csup\\u003ehi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.23\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.8\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdri batta\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.19\\u003csup\\u003ehi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.8\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.5\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.93\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.78\\u003csup\\u003eghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e94.12\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.54\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" 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\\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKankunia\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.8\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.26\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.15\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.92\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.72\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e27.16\\u003csup\\u003eghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.8\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNavara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.26\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.23\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.4\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.81\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.68\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.19\\u003csup\\u003eghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.02\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePutta Batta-2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.16\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.56\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.05\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.81\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.61\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34.5\\u003csup\\u003eefg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.08\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKundi polan\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.31\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.59\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.15\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.72\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.53\\u003csup\\u003eabcde\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.23\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.59\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKrishna Leela\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.92\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.68\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20.96\\u003csup\\u003ebc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.8\\u003csup\\u003eabcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.63\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.56\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.98\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTN-1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19.28\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.8\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22.35\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.89\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.63\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.3\\u003csup\\u003ehi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.96\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTKM6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.24\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.08\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30.15\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.86\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.62\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e87.29\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18.95\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eW1263\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.91\\u003csup\\u003ei\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.02\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.15\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.91\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.81\\u003csup\\u003efghi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e89.15\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.56\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSEM \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.65\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.33\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.96\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.09\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.97\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCD @ P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.85\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.75\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.31\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c8\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.27\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c9\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c10\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check; No \\u0026ndash; number. LBP- Leaf blade pubescence; SD- Stem diameter.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec23\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLength of Panicle\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePanicle length varied significantly among genotypes, ranging from 19.4 to 30.15 cm. Resistant types (TKM6, W1263, Karimunduga, Nagaland paddy, Adari batta, Rajboga, Karikagga) had the longest panicles (24.56\\u0026ndash;30.15 cm), followed by moderately resistant (23.5\\u0026ndash;24.56 cm) and moderately susceptible genotypes (21.26\\u0026ndash;23.01 cm). In contrast, susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes (e.g., TN-1, Navara, Punkutt kodi-1, Kankunia, Kundi polan, Krishna leela) showed significantly shorter panicles (19.4\\u0026ndash;22.35 cm) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec24\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eStem Diameter (just above soil)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStem diameter differed significantly, with resistant genotypes showing the thinnest stems (1.86\\u0026ndash;1.94 cm) and susceptible ones the thickest (2.76\\u0026ndash;2.92 cm). Moderately resistant and moderately susceptible groups were intermediate (2.25\\u0026ndash;2.42 cm) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec25\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLeaf Blade Pubescence (Upper Surface)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTrichome density on the upper leaf surface ranged from 11.23 to 94.56 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;. Resistant genotypes recorded the highest densities (Karikagga \\u0026ndash; 94.56, Adari batta \\u0026ndash; 94.12, Nagaland paddy \\u0026ndash; 92.15, Karimunduga \\u0026ndash; 89.23, W1263\\u0026ndash;89.15, Rajboga \\u0026ndash; 88.15, TKM6\\u0026ndash;87.29 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;). Moderately resistant types (Black sticky, Nirga samba, Kala jeera) showed intermediate values (59.26\\u0026ndash;70.15 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;). Moderately susceptible genotypes recorded lower densities (45.16\\u0026ndash;52.16 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;), while susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes had the least (11.23\\u0026ndash;35.19 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec26\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003eLeaf