{"paper_id":"022dc294-0ef4-4128-b82a-304b2ad73bcf","body_text":"Flying into controversy: Exploring the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers, a Norm Activation Model Perspective | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Flying into controversy: Exploring the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers, a Norm Activation Model Perspective KDV Prasad, Sri Yogi Kottala, Shyamsunder Chitta, Ved Srinivas This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697905/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Personal norms are strongly associated with pro-environmental behavior and are mediated by emotions such as love for nature, passion for nature, intimacy with nature, commitment to nature and respect for nature. Personal norms are mediated by these emotions, love and respect for nature The authors investigated the flight shame attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers, in India in the context of environmental concerns and environmentally responsible travel behavior and the function of constructs like love for nature – passion for nature, commitment to nature and intimacy with nature. To assess the flight shame attitudes of Vande Bharat travelers six reflective constructs flight shame, environmental concern, environmentally responsible travel behavior (ENVRB), respect for nature, environmental self-assets, love for nature were measured. To assess the flight shaming attitudes and behaviors of Vande Bharat electric train travelers six reflective constructs environmental concern, environmentally responsible travel behavior, flight shame, respect to nature, environmental self-assets and lover for nature were assessed. The love for nature construct modeled as higher-order construct with three sub-dimensions passion for nature, intimacy with nature, and commitment to nature. The exploratory approach with prediction oriented analysis was carried out. The IBM AMOS structural equation modeling results reveal statistically significant and strong effects of environmental self-assets, environmental concerns, love for nature. The mediating results reveal that the mediating variable love for nature partially mediated on the relationship between environmental concern and flight shame and fully mediated the relationship between environmental concern and environmentally responsible travel behavior. The construct flight shame is positive and statistically significant is a strong predictor of ENVRB. Our findings show that emotional factors such as respect and love for nature play a crucial role in environmentally responsible travel behavior and flight shame. To address the impact of environmental concerns and sustainable tourism, it is essential to have customized travel alternatives with a low carbon footprint, such as the Vande Bharat electric travel. The results indicate that a majority of Vande Bharat travelers desire sustainable and eco-friendly tourism initiatives, which may be one of reasons they opt for travel on the Vande Bharat electric train rather than by flight, though the cost of flight and Vande Bharat electric train travel is more or less similar. Business and commerce/Business and management Social science/Business and management Social science/Psychology Vande Bharat electric train environmental concern flight shame carbon foot print sustainable tourism Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction In the recent decades rapid growth of air travel has raised significant environmental concerns, particularly regarding carbon emissions. The IATA predicts a doubled demand for air travel by 2040, exacerbated by the increasing environmental challenges posed by aviation in meeting global climate goals. Aviation contributes 2-3% of global CO2 emissions, with emissions exceeding cars, trains, or buses. It's energy-intensive and releases greenhouse gases directly into the upper atmosphere. The environmental challenges posed by aviation are gaining increased scrutiny as governments and organizations strive to meet international climate goals. The environmental issues associated with aviation have sparked a growing movement to reconsider our dependence on air travel. Of late, there emerged a campaign known as flight shame, which began in Sweden because of increased recognition of the effects of air transport on the environment. The term \"flygskam,\" or \"flight shame,\" emerged in Sweden in 2017 to describe the psychological guilt individuals experience when considering the environmental costs of air travel. This social movement calls on people to avoid flying, either through taking the train or using a bus instead. The synthesis of this movement with the behavioral and emotional dispositions of in general and Generation Z – defined as those born between about 1997 and 2012, and Millennials – especially Indian respondents, is still an uncharted sphere of research. Flight shame movement: Gen Z and Millennials are assumed to be more sensitive to environment and heavily charged emotionally about the climate than previous generations. The growing awareness of the environmental impact of flying, particularly carbon emissions, has led to a movement of individuals and organizations questioning the convenience of flying and seeking sustainable alternatives. The Rise of Flight Shame: Global and Indian Context The anti-flight movement became quite popular in the European continent, thanks to climate activist Greta Thunberg. The movement therefore recommends cutting down on air travel to fight impacts of high carbon emission particularly from flying. The impacts of air travel that accounts for a considerable portion of global emissions are currently detrimental to the environment as deciphered below (Gössling et al., 2019). Air travel has become affordable in India since the rise of aviation industry and the new generation low-cost airlines. This has taken its toll as the number of flies within domestic and international airlines, in turn increasing on the emission of carbon. Yet, people fail to assess the environmental influence of air travel in India and the flight shame phenomenon did not gain much attention in the country as is the case in Western states (Gupta, 2020). Nevertheless, thanks to the increase in environmental concerns globally and the younger generation in particular, there is increasing likelihood of the movement making sense in India. Perception of Gen Z and Millennials towards environment The current generation, the generation of the climate change, the generation raised on social media and environmentally conscious, has been the most vocal about sustainable living. Research indicates that Gen Z values environmental matters more than other generations in the market, including travel markets (Brough et al., 2016). The increasing concern of climate change consequences for the further generations has become a motivation for changing values in this respect (Prentice et al., 2020). Trials have shown that people ‘s affect towards environmental problems such as guilt, concern, and obligation significantly affect intended sustainable behavior (Kasser et al., 2018). For Gen Z, whose concern for the natural environment is tied up in their own existence and ways of being, air travel is a catch-22. It is seen as being a sign of civilization, international connection, and growth on the one hand, then again, it stays for being one of the biggest offenders of the environment. Climate change is slowly but gradually gaining consciousness in people of India and more so in the populated group of the young generation, though elders are forefront in supporting Gen Z and Millennials. But although long-distance transport is at the heart of flight-shaming, the economic split and general use of air travel as the main mode of passing distance make the changes more challenging. The growth in the economy of India and the implementation of the modern standard of living differentials are said to be effective