Blade Pubescence (Lower Surface)\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTrichome density on the lower leaf surface at 90 DAT ranged from 3.96 to 20.16 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;. Resistant genotypes again recorded the highest values (Karikagga \\u0026ndash; 20.16, Karimunduga \\u0026ndash; 19.8, TKM6\\u0026ndash;18.95, Rajboga \\u0026ndash; 18.16, W1263\\u0026ndash;17.56, Nagaland paddy \\u0026ndash; 16.79, Adari batta \\u0026ndash; 16.54 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;). Moderately resistant genotypes (Nirga samba, Kala jeera, Black sticky) were intermediate (9.83\\u0026ndash;10.5 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;), while moderately susceptible genotypes ranged from 6.22\\u0026ndash;7.30 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;. Susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes had the lowest trichome densities (3.96\\u0026ndash;6.20 cm⁻\\u0026sup2;) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePlant height is considered as one of the important morphological traits influencing pest resistance in rice and other crops. Several studies have reported that taller plants are less susceptible to stem borers and other insect pests. For instance, Shahjahan (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e) observed a negative correlation between plant height and the number of egg masses deposited by \\u003cem\\u003eScirpophaga incertulas\\u003c/em\\u003e under caged conditions, suggesting that increased plant height reduced ovipositional preference. These findings are in accordance with the present investigation, where correlation analysis indicated a significant negative association between plant height and egg mass at both 30 DAT (r = -0.889**) and 50 DAT (r = -0.889**) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similarly, resistant rice genotypes characterized by greater height showed reduced dead heart and white ear incidence compared to susceptible entries (Geerthana et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). In addition, Vinothini et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e) reported a significant negative correlation between plant height and yellow stem borer damage, further confirming that taller plants provide resistance. In the present study, a similar trend was recorded, where correlation analysis indicated a significant negative association between plant height and yellow stem borer infestation at both 30 DAT (r = -0.794**) and 50 DAT (r = -0.936**) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e (A \\u0026amp; C); Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). These results collectively suggest that taller plants may confer a physical barrier or deterrent effect against oviposition and larval establishment. Consequently, plant height emerges as an important biophysical trait contributing to resistance and can serve as a potential selection criterion in breeding programs aimed at reducing stem borer damage.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003e(A-E).\\u003c/b\\u003e Pearson correlation matrix heat map between dead heart and plant biophysical components at 30 DAT (A-B), at 50 DAT ( C-D)and at 90 DAT (E) ( DH- Dead heart; PH- Plant height; FLL- Flag leaf length; FLW- Flag leaf width; FLA- Flag leaf angle; NT- Number of tillers, WE- White ear; PEL- Peduncle length; PAL- Panicle length; SDJS: Stem diameter just above soil level; SD2S- Stem diameter 2 inches above soil level; LPUP- Leaf blade pubescence on upper surface; LPLS- Leaf blade pubescence on lower surface).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eContrastingly, some studies have demonstrated that increased plant height is positively associated with pest infestation. Pathak et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1971\\u003c/span\\u003e) and Prakasa Rao (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1983\\u003c/span\\u003e) reported a positive correlation between plant height and the number of eggs laid by stem borers, indicating that taller plants were more preferred for oviposition. Similar results were noted by Wada (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR61\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1942\\u003c/span\\u003e), Patanakamjorn and Pathak (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1967\\u003c/span\\u003e), and Islam (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1991\\u003c/span\\u003e), who found that taller rice plants were more prone to egg mass deposition. Moreover, Rakesh et al. (\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e) reported that plant height showed a significant positive correlation with yellow stem borer infestation during the vegetative stage. These contrasting results suggest that the role of plant height in conferring resistance to insect pests is complex and may vary depending on genotype, pest species, and environmental conditions. While many studies support the hypothesis that taller plants reduce stem borer infestation, evidence also exists for a positive association between plant height and ovipositional preference, highlighting the need for genotype-specific investigations.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eField evaluation of local landraces of rice in relation to per cent infestation and egg mass of yellow stem borer \\u003cem\\u003eS. incertulas Summer\\u003c/em\\u003e 2024 at 30 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSl. No.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGenotypes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCategory\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e%DH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean No. of egg mass \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eper hill\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarikagga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.32\\u003csup\\u003ejkl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.06\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRajbaga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.21\\u003csup\\u003ekl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.06\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNagaland Rice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.21\\u003csup\\u003eijk\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.01\\u003csup\\u003efg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKarimunduga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.1\\u003csup\\u003eij\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.05\\u003csup\\u003eh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdri batta\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.12\\u003csup\\u003ejkl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.1\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNirga Samba\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMR\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.98\\u003csup\\u003eg\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.25\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKala Jeera\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.32\\u003csup\\u003egh\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.26\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlack Sticky\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.12\\u003csup\\u003ehi\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.5\\u003csup\\u003eef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKave Kantak\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.05\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.9\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNeermullarae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e23.05\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.5\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNeermuka\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21.1\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.32\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManjula Sona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.1\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.26\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBangara Kolee\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e33.21\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.59\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePunkutt Kodi-1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e36.12\\u003csup\\u003ee\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.75\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKankunia\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42.12\\u003csup\\u003ec\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.98\\u003csup\\u003ebcd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNavara\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e49.21\\u003csup\\u003eb\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.56\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePutta Batta-2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e37.21\\u003csup\\u003ede\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.31\\u003csup\\u003eabc\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e18\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKundi polan\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e62.12\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.75\\u003csup\\u003eab\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKrishna Leela\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e65.26\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.98\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTN-1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e42.02\\u003csup\\u003ecd\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.15\\u003csup\\u003ef\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e21\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTKM6\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRC\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.21\\u003csup\\u003ekl\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.93\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eW1263\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.35\\u003csup\\u003el\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.01\\u003csup\\u003ea\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSEM \\u0026plusmn;\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCD @ P\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.53\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.48\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*Values in the column followed by common letters are non-significant at p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.05 as per Tukey's HSD (Tukey, 1965); R- Resistant; MR- Moderately resistant; MS- Moderately susceptible; S- Susceptible; RC- Resistant check; SC- Susceptible check; No \\u0026ndash; number.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaf morphological traits are pivotal in determining rice resistance against stem borers, particularly the yellow stem borer (\\u003cem\\u003eScirpophaga incertulas\\u003c/em\\u003e). Among these traits, leaf length, width, and insertion angle strongly influence ovipositional preference and larval establishment. In the present study, resistant genotypes exhibited significantly longer flag leaves than susceptible ones, with correlation analysis showing a strong negative association between flag leaf length and stem borer infestation (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.844** at 30 DAT; r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.815** at 50 DAT) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e), indicating that elongated flag leaves may hinder pest establishment (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e (A \\u0026amp; C); Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similarly, flag leaf length was negatively correlated with egg mass (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.814** at 30 DAT; r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.763** at 50 DAT) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). These results corroborate earlier findings suggesting that longer leaves in resistant genotypes deter oviposition and reduce stem borer damage (Shahjahan, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e; Islam and Catling, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1991\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaf width was positively associated with pest susceptibility. Resistant genotypes had narrower flag leaves, whereas susceptible types exhibited broader leaves. Flag leaf width was strongly positively correlated with percent infestation (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.841** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.953** at 50 DAT) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e (A \\u0026amp; C); Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e) and with egg mass (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.903** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.908** at 50 DAT) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e), suggesting that broader leaves provide a favourable substrate for oviposition. Similarly, erect leaf orientation reduced pest incidence. Flag leaf angle displayed a strong positive correlation with infestation (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.947** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.936** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.849** at both 30 and 50 DAT) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e), with resistant cultivars exhibiting flag leaf angles of 1.33\\u0026deg; to 6.83\\u0026deg; and penultimate leaf angles of 6.68\\u0026deg; to 8.64\\u0026deg;, while highly susceptible entries had horizontal leaves exceeding 70\\u0026deg; (Sharmitha et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vinothini et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSecond and third leaf traits mirrored these patterns. Longer second leaves were associated with reduced infestation (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.810** at 30 DAT; r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.896** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.942** at 30 DAT; r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.904** at 50 DAT) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e (B \\u0026amp; D); Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e), whereas broader second leaves were more vulnerable (infestation: r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.815** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.865** at 50 DAT; egg mass: r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.888** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.849** at 50 DAT) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Second leaf angle also positively correlated with both infestation (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.947** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.936** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.849** at 30 and 50 DAT) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). These results are consistent with prior studies reporting that YSB females prefer ovipositing on wider leaves with horizontal orientation, while erect, moderately sized leaves in resistant genotypes limit egg deposition (Kalode and Israel, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1970\\u003c/span\\u003e; Kojima et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1955\\u003c/span\\u003e; Padhi and Chatterji, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1984\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab5\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 5\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCorrelation studies of biophysical traits with yellow stem borer.