contributing factors to an enhancing demand for flights (Singh et al., 2019). Nevertheless, younger generations of Indians prove to be more sensitive to the problem of environmental degradation in the sense that if given an option with sustainable products, the youth of India are willing to opt for a greener solution (Bhatt et al., 2021). Assessing biospheric values of people and their travel behaviour It is important to understand that biospheric values being related to the willingness to put environmental concerns at a higher priority than self or social concern and is related highly to pro-environmental action. As postulated by previous research, biospheric values are associated with fewer environmental impacts for example, flying less frequently (Steg et al., 2014). Analysing the biospheric value results in the Indian context, the subject group which is the younger generation with more education and foreign exposure with greater awareness of the go green movements across the world does exhibit higher scores. When it comes to the flight shame as a lifestyle choice for the Gen Z and Millennials in India, their biospheric values throw light on the emotional attitude towards the environmental concerns including love and respect for nature (Mandic et al., 2023). Yet, Verma and Das (2022) pointed out that the values could be moderate by socio-economic factors including income level, access to other modes of transport and availability of affordable efficient means of transport. Therefore, whereas biospheric values may be congruent with environmentalism, operational realities may limit mobility in a way that conflicts with the concepts of flight shame. Emotions and environmental behaviors The interest of the current paper is the fact that the flight shame movement is based on the emotional appeal to all age group travels in general and Generation Z and Millennials in particular; emotions such as guilt, shame, and fear are crucial for the formation of behavior geared towards saving the environment. Earlier study (Kasser et al., 2018) confirms that guilt elicited regarding environmental damage can cause consumers to act conscientiously and curtail their consumption. This feeling that one is worsening the climate contributes to such an actions and thinking of the Indians, refraining from air travel is a sustainable behavior. However, in India, the emotional response is a function of both the local and the global with regard to environmental issues. However, perceiving environmental issues, especially Indians youth are well aware of the facts and realities but emotional response such as flight shame is missing. This may be attributed to the socio-cultural factors, the high regard for family and community related values, and the recent introduction of the flight shame idea to the market. Further, such perceived economic benefits, for instance the cost of other forms of transport, overpower perceived environmental costs in transport choices. The use and impact of peer pressure: A focus on social networks The rise of the flight shame campaign has benefited from social media platforms such as Instagram and Twitter, in which activists and environmentally-friendly people post messages. Among the Gen Z and Millennial population, social media appears to be crucial in factors that influence views on environmental concerns and traveling. Literatures have also demonstrated that travel choices depend on social media influencers or role models and peer group referent in young persons (Hendricks et al., 2020). India especially is a country where social media usage has become significantly high and the same platforms should be utilized to create awareness of the effects of air travel on the environment and get those young people in Gen Z and Millennials to change their ways of traveling. Personal norms are strongly associated with pro-environmental behavior and are mediated by emotions such as love for nature, passion for nature, intimacy with nature, commitment to nature and respect for nature. Personal norms are mediated by these emotions, love and respect for nature (Onwezen et al., 2013). The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships between personal norms and intentions and their pro-environmental effects on the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Telangana. The norm activation model of Schwartz (1977) was adopted for this study. The main idea of this empirical research is “To what extent do anticipated personal norms and emotional variables such as love for nature and respect for mantes mediate the relationship with the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers and pro-environmental behavior?” Purpose of the research This research aims to investigate the link between flight shame and the behaviors of semi-high speed Vande Bharat electric train travelers. The main reason for choosing the Vande Bharat Electric train travelers is the travelers reach their respective destinations with low-carbon emissions of electric train Vande Bharat. Müller et al. (2020) highlighted that electric trains powered by renewable energy sources like wind, solar, or hydro have minimal emissions. Brenna et al. (2020) and Graham (2024) highlight the impact of a grid's energy mix on electric rail systems' carbon footprint, with electric trains emitting 40-80 grams per passenger kilometer. Besides operational efficiency, lifecycle analyses offer a thorough perspective on the environmental effects of electric trains. Research, including that conducted by Logan et al. (2019), demonstrates that although most emissions arise during the operational phase, elements such as production and the development of infrastructure. Electric trains exhibit superior performance compared to most road vehicles and aircraft regarding emissions per passenger kilometer. Why the focus is on Vande Bharat electric train travelers? The Vande Bharat Express, an energy-efficient Indian semi-high-speed train, has varying carbon emissions based on its energy source, train efficiency, and distance traveled. The Vande Bharat Express has been designed to have better energy efficiency, with features like lightweight materials, advanced aerodynamics, and regenerative braking. These features help reduce energy consumption, and therefore, carbon emissions. Vande Bharat Express is primarily powered by a mix of renewable energy and national grid, its carbon emissions per kilometer would be quite low (Chheda et al., 2024; Verma, 2023). Further, the Government has committed to electrifying India's entire rail network by 2023–24, and become a \"net-zero (carbon emissions) railway\" by 2030. Further, Vande Bharat electric train emits 40-80 grams carbon dioxide per passenger per kilometer as it runs on mixed type of energy like renewable and national grid (Rajyaguru and Chauhan, 2024; Sharma et al., 2023). This is much lower when compared to road vehicles and planes. For example, a boeing 777 a long-haul commercial air craft which consumes 6.8 liters of fuel per kilometer with approximate carbon emission of 2.5 kilograms of CO2 is produced. For 300 passengers on the flight it will emit 300-350 grams of CO2 per passenger per kilometer (Muller, 2020). Instead the Vande Bharat to Tirupathi with 16 coaches carries 1024 passengers and will emit 40-80 grams of carbon dioxide per passenger per kilometer which is far lower than a plane. The modern electric trains can achieve efficiencies of up to 90% much higher than road vehicles and planes (Allen and Chien, 2023). Reynolds and Robinson (2018) opined that shifting from diesel-mechanical systems on core rail networks can provide large emission reductions, where the grid itself has been or is being decarbonized. Further, the electric trains benefit from the flexibility of using renewable energy sources and more energy-efficient with higher overall efficiency ratings. The electrical trains will have lower emissions per passenger kilometer than aviation. The aviation sector remains reliant on fossil fuels, while fuel efficiency has improved, the carbon intensity of jet fuel remains a significant barrier. Review of Literature The United Nations has issued guidelines to member countries to protect the environment from greenhouse gas emissions, while the growing global population has accelerated the demand for transport, particularly in the aviation sector. With the increase in the passengers travelling by air, there is an increase in the emission of greenhouse gases into the environment. Flight shame, a phenomenon characterized by feelings of embarrassment or shame about the environmental impacts of aeroplane travel, has emerged in recent years (Henley, 2019). The debate on consumer responsibility for carbon footprints, particularly on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, has significantly influenced discussions on air travel's legitimacy in the face of climate change (Becken et al., 2022; Mkono et al., 2020). The growing awareness of the connection between air travel and climate change has led to the phenomenon of \"flight shame,\" a psychological disutility experienced by some individuals (Flaherty & Holmes, 2020; Mkono, 2020). This holds especially for certain regions in Europe, where the movement of “flygskam” (translated from Swedish as flight shame) is gaining momentum (Chiambaretto et al., 2021). Doran et al., (2021) discovered that embarrassment and shame were particularly heightened during holidays. This is due to the perception of holidays as relatively unimportant and discretionary compared to other travel types, which leads to a greater sense of personal accountability. Chiambaretto et al. (2021) posit that flight shame can be partly explained by a distorted public perception of the environmental impact of air transport, finding that more than 90% of respondents in their study overestimated the share of air transport in global carbon emissions. It concluded that while flygskam is unlikely to become mainstream in the near future, it is imperative that the air travel industry respond more comprehensively to changing attitudes in the market. Giner-Sorolla et al. (2011) used the TOSCA (Test of Self-Conscious Affect) method to address and identify the patterns that emerge from defining the different emotions of both shame and guilt and concluded that the feeling of shame and often guilt are commonly seen as self-conscious negative emotions Research Questions 1. How to Vande Bharat electric train travelers perceive flight shame, and what factors influence these perceptions? 2. What role do emotional constructs like love and respect for nature play in shaping travel behaviors? 3. How do cultural and professional aspirations intersect to influence sustainable travel choices? Objectives · To explore the awareness and understanding of flight shaming among Vande Bharat electric train travelers · To analyze the factors influencing attitudes and perceptions of Vamde Bharat electric train travelers · To identify the emotional and normative factors driving pro-environmental travel behaviors Theoretical background and hypotheses development Norm activation model Schwartz (1977) opined that personal norms are related to social norms with environmentally friendly behavior and pro-environmental attitudes that are strongly related to personal norms in the context of self-concept. It is a personal norm that confirms expectations and results in favorable self-evaluations such as pride, and the violation of and deviation from anticipatory behavior is guilt (Schwartz, 1977). In the context of Schwartz’s norm activation model, several researchers reported that customers tend to select products and services that generate positive feelings, emotions and happiness (Hunecke et al., 2001; Khan and Mohsin, 2017). Anticipated pride and guilt are key factors in shaping an individual’s behavior that suit personal norms that are in line with Schwartz’s (1977) claim (Onwezen, 2013). The authors further confirm that emotional variances such as being lover for nature and respect for nature mediate the nexus among personal norms and intentions that directly affect pro-environmental behavior. The main aspect of norm activation models personal norms with the altruistic and pro-environmental behavior of individuals. Personal norms are linked to people's perceptions of themselves., and individuals realize these norms “as feelings of moral obligations and not as intentions”. Additionally, in the context of normative influence on altruism, personal norms predict individual behaviours (Schwartz, 1977). The two factors that determine the personal norms of an individual are awareness of consequences behaving in a particular manner and a sense of accountability attained by carrying out a certain action in the norm activation model. The actual expected behavior drawn from personal norms in the context of pro-environmental behavior with emotions that mediate flight shaming attitudes is love and respect for nature. Groot and Singh (2009) reported the mediating role of NAM and, according to this theory, the awareness of consequences, that is, high-carbon emissions in our study context, influences personal norms through endorsed responsibility with a pro-environmental attitude (Onwezen et al., 2013). An individual, if aware of the consequences, will behave in an environmentally friendly way to support the environment. Groot & Steg (2009) claim that personal norms are influenced by the sentiment of responsibility, which in turn influences individual behavior. In conclusion, NAM asserts that behavior comes from an individual's awareness of the negative effects of environmentally destructive behavior, followed by the development of a sense of responsibility for those negative consequences, which in turn increases an individual's intentions to act in a pro-social manner (Figure 1). Since the environment is a similar form of prosocial and altruistic behavior, the norm-activation model, which explains altruistic and proenvironmental behavior, serves as the foundation for the flight-shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train passengers. This is because the passengers' personal interests require them to travel for their flight (Schwartz, 1977; Stern, 2000). Additionally, according to the NAM, a person's pro-environmental behavior is evaluated on the basis of how much personal responsibility they have for it, which is represented in their personal norm. When someone is aware of the issues brought on by a certain behavior—in our case, flying—they then reflect on how they may have contributed to those issues and whether they can do anything to lessen them. Asquith (2020) examines Greta Thunberg's role in popularizing flight shame in Europe, highlighting its social and environmental impact, and how her decision to sail instead of flying has sparked a cultural shift. Aasen (2022) highlighted the ineffectiveness of climate-related norms in reducing leisure air travel, highlighting the need for systemic and policy-level interventions to promote sustainable travel practices. In a study the author explored s air travel attitudes, revealing that travelers prioritize personal benefits over environmental considerations, emphasizing the need for tailored messaging and policies (Cocolas et al., (2020). Chiambaretto et al., (2021) investigated the origins of flight shame by examining how travelers limited knowhow of aviation’s environmental impact influences its development. The study highlighted the significant knowledge gap in relation to carbon emissions of air travel compared to other modes of transport that fosters social movement against frequent flying. Mkono (2020) examines the link between eco-anxiety and flight-shaming, highlighting the impact on tourism and the industry's need to adapt to changing consumer attitudes. Gössling et al. (2020) explore the impact of flight shame on social norms in Germany, highlighting a growing societal