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBiophysical traits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDamage \\u003cem\\u003evs.\\u003c/em\\u003e biophysical traits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEgg mass \\u003cem\\u003evs\\u003c/em\\u003e. biophysical traits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePearson correlation coefficient\\u0026nbsp;(r) [n(Σxy) \\u0026minus; ΣxΣy] / \\u0026radic;[n(Σx\\u0026sup2;) \\u0026minus; (Σx)\\u0026sup2;][n(Σy\\u0026sup2;) \\u0026minus; (Σy)\\u0026sup2;] at 30 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.794\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.889\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.844\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.814\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.841\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.903\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.947\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.810\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.942\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.815\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.888\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.947\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.929\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.920\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.812\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.889\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.947\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.365\\u003csup\\u003eNS\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.459\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePearson correlation coefficient\\u0026nbsp;(r) [n(Σxy) \\u0026minus; ΣxΣy] / \\u0026radic;[n(Σx\\u0026sup2;) \\u0026minus; (Σx)\\u0026sup2;][n(Σy\\u0026sup2;) \\u0026minus; (Σy)\\u0026sup2;] at 50 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.936\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.889\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.815\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.763\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.953\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.908\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.936\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.896\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.904\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.865\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.936\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.946\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.916\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.925\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.898\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.936\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.436\\u003csup\\u003eNS\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.428\\u003csup\\u003e*\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePearson correlation coefficient\\u0026nbsp;(r) [n(Σxy) \\u0026minus; ΣxΣy] / \\u0026radic;[n(Σx\\u0026sup2;) \\u0026minus; (Σx)\\u0026sup2;][n(Σy\\u0026sup2;) \\u0026minus; (Σy)\\u0026sup2;] at 90 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePEL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.949\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.859\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePAL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.871\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.871\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSDJS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.958\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.920\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSD2S\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.956\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.927\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLPUP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.955\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.928\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLPLS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.894\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.943\\u003csup\\u003e**\\u003c/sup\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e*N\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;22; ** Significant at P\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026le;\\u0026thinsp;0.01; NS- Non significant;*PH- Plant height; FLL- Flag leaf length; FLW- Flag leaf width; FLA- Flag leaf angle; NT- Number of tillers; PEL- Peduncle length; PAL- Panicle length; SDJS: Stem diameter just above soil level; SD2S- Stem diameter 2 inches above soil level; LPUP- Leaf blade pubescence on upper surface; LPLS- Leaf blade pubescence on lower surface\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThird leaf length negatively correlated with infestation (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.929** at 30 DAT; r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.946** at 50 DAT) and egg mass (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.920** at 30 DAT; r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.916** at 50 DAT), whereas third leaf width (infestation: r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.812** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.925** at 50 DAT; egg mass: r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.889** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.898** at 50 DAT) and angle (infestation: r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.947** at 30 DAT; r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.936** at 50 DAT; egg mass: r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.849** at 30 and 50 DAT) showed strong positive correlations with pest parameters (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e (B \\u0026amp; D)). These findings align with previous reports demonstrating that leaf insertion angle and broader leaf surfaces facilitate herbivore colonization and oviposition, whereas erect and moderate leaves contribute to antixenosis-based resistance (Shahjahan, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e; Islam and Catling, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1991\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003ea).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCollectively, the present study and supporting literature emphasize that leaf length, width, and insertion angle are critical morphological determinants of resistance against yellow stem borer. Erect leaf angles and moderate leaf dimensions reduce egg deposition and stem borer damage, while broader, horizontally oriented leaves favour infestation. Integrating these leaf traits into breeding programs offers an effective strategy for developing rice cultivars with enhanced resistance to stem borers (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e (A\\u0026ndash;D)).