shift towards environmental awareness and reduced frequent air travel. Flaherty and Holmes (2020) investigate how the flight-shaming movement may affect the future of air travel. The research examines how environmental worries and social pressures may change travel behaviors, leading more people to choose sustainable option. Additionally, it examines how the aviation sector has reacted to these changes in consumer attitudes—by investing in more environmentally friendly technologies. Mkono (2022) investigate d the ways in which people counteract the burdens of flight shame through conversations on Reddit. It pinpoints shared rationalizations for air travel, such as practical needs and emotional ties, underscoring the conflict between ecological consciousness and individual priorities. The results offer an understanding of the influence social narratives have on resistance to sustainable behaviours. Doran et al. (2022) explored psychological triggers and situational factors causing flight shame, highlighting environmental impact, social norms, and personal values, and identifying demographic and cultural variations. Hares et al.'s 2010 study explores how climate change awareness influences UK tourists' air travel decisions, finding that environmental concerns often don't lead to reduced travel due to convenience and perceived necessity. The concept of flygskam (flight shame), a social movement that urges individuals to reflect on the environmental effects of air travel, is explained by the BBC (2019). Sailing rather than flying, climate change activist Greta Thunberg has helped draw public attention to the issue by opting for sustainable travel choices. The article examines the rise of flygskam as a reaction to increasing environmental worries linked to aviation. Patel (2020) explores the flygskam movement, highlighting its origins and potential long-term impact on aviation industry, evaluating its potential to influence systemic changes. Baladrón et al. (2019) explore the ideologies behind the flight-shaming movement, examining its cultural, social, and environmental implications, and the challenges in changing public attitudes towards sustainable travel. Andersen's (2024) study explores Norwegian public debate on flight shame, focusing on social and cultural factors influencing acceptance, and the complex emotions surrounding flying, particularly in a country with high environmental awareness. The basis of the study The travelers of semi-high speed Vande Bharat electric trains to Tirupati from Chennai and Hyderabad form the basis for this empirical research. More than 90% of the travelers who travel on these train visit Triumala, a hill top which is a green and environmental friendly zone, where no plastic and even the material which harms the hill-top is allowed. Tirumala, home to the Sri Venkateswara Temple, strictly prohibits smoking in public places, temples, and surrounding areas, with penalties for violators. Visitors are expected to respect religious sanctity. The authors studied the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers. Tirupati Tirupati, a major city in Andhra Pradesh, is a significant pilgrimage center known for its proximity to the world-renowned Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. Tirupati, located in southern Andhra Pradesh, is 20 kilometers from the Venkateswara Temple at Tirumala, 150 km from Chennai, 250 km from Bangalore and about 600 km from Hyderabad Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, a globally visited and richly-dedicated shrine dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, attracts millions of pilgrims annually, making Tirupati a significant religious tourism hub. Tirumala hilltop Every year, Tirumala, which houses the renowned Venkateswara Temple in Andhra Pradesh, India, draws millions of visitors. The temple attracts an average of approximately 50,000 to 100,000 visitors each day. During peak seasons and special events like festivals, the number can increase dramatically, surpassing 200,000 visitors in a single day. With a steady stream of devotees seeking blessings, the temple ranks among the most frequented pilgrimage sites globally. Air and train connectivity Tirupati is connected well to Tirupati airport and Tirupati Railway Station. Around 30 flights across India and more than 30 trains including 2 Vande Bharat trains run to on daily basis to Tirupati from Chennai and Hyderabad The authors wish to examine the characteristics reflecting environmental awareness and commitment to environmental concern of Vande Bharat Electric train travelers sustainable tourism, as India is inching towards a net-zero carbon emission from railways by 2030. The travelers include Gen Z and Millennials and other groups who actively embrace pro-environmental behavior and principles and are forefront in participating wide range of activities (Prayag et al., 2022). The passion for climate activism is evident from the organizations of environment runs and campaigns of these generations are well-documented (Seyfi et al., 2023). A large group of Gen Z and Millennials practice eco-friendly and ethical principles with environmental friendly behavior (Mckinsey, 2023). Gen Z and Millennials actively associated with the movement of renewable energy sources for clean energy initiatives and developing alternate energy sources (Gomes et al., 2023). Dissecting the environmentally responsible travel behavior and emotions, their love for nature, among these travelers is crucial for a positive change. The hypotheses developed includes flight shame, climate change, environmental concern, love for nature and environmentally conscious consumer behavior. The authors followed the model of Mandic et al., (2023) who investigated the flight shame movement in the context of environmental travel behavior in Eastern Society. The authors followed the Norm activation model (NAM) and environmentally responsible travel behavior. The NAM offers a conceptual framework for dissecting the environmentally responsible travel behavior, consequences and personal norms (Han 2014). The travel specific behavior was influenced by awareness and consequences (De Greet & Steg, 2009). The NAM extensively applied to study organizational citizenship and altruist behaviors in the context of sustainable tourism (Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021). This empirical research investigated love and nature as pathway on the relationship between environmental concern and flight shaming; and environmental concern and environmental conscious consumer behavior (Han,2014). However, the pro-environmental behavior varies across the nations based on the contexts (Juvan & Dolnicar, 2017; Li & Wu, 2020; Xu et al., 2020). This research mostly focuses on Asian societies in the Indian context to provide more empirical evidence (Alzubaidi et al.,2021). The study explores environmentally responsible travel behavior in India, focusing on Vande Bharat Electrial train travelers' flight shame movement. The study also investigates the interrelationships among the constructs flight shame, environmental concern, environmental conscious consumer behavior, respect for nature, environmental self-assets, love for nature, a higher order construct with three sub-dimensions passion for nature, intimacy with nature and commitment to nature. Hypotheses Environmental concern The environmental concerns include an assessment and perspective regarding one’s own actions as well as those of others that have environmental ramifications (Fransson & Gorling, 1999). Coelho et al., (2017) reported the positive relationship with environmental concern and travel behaviors. Chiambaretto et al., (2021) investigated the knowledge of travelers in the context of air transport. Furthermore, the authors emphasized the consequences of flight shame. The environmental concerns also attached with love for nature and respect for nature (Wu & Zhu, 2021). Flight shame attitudes impacts on social norms and related with strong awareness of air travel implications (Gossling et. al., 2020). Environmental concerns significantly influence environmentally conscious behavior, but it's unclear whether awareness of environmental issues influences emotional and ethical affinity towards nature, ultimately driving more environmentally conscious behavior. Thus, hypotheses are presented to further explore the correlations. H1:The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior H2: The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on flight shame H3: The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on love for nature H4:The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on respect for nature Environmental self-assets Environmental self-assets are self-evaluations of one's ability to address environmental issues. This construct was taken from Sonenshein et al.'s (2014) theory, which suggests that environmentally aware individuals tend to evaluate themselves positively about having assets and negatively about questioning their performance. Environmental self-assets represent a customer's worth, expertise, and knowledge resources, reflecting their familiarity with ecological issues and their corresponding behavior (Sarri et al., 2020). Environmental knowledge has direct effect on environmentally responsible travel behavior (Cologna et al., 2020). Environmental self-assessment can explain flight shame as it reflects a traveler's awareness and knowledge of ecological concerns, which is then translated into specific conduct (Saari et al., 2020). Environmental self-assets, which include a consumer's value, experience, and knowledge assets, are hypothesized to significantly influence respect and love for nature (Martin & Czeliar, 2017). The literature review suggests the following hypotheses based on the provided information. H5: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior H6: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on flight shame H7: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on love for nature H8: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on respect for nature Love for nature and respect for nature Mandic et al.,(2023) comprehended the love for nature and respect for nature in the context of flight shame. Understanding the affective aspects of human-nature relationships is crucial, as internalized motivations like love, awe, wonder, and respect significantly influence pro-environmental behavior (Schmuck and Schultz, 2002). The constructs love for nature reflects sentimental attachment to the nature which is a romantic attitude towards nature or a preference for environmentally responsible behavior is a significant aspect of human behavior (Kals and Maes, 2002). Most measures of the human-nature relationship, such as connectedness to nature or inclusion in oneself, focus on cognitive aspects, neglecting the emotional aspect. The lack of understanding of emotions as psychological factors affecting ENVRB is significantly impacted by these deficiencies (Schmuck & Schulz, 2002). Love for nature and respect for nature can influence negative emotions like flight shame, as individuals with higher love and respect for nature are more likely to engage in harmful environmental behavior (Chiambaretto et al., 2021). Thus the following hypotheses were formulated H9: Love for nature has a positive and statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior H10: Love for nature has a positive and statistically significant impact on flight shame H11: Respect for nature has a positive effect on flight shame H12: Respect for nature has a positive and statistically significant effect on ENVRB Flight shame Flight shame, a term coined in 2017 by Sweeden, refers to a feeling of climate guilt towards air transportation, urging people to reduce carbon emissions (Gossling et al., 2019). This concept relies on the premise that many air travels are actually non-essential or could be achieved through modes of transport that are less harmful to the environment (Chiambaretto et al., 2021). Flight shame is a detrimental concept akin to guilt that may impact travel behavior aligned with environmental responsibility (Wang and Wu, 2016). Thus the following hypothesis is formulated H13: Flight shame has a positive and statistically significantly impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior. Mediating effects of love for nature Studies indicate that a love and appreciation for nature are crucial in converting personal environmental concerns, values, experiences, and knowledge (environmental self-assets) into ENVRB (Helm et al., 2018; Saari et al., 2021). According to Wu and Zhu (2021), emotional affinity (such as love) for nature activates personal values, establishing a basis for and directing ENVRB. Mandic et al., (2023) reported the mediating effect of love for nature on the relationship between environmental concern and environmentally responsible travel behavior. This study opined that love for nature will mediate the relationship between environmental concern and flight shame. Therefore, the following hypotheses are formulated H14: Love for nature mediates the relationship between environmental concern and environmentally responsible travel behavior H15: Love for nature mediates the relationship between environmental concern and flight shame Figure 2 presents the visual representation of the hypotheses being tested. Research methodology Data collection Authors followed a cross-sectional quantitative research. Our research is focused on the travelers of Vande Bharat Electric train to Tirupati. Thus, the travelers from Chennai, Hyderabad to Tirupati are surveyed. The data were collected from the travelers with different education, employment and from diverse cultural backgrounds to have representativeness in the sample. The data were collected during September 2023-August 2024, to reach target population and who have travelled both in flight and electric train. The data were collected by authors meeting Vande Bharat Electric train travelers from both the Chennai and Hyderabad cities, during weekends as the trains run with full occupancy. The questionnaire link was shared on email and Whatsapp to the respondents who are the travelers to Tirupati from Chennai and Hyderabad Metros. A total of 542 responses were received, however only 500 responses were considered for data analysis 42 were discarded because of incompleteness and issues of respondents’ misbehavior. The demography of the study sample presented in Table 1. Table 1. The samples’ socio demographic characteristics Item N Percent Gender Male 298 59.6 Female 202 40.4 Income level (Annual) In Indian Rupees Up to 6 lakhs 200 40.0 Between 6 lakhs to 10 lakhs 175 35.0 10 lakhs to 15 lakhs 75 15.0 15 lakhs to 25 lakhs 25 5.0 25 lakhs and more 25 7 Age group (Years) 20-30 225 45.0 31-40 175 35.0 41-50 50 10.0 >50 50 10.0 Education Graduate Post Graduate Doctorate Others 176 199 50 75 35.2 39.8 10.0 15.0 Nativity Urban Rural Town 250 125 125 50.0 25.0 25.0 Have you ever travelled by flight Yes No How many times you have Travelled by flight 400 100 75.0 25.0 One time 3 to 5 times 6 to 8 times 8 to times More than 10 times The reasons for your travel Pilgrimage Vacation Business Leisure Others 125 100 100 75 100 50 150 150 75 75 25.0 20.0 20.