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTrichomes, epidermal outgrowths occurring as unicellular or multicellular hairs, play a critical role in plant defense against insect pests through both mechanical and chemical mechanisms. In rice, micro hairs along stomatal cells and macro hairs on silica cells contribute significantly to resistance against yellow stem borer (\\u003cem\\u003eScirpophaga incertulas\\u003c/em\\u003e), where high trichome density on the upper leaf surface, narrow leaf blades, and erect flag leaf angles reduce oviposition and subsequent damage such as dead hearts and white ears (Geerthana et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vinothini et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hosseini et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). In the present investigation, leaf blade pubescence on the upper surface showed a strong negative correlation with infestation (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.955**) and egg mass (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.928**), while lower surface pubescence was similarly negatively associated with white ear infestation (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.894**) and egg mass (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.943%), confirming that denser trichomes hinder ovipositional preference and larval establishment (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eE) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eResistant genotypes typically exhibit minimal egg mass deposition, whereas glabrous, horizontally oriented leaves are preferred by females, highlighting the importance of trichomes in antixenosis. Similar trends have been reported for rice striped stem borer (\\u003cem\\u003eChilo suppressalis\\u003c/em\\u003e), rice gall midge (\\u003cem\\u003eOrseolia oryzae\\u003c/em\\u003e), and shoot fly (\\u003cem\\u003eAtherigona soccata\\u003c/em\\u003e), where trichome density, leaf glossiness, and seedling vigor act as non-preference traits reducing herbivory and oviposition (Sharma \\u0026amp; Nwanze, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1997\\u003c/span\\u003e; Zhu et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR64\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e; Syed et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). Across other crops, high densities of non-glandular trichomes in pigeonpea, cotton, okra, and maize correlate with reduced incidence of pod borers, jassids, whiteflies, and thrips, often synergizing with structural traits such as pod wall thickness or chemical traits including phenols, flavonoids, and gossypol (Ambidi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sandhi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e; Ullah et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR53\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003eb). Herbivory can induce further increases in trichome density and metabolite production in subsequent leaves, enhancing resistance through induced defenses (Dalin \\u0026amp; Bj\\u0026ouml;rkman, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2003\\u003c/span\\u003e; War et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR63\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e). Collectively, these findings, supported by the present study, underscore the multifaceted role of trichomes as a key morphological trait conferring antixenosis and contributing to integrated pest management in rice and other crops.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStem thickness is a critical morphological trait influencing rice susceptibility to the yellow stem borer (\\u003cem\\u003eScirpophaga incertulas\\u003c/em\\u003e), acting as a structural determinant of oviposition and larval establishment. Thicker stems provide a favorable substrate for egg deposition and larval development, resulting in higher egg mass and increased damage in terms of dead hearts and white ears (Shahjahan, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2001\\u003c/span\\u003e; Hosseini et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e; Rakesh et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Previous studies have shown that highly susceptible genotypes, such as TN-1 (stem diameter 5.003 mm) and BA-270 (4.686 mm), supported the maximum number of egg masses per plant, whereas resistant genotypes like BA-132 (3.610 mm) and BA-155 (3.746 mm) had significantly lower egg deposition (Vinothini et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR60\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e; Nisha et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e). The preference of female yellow stem borer moths for thicker stems is likely due to better shelter and resources for larval survival, while thinner-stemmed varieties exhibit structural resistance that limits egg deposition and pest development (Shahjahan \\u0026amp; Hossain, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2003\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe present investigation corroborates these findings, with stem diameter measured two inches above the soil showing a significant positive correlation with infestation (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.956**) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eE; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e) and egg mass (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.927**) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similarly, stem diameter measured just above the soil level exhibited strong positive correlations with infestation (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.958**) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003eE; Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e) and egg mass (r\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.920**) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e) (Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e). These results confirm that thicker stems consistently favor higher yellow stem borer incidence and oviposition across diverse rice genotypes. Together, the literature and current investigation highlight stem thickness as a robust morphological factor influencing rice resistance to yellow stem borer. Assessing stem girth can therefore serve as an important criterion in breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars with lower vulnerability to this pest.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe number of tillers in rice genotypes can influence yellow stem borer (\\u003cem\\u003eScirpophaga incertulas\\u003c/em\\u003e) oviposition and infestation, as plants with higher tiller numbers potentially provide more favorable oviposition sites (Moreira, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2002\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, this effect is not consistently observed across studies (Pazini et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2022\\u003c/span\\u003e). In the present investigation, all evaluated cultivars were equally chosen by YSB adults for feeding and oviposition, suggesting that tiller number alone did not strongly affect egg mass deposition. Correlation analysis further revealed a significant negative association between the number of tillers and egg mass at 30 DAT (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.459*) and 50 DAT (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.428*), with an overall strong negative correlation (r = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.894**) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab5\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e). Similarly, for other pests and crops, such as jassid, whitefly, thrips in cotton, or pod borer in pigeonpea, tiller or branch number had less influence on pest incidence compared to structural or morphological traits, including leaf hair density, trichome length, or pod wall thickness. Overall, while higher tillering may increase the number of potential oviposition sites, its impact on egg mass deposition and pest infestation is variable and generally secondary to other plant traits.