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 30.0 30.0 15.0 15.0 Source: Primary data processed Determination and justification of sample size As the number of Vande Bharat electric travelers to Tirupati are unknown, the authors applied the Cochran (1977) formula for sample size determination and the required sample size is 386. Another school of thought was the sample size proposed by Gaskin (2023) 50+5x, where 50 is constant x is the number of items/questions in the study. The total number of items are 30, so the required sample size is (50+30*5 =200). The sample size selected for this study was 500, which is greater than the sample size required for SEM studies. Furthermore, the sample size used is greater than what Wolf et al. (2013) suggested for SEM analysis. Sample size requirements for SEM analysis were determined by the authors using Monte Carlo data simulation techniques. To justify the sample size, the authors conducted a power analysis. Power analysis Using SPSS version 29, a power analysis was conducted to evaluate the sample power used in the study. (Faul et al., 2007). With an α of .05, and the SD of the sample was 1.2. strong and significant The results show that 0.995 is the actual power value for a sample size of 500 and an effect size of 0.8, indicating that the relationships among the variables were (Figure 3). The sample size of N = 500 is therefore more than sufficient for testing the hypotheses of the study (Kyriazos, 2018; Goulet-Pelletier, & Cousineau, 2018). Measures The data were collected via a structured instrument to measure environmentally responsible travel behavior of Vande Bharat Electric Rail travelers. Eight reflective constructs flight shame, environmental concern, environmental conscious consumer behavior, respect for nature, environmental self-assets, love for nature were measured. The love for nature construct modeled as higher-order construct with three sub-dimensions passion for nature, intimacy with nature, and commitment to nature. The final instrument has six-dimensions. A pretest was conducted with 80 responses on a 34 item questionnaire, however, 4 items from environmentally responsible travel behavior (ENVRB) were dropped as they are not loaded well as their factor loadings are <0.50. The questionnaires were adopted from previous studies Environmental concern, four items (Goh and Balaji, 2016; Heo and Muralidharan, 2020); environmental self-assets (Saari et al., 2020); 9 items for love for nature, 3 each for the constructs – passion for nature, intimacy with nature and commitment to nature (Dong et al 2020), respect for nature, 4 items (Saari et al., 2020), environmentally responsible travel behavior, 5 items (Heo and Muralidharan, 2019) and Sharma and Paco, 2021) and flight shame, 4 items (Gossling et al., 2020). The items were assessed using a 7-point Likert-type scale, with 1 indicating \"strongly disagree\" and 7 indicating \"strongly agree”. The factor loadings of study variables presented in Table 2. Table 2. Measurement model assessment Construct Items Loading Cronbach’s alpha CR AVE Intimacy with nature INWN1 0.89 0.948 0.949 0.787 INWN2 0.92 INWN3 0.87 INWN4 0.88 INWN5 0.87 Environmentally responsible travel behavior ENVRB1 0.83 0.911 0.913 0.679 ENVRB2 0.87 ENVRB3 0.86 ENVRB4 0.79 ENVRB5 0.76 Environmental concern EC1 0.92 0.945 0.946 0.815 EC2 0.88 EC3 0.93 EC4 0.89 Flight shame FLS1 0.88 0.920 0.921 0.744 FLS2 0.85 FLS3 0.89 FLS4 0.85 Respect for nature RESP1 0.89 0.895 0.900 0.751 RESP2 0.89 RESP3 0.82 Environmental self-assets ENSA1 0.77 0.866 0.875 0.700 ENSA2 0.86 ENSA3 0.88 Commitment to nature CON1 0.77 0.849 0.853 0.660 CON2 0.80 CON3 0.87 Passion for nature PAS1 0.89 0.911 0.911 0.773 PAS2 0.86 PAS3 0.89 “Source: Primary data processed Data analysis The analysis of research model and its hypotheses testing leveraged IBM-SPSS AMOS 28 version which is ideal for intricate, evolving, and investigative study aiming to reveal the most extent of variation in the dependent variables (Hair et al., 2019). Further this approach was selected due to its robustness for modeling complex relationships. The dataset generated, which consists of 500 observations, surpassed the minimum threshold of 10 times the maximum number of structural paths directed at any latent construct within the research model (Hair et al., 2019). The parameters was estimated using AMOS 28 version iterative algorithm and bootstrapping with 5000 samples was employed to determined significant paths. A two-stage AMOS method of analysis implemented. Initially, evaluation was conducted to assess the reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validly of the measurement model. Following the assessment of the structural model and path coefficients, formal hypotheses were subsequently examined. Validating higher-order construct love for nature This study has a total six said constructs and the construct love for nature has three sub-dimensions intimacy with nature, commitment to nature and a passion for nature. Before proceeding further analysis it essential to validate this higher-construct love for nature. The validation of the higher-order constructs was performed, while the lower-order constructs evaluated reliability, validity, and model fit. Initially, the outer loadings for each variable are computed, with all resulting values exceeding 0.7 (intimacy with nature 0.774, commitment to nature 0.787and a passion for nature 0.799). Ullah et al. (2023) propose that reflective higher-order constructs can be measured by investigating multi-collinearity issues in the reflective tolerance value of independent variables, where tolerance values are greater than 0.20. The eigenvalues of the independent variables are not close to zero, and their variance inflation factors (VIF values) are below the threshold limit of 4. The investigation revealed no multi-collinearity concerns, since the condition index values for all independent variables are under 15. This finding led to additional analysis. Common method variance Self-report questionnaires may cause common method variance (CMV) when used to collect data from the same individuals (Spector, 2023). The CMV represents a large fraction of the variation explained by a single factor (Iverson & Maguire, 2000). Harman’s single-factor test was used to determine CMV’s statistical significance in the dataset. To determine the CMV, we combined all 30 components from the 8 constructs into a single factor after several iterations. However, this factor contributed 20.9% of the overall variance, indicating that our dataset was not influenced by common method bias (Erum et al., 2020). Results and findings Measurement model assessment In assessing the measurement model, three essential criteria were highlighted: internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. As indicted in Table 2 all constructs were reliable as the respective Chronbach’s alpha and CR values exceeding the threshold of 0.70 (Hair et al., 2012). All the constructs items factor loadings are > 0.70, average factor loadings are >0.7. The Average variance extracted (AVE) values for all the constructs are greater than the bench mark value of 0.5 (Hair et al., 2019) revealing satisfactory convergent validity. Furthermore, the discriminant validity of the first-order constructs were assed using heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT, Henseler 2015) ratio and the criterion of Fornell and Larcker (1981). The HTMT values are less <0.9 for all the constructs and the square root of for each construct, the AVE exceeded the correlation with any other latent variable among all constructs (Table 3, and Table 4). The second order construct love for nature were assessed for their measurement model, and the results are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4. The model fit statistics “CMIN/df 1.842, CFI 0.974, NFI 0.945, IFI 0.974, TLI 0.970, SRMR 0.032, RMSEA 0.041 and PClose” 0.999 indicate model fit the data well. Table 3: “Discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker Criterion)” ENVRB EC FLSH RESP ENSA LON ENVRB 0.824 EC 0.388*** 0.903 FLSH 0.342*** 0.265*** 0.863 RESP 0.299*** 0.402*** 0.236*** 0.867 ENSA 0.350*** 0.424*** 0.258*** 0.378*** 0.837 LON 0.493*** 0.456*** 0.425*** 0.325*** 0.672*** 0.879 Primary data processed ENVRB: Environmentally responsible travel behavior; EC: environmental concern; FLSH: flight sham; RESP: Respect for nature; ENSA: environmental self-assets; LON: Love for nture Table 4: Discriminant validity (HTMT ratio) ENVRB EC FLSH RESP ENSA LON ENVRB EC 0.370 FLSH 0.319 0.242 RESP 0.276 0.374 0.216 ENSA 0.324 0.389 0.232 0.361 LON 0.457 0.423 0.394 0.294 0.592 Primary data processed ENVRB: Environmentally responsible travel behavior; EC: environmental concern; FLSH: flight sham; RESP: Respect for nature; ENSA: environmental self-assets; LON: Love for nature Structural model assessment The model fit and predictor ability in the study were assessed using coefficients of determination, squared multiple correlation (SMC) coefficient of determination (R2), and predictive relevance (Q2). The R2 values for the endogenous variables in the model were considered acceptable (ranging from 0.327 to 0.373), indicating that the model exhibited a satisfactory level of predictive accuracy (Albers, 2009). In addition, the Q2 values for the endogenous variable calculated by means of the blindfolding method were higher than 0, indicating a good predictive capability (Table 5, Hair et al., 2019) Table 5. Structural model assessment Constructs R2 Q2 Respect to nature 0.22 0.192 Flight shame 0.29 0.152 Love for nature 0.68 0.432 Environmentally responsible travel behavior 0.50 0.264 Testing of hypotheses The bootstrapping algorithm in AMOS 28 version software was used to choose a resampling of 5000 for analyzing the model's path testing results. The results of hypotheses are found in Table 6 and Figure 4. Results of structural equation model analysis (Table 6) in this study supported ten hypotheses out of 13 hypotheses tested. The hypotheses 1 indicate environmental concern is statistically significant (ß=0.240, p<0.001) and influencing the environmentally responsible behavior of Vande Bharat Electric train travelers supporting H1, whereas environmental concern is negatively and not statistically significant (H2 is not supported). Our outcome concur the studies of Mandic et al., (2023). Similarly, environmental concern is positively influencing the love for nature (ß=0.227, p<0.01) respect for nature (ß=0337, p<0.001) supporting the H3 and H4. The results are in lne with the authors findings (Mkono and Hughes, 2020; Mandic et al, 2023) Furthermore. the influence of environmental self-assets on environmentally responsible travel behavior (ß=0.346. p<0.01), love for natue (ß 0.550, p<0.01), and respect for nature (0.391, p<0.001) is positive and statistically significant supporting H5, H7, H8. The previous studies by Saari et al., (2020), Mandic et al., (2023), and Sonenshein et al., (2014) reported the similar outcomes in their studies. Similarly love for nature is having a positive and statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior (ß=0.898, p<0.001) and flight shame (ß=0.978, p<0.01) of Vande Bharat Electrical Train travelers. Love for nature is effects are substantial and stronger predictor these relationships (Mandic et al., 2023). On the other hand respect for nature is having positive and insignificant relationship with the flight shame , where as its relationship with environmentally responsible travel behavior is positive and statistically significant (ß=0.144,p<0.001) concurring the findings of Mandic et al., (2023). Supporting H12. The impact of flight shame on environmentally responsible travel behavior is positive and significant supporting (Table 4) Table 6. Testing of hypotheses Relationship ß SE t-value p-value Decision H1: Environmental Concern → ENVRB .240 .052 4.615 <0.001 Supported H2: Environmental Concern → Flight Shame -.077 .065 -1.180 .238 Not supported H3: Environmental Concern → Love for nature .227 .032 7.136 <0.001 Supported H4: Environmental Concern → Respect for nature .337 .057 5.866 <0.001 Supported H5: Environmental self-assets → ENVRB .346 .096 3.602 <0.001 Supported H6: Environmental self-assets → Flight shame -.327 .114 -2.871 .004 Not Supported H7: Environmental self-assets → Love for nature .500 .050 10.029 <0.001 Supported H8: Environmental self-assets → Respect for nature .391 .076 5.154 <0.001 Supported H9: Love for nature → ENVRB .898 .162 5.443 <0.001 Supported H10: Love for nature → Flight shame .978 .180 5.433 <0.001 Supported H11: Respect for nature → Flight shame .064 .043 1.476 .140 Not Supported H12: Respect for nature → ENVRB .144 .031 4.645 <0.001 Supported H13: Flight shame → ENVRM .236 .055 4.290 <0.001 Supported Mediation results The mediating role of love for nature was also examined in this empirical research. Nature love was a partial mediator in the connection between environmental concern and flight shame, with both direct and indirect effects showing statistical significance. Likewise, nature love was a complete mediator of the connection between environmental concern and travel behavior that is environmentally responsible. Table 7 presents the mediation results (Figure 5,6) Table 7. Results of mediation analysis Relationship ß t-value p-value CI-bias corrected Decision H14: Environmental concern → Love for nature → Flight Shame 0.332 3.832 0.001 [0.253, 0.438] Partial mediation H15: Environmental concern → Love for nature → ENVRB 0.315 4.382 0.001 [0.231, 0.431] Full Mediation Discussion This empirical research tried to answer three research questions on the attitudes flight shaming behavior of Vande Bharat Electric Train travelers in Indian context. The research attempted to assess the impact of environmental concern on environmentally responsible travel behaviors of Vande Bharat travelers. The study also investigated the emotional constructs like love and respect for nature shaping the travel behavior of Vande Bharat travelers. The reason for surveying the Vande Bharat travelers in this empirical research is, this semi high-speed train carbon emissions are less compared to other road vehicles and planes. This also fulfills the objective of environmental concerns and environmentally responsible travel behavior of the study. It is the evident from the mediation results of structural equation modeling that love for nature is a potential mediator for predicting relationships. The research improves our understanding of the determinants of environmentally conscious travel behavior, highlighting the importance of emotional ties and social expectations in fostering sustainable tourism. Vande Bharat Electric Train Travelers inclination towards environmentally responsible travel behavior. Previous research has shown a robust connection among environmental self-assets, environmental concerns, and ENVRB, suggesting that an individual's understanding of the environmental impact affects their behavior (Dong et al., 2020 , Mandic et al., 2023; Saaro et al., 2020). The study mainly concentrated the two South Indian states Tamil Nadu and Telangana as most of the travelers to travel using Vande Bharat Electric train to reach Tirupati on the way to Trirumala. Most of the findings of our study concur with the previous researchers’ findings in the context of environmentally responsible travel behavior, environmental concern, respect for nature and environmental self-assets. The study demonstrates that Vande Bharat Electric train travelers' awareness of environmental impacts can influence their behavior, emphasizing the importance of educational and awareness-raising initiatives. Cultural and psychological barriers hinder environmentally conscious behavior adoption in emerging economies, necessitating the development of sustainable tourism policies that are tailored to specific contexts and diverse demographics. Understanding the factors influencing environmentally conscious behavior among this demographics can help tourism stakeholders and politicians develop targeted campaigns and initiatives. This study emphasizes the necessity of innovative strategies for promoting sustainable tourism in diverse cultural and demographic settings. The constructs of love and respect for nature have a psychological impact on individual travel behaviors (Saari et al., 2020; Lin et al,, 2022). Concerning these two constructs, the emotional and ethical affinity for nature mediates the connection between environmental awareness and ENVRB, which lacks sufficient empirical evidence. Our outcome compliments the previous authors findings and provide new insights into further similar researches. Our results suggest that environmental concern is the strong predictor of love and respect for nature. The hypotheses to study the impact of love for nature on ENVRB and flight shame are supported. To promote environmentally conscious behavior among tourists and link environmental awareness with action, it is essential to cultivate emotional affinity; it ought to act as a predictor of ENVRB. Sustainable tourism initiatives should prioritize the development of emotional connections between tourists and the environment over a reliance solely on duty or morality. It is important that these initiatives consider the intricate psychological factors that affect environmentally conscious behavior. This study's outcome underscores that a love and respect for nature is vital to sustainable tourism's success. The past researchers emphasized the consequences of specific individual behaviors in the context of environmental concerns in relation to flight shame (Chiambaretto et l., 2021; Mkono et al., 2020). LNA, which is based on value orientations and emotional affection, could mediate the transition from environmental concerns to ENVRB; however, this hypothesis lacks empirical evidence. By emphasizing emotional factors such as love and respect for nature, programs that promote environmental self-assets among tourists can help reduce flight shame and encourage sustainable tourism behavior. Our study shows the significance of improving environmental self-assets, love, and respect for nature in developing flight behavior and sustainable tourism practices, which aligns with the findings of Mandic et al., (2023). Theoretical contributions This empirical study compliments the available literature providing new avenues on environmentally responsible travel behavior of Vande Bharat Electric trail travelers in Indian context. The outcome ratifies the previous researchers findings and establishes a strong relation among environmental concern, love and respect for nature and ENVRB. Emotional elements such as love and respect for nature can help close the divide between environmental knowledge and suggest that sustainable tourism should promote deep pro-environmental attitudes among the tourists and environment. Our study underscores the significance of emotional factors in sustainable tourism, proposing that tackling these factors and the specific challenges posed by various demographic segments is essential for promoting ENVRB. Our research contributes to the comprehension of sustainable tourism promotion across various cultural and demographic contexts, highlights the need for innovative methods to engage younger generations, and provides insights for targeted strategies in sustainable tourism initiatives. Practical implications The research emphasizes that sustainable tourism initiatives for Vande Bharat travelers in India must be customized to fit their specific cultural context and values, highlighting the necessity of comprehending their social norms. It is essential to educate and raise awareness in order to foster environmentally conscious behavior among tourists, particularly those belonging to Gen Z and Millennials. It is crucial to adapt sustainable tourism initiatives to fit the cultural contexts and demographics. Strategies should promote well-informed choices regarding environmental impact, carbon emissions offsetting, and the adoption of innovative methods such as new technologies and community collaboration. Flight shame significantly predicts pro-environmental behavior, suggesting policymakers, tourism stakeholders, and educators should implement programs to help tourists develop a greater sense of environmental self-assets. Responsible travel campaigns, storytelling, design thinking workshops, and volunteering can foster a stronger connection with nature and promote environmental stewardship among travelers. Tourist-environment connections can be strengthened through emotional appeals and messaging, fostering sustainable tourism and helping to reduce environmental impacts. Storytelling campaigns that incorporate visuals, narratives, and personal anecdotes can inspire awe, wonder, and appreciation for nature. Travelers are encouraged to commit to minimizing their environmental impact while traveling by sustainable tourism platforms, which cultivate a sense of responsibility and community through potent symbols and slogans. Future directions Future research should explore effective educational and awareness-raising strategies for promoting sustainable tourism behavior among different demographics, including younger generations. The study emphasizes the need to analyze cultural and psychological barriers that may hinder the adoption of environmentally conscious practices in emerging economies. To diminish flight shame and promote profound bonds between tourists and the environment, it is important to examine emotional factors like love and respect for nature. It would also be possible to determine innovative methods for fostering sustainable tourism in a variety of cultural and demographic settings. Researchers can contribute to policy decisions aimed at securing the tourism industry's sustainability over the long term by examining these subjects. The authors suggest similar studies with more data from more states of India with diverse cultural, educational and income backgrounds and be useful to dissect flight shame. Limitations Though our study complements the existing literature the study is limited to the Vande Bharat Electric Train travelers from Indian Metros of Chennai and Hyderabad as the research totally focused on the electric train travelers. The self-reported data can be subject to biases. While the study employed a cross-sectional design, future research could benefit from longitudinal or experimental designs to establish more robust causal relationships, as well as probability sampling for a more comprehensive analysis. The research focused on individual-level influences on environmentally conscious behaviour, that to travelers of Vande Bharat Electric train, overlooking external factors such as policy frameworks, infrastructure, and industry practices. To gain a better understanding of sustainable tourism behavior, future research should tackle these limitations. Declarations Data availability Data is available public platform figshare. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Funding This study is the authors’ independent research without institutional help or financial assistance. Ethical approval Ethical review and approval were exempted vide Letter No IRC/02/2024 from The Secretary, Institute Research Committee, dated 25 April 2024. The study was conducted in accordance with Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013, and the authors followed the following steps: · Informed consent from participants · The purpose of the survey is clearly explained. · The participants were fully informed about the purpose of the survey. They clearly understand how their data would be used and the extent of their involvement. This allowed the participants to agree and voluntarily participate and provide honest feedback. Informed consent Participants provided written informed consent for a survey, which was conducted online. The study's background, purpose, proposed activities, benefits, risks, discomfort, and confidentiality of records were explained, along with any potential discomfort or inconveniences. Participants were informed about the research's aim, anonymity of data, and consent was obtained. Participation was voluntary, without compensation, and participants were free to withdraw at any time. 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Journal of Cleaner Production, 126, 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.119 Wang, S., Ji, C