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec28\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e \\u003ch2\\u003ePrincipal Component Analysis of Morphological Traits and Their Association with Pest Infestation\\u003c/h2\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe principal component analysis (PCA) provided insights into the relative contribution of morphological traits associated with pest infestation at different crop growth stages during summer 2024.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt 30 DAT, PCA of 12 variables reduced to two uncorrelated components with eigenvalue\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;1. PC1, with the highest eigenvalue (9.816), explained 81.797% of the total variance and was mainly influenced by third leaf length (9.282%), flag leaf angle (9.193%), second leaf angle (9.192%), and third leaf angle (9.192%), indicating their role in influencing pest incidence and morphological variation. PC2, which explained 8.504% of the variance (eigenvalue 1.02), was strongly influenced by number of tillers (67.835%) and flag leaf angle (5.788%), suggesting their contribution to morphological differentiation (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003eA \\u0026amp; \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003eB).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab6\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 6\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLoading of each trait and % contribution of variables towards principal components during at 30 and 50 DAT summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLoadings of each variable\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c3\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eVariables\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePC1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePC2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePC1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.133\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.313\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.291\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.023\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.298\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.288\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.229\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.272\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.301\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.119\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.307\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.303\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.241\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.302\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.3\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.149\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.296\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.293\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.135\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.278\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.303\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.241\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.302\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.305\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.151\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.305\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.294\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.019\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.295\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.303\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.241\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.302\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.146\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.824\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.162\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c4\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e% contribution of variables on PCs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eVariables\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePC1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePC2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePC1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.001\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.759\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.769\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePH\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.473\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.051\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.876\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.267\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.241\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.425\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.048\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.409\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.414\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.193\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.788\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.997\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.213\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.772\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.568\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.811\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.738\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.192\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.282\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.278\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.324\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLW\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.656\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.034\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.687\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTLA\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.192\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.79\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.124\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e67.835\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.625\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEigenvalue\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.816\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.867\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003epercentage of variance\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.797\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.504\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82.229\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ecumulative percentage of variance\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e81.797\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e90.301\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e82.229\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e*DH- Dead heart; PH- Plant height; FLL- Flag leaf length; FLW- Flag leaf width; FLA- Flag leaf angle; NT- Number of tillers;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt 50 DAT, PCA of 12 variables was reduced to a single component with eigenvalue\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;1. PC1 (eigenvalue 9.867) accounted for 82.229% of the total variance and was predominantly influenced by dead heart (9.769%), flag leaf width (9.414%), and third leaf length (9.324%), highlighting their importance in relation to pest infestation and structural variation (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab6\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig9\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003eA \\u0026amp; \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig9\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003eB).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAt 90 DAT, PCA of 7 variables also reduced to one uncorrelated component with eigenvalue\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026gt;\\u0026thinsp;1. PC1 (eigenvalue 6.51) explained 93.0% of the variance, with the highest contributions from stem diameter just above soil level (15.01%), stem diameter 2 inches above soil level (14.807%), and leaf blade pubescence on the upper surface (14.796%), emphasizing their role in minimizing pest infestation and contributing to resistance expression (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab7\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003eA \\u0026amp; \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig10\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003eB).These findings align with earlier studies that highlighted the significance of morphological traits such as trichome density in imparting resistance to insect pests. For instance, PCA studies in sorghum demonstrated that trichome density was a key trait contributing to shoot fly resistance (Ehab et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e), corroborating earlier reports (Omori et al., 1983; Sekar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Abinaya et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab7\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 7\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLoading of each trait and % contribution of variables towards principal components during at 90 DAT summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLoadings of each variable\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e90 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePC1\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.382\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePEL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.374\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePAL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.361\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSDJS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.387\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSD2S\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.385\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLPUP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.385\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLPLS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e-0.371\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e% contribution of variables on PCs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eVariables\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePC1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWE\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.624\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePEL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.006\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePAL\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.001\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSDJS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e15.01\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSD2S\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.807\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLPUP\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14.796\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLPLS\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.756\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEigenvalue\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.51\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePercentage of variance\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eCumulative percentage of variance\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e93\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003ctfoot\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd colspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e*WE- white ear; PEL- Peduncle length; PAL- Panicle length; SDJS: Stem diameter just above soil level; SD2S- Stem diameter 2 inches above soil level; LPUP- Leaf blade pubescence on upper surface; LPLS- Leaf blade pubescence on lower surface\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tfoot\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe inheritance of trichome density has been shown to be complex, varying with the type of parental genotypes and seasonal factors (Jayanthi et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1999\\u003c/span\\u003e). Resistance mechanisms in sorghum to shoot fly are largely governed by antixenosis (oviposition non-preference), antibiosis, and tolerance (Doggett et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1970\\u003c/span\\u003e; Raina et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1981\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sharma and Nwanze, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1997\\u003c/span\\u003e; Dhillon et al., 2005, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006a\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sivakumar et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2008\\u003c/span\\u003e; Vijaykumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR55\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006\\u003c/span\\u003e). Furthermore, oviposition has been directly correlated with pest damage severity. Plants receiving higher numbers of eggs exhibited increased dead heart formation, indicating a strong relationship between oviposition preference and subsequent damage (Dhillon et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2006b\\u003c/span\\u003e). These resistance-related traits were later connected to a general mechanism of non-preference for oviposition (Gorthy et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e), providing a basis for developing resistant crop varieties. Taken together, the PCA results of the present study support the role of morphological traits such as leaf angles, leaf dimensions, stem thickness, and trichome density in pest resistance (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab8\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e). The consistency of these findings with earlier reports suggests that integrated use of morphological\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab8\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 8\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMajor contributing traits identified by PCA at different crop growth stages (summer, 2024) Loading of each trait and % contribution of variables towards principal components at 30 and 50 DAT during summer, 2024\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrowth stage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKey contributing traits\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInterpretation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThird leaf length, Flag leaf angle, Second leaf angle, Number of tillers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaf morphology and tiller number were important in influencing pest incidence and resistance.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e50 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDead heart, Flag leaf width, Third leaf length\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraits directly linked to pest damage and leaf morphology dominated.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e90 DAT\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStem diameter (base and 2\\u0026rdquo; above soil), Leaf blade pubescence (upper surface)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStem robustness and trichome density played a key role in resistance expression.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe present investigation on rice landraces during summer 2024 revealed significant variation in their response to yellow stem borer infestation, with genotypes such as W1263, TKM6, Adari batta, Karikagga, Rajboga, Karimunduga, and Nagaland paddy exhibiting strong resistance through lower dead heart and white ear incidence, fewer egg masses, narrower leaves and angles, higher trichome density, and sturdier stem diameters. While, susceptible land races like Krishna leela and Kundi polan recorded the highest infestation levels. Further, the correlation and PCA analyses highlighted the importance of multiple interacting biophysical traits particularly flag leaf length, third leaf length, stem diameter, leaf angles, and pubescence in governing resistance, indicating that no single trait alone determines tolerance to rice yellow stemborer. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of these resistant landraces of rice as donor parents in breeding programs and underlines the value of exploiting indigenous genetic diversity for sustainable and eco-friendly management of yellow stem borer in rice.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors express their sincere gratitude to the authorities of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, for their support. Special thanks are extended to the Director of Research for their guidance and facility. The second author gratefully acknowledges the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, for providing moral support.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor Contribution Statement\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eDivya DM - Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Writing-original draft.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eVijaykumar L \\u0026ndash; Conceptualization; Writing; review \\u0026amp; editing; Validation; Methodology; Investigation.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eShivanna B, Kitturmatt MS, Raveendra HR, Ashoka KR - Conceptualization; Methodology; Supervision; Review \\u0026amp; editing; Visualization; Validation; Methodology.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAll authors read and approved the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding:\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eNo funding\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eClinical trial number:\\u003c/strong\\u003e Not applicable\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflict Of Interest\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial conflict of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAbinaya M, Malarvizhi M, Ramesh S (2019) Morphological traits associated with resistance to shoot fly in sorghum. 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Pak J Biol Sci 4(6):669\\u0026ndash;671\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eWar AR, Paulraj MG, War MY, Ignacimuthu S (2012) Role of trichomes in plant defense against insects: A review. \\u003cem\\u003eJournal of Entomology\\u003c/em\\u003e, 2012, 1\\u0026ndash;10. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1155/2012/734392\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1155/2012/734392\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eZhu ZR, Cheng JA, Lou YG (2008) Mechanisms of rice resistance to planthoppers and leafhoppers. Ann Rev Entomol 53:57\\u0026ndash;77. \\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093418\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093418\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"jtis\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)\",\"snPcode\":\"42690\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx\",\"title\":\"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Rice, biophysical characteristics, host plant resistance, Scirpophaga incertulas, PCA analysis\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7555654/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7555654/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe investigations on evaluation of 252 landraces rice were undertaken in natural field conditions during Summer 2024, aiming to identify biophysical traits conferring resistance to yellow stem borer (YSB), \\u003cem\\u003eScirpophaga incertulas\\u003c/em\\u003e. Genotypes were comprehensively assessed for key morphological and anatomical features, such as plant height, leaf length, width and angle, leaf blade pubescence, stem diameter, number of tillers, peduncle length, and panicle length at various crop stages. Infestation was documented through levels of dead heart, white ear formation, and egg mass deposition at 30, 50, and 90 days after transplanting. The evaluation revealed that resistant rice genotypes consistently exhibited greater plant height, longer and narrower leaves, more erect leaf angles, thinner stems, and higher leaf trichome density, while susceptible types displayed broader leaves, wider leaf angles, thicker stems, and lower pubescence. Third leaf length, flag leaf angle, and tiller number were crucial for resistance in early growth, while flag leaf width and third leaf length dominated in mid-stage, and stem diameter with upper leaf pubescence were critical at the reproductive stage. Integrating these traits into breeding and selection strategies offers a sustainable approach for developing rice varieties with enhanced yellow stem borer resistance, supporting stable yields and reducing dependency on chemical control in important rice-growing regions.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Biophysical Basis and Principal Component Analysis of Morphological Traits Conferring Resistance to Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in land races of Rice\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-12-25 04:13:35\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7555654/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Revision requested\",\"date\":\"2026-01-26T03:57:57+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-23T18:44:58+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorInvitedReview\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2026-01-08T15:07:56+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"150148507653953216342460445147321871804\",\"date\":\"2025-12-26T10:54:12+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"160209679332697323592421805658974650366\",\"date\":\"2025-12-22T12:20:22+00:00\",\"index\":\"hide\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-12-22T08:31:49+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-12T14:20:49+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"checksComplete\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2025-09-12T14:19:50+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science\",\"date\":\"2025-09-07T10:30:52+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"jtis\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)\",\"snPcode\":\"42690\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx\",\"title\":\"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"33431c4d-e463-41ee-a1ec-35a13ed1cba3\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"December 25th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2026-04-13T16:15:18+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-7555654\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-026-01836-0\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2026-04-08 15:58:49\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"April 8th, 2026\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-12-25 04:13:35\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s42690-026-01836-0\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-026-01836-0\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-7555654\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-7555654\",\"identity\":\"rs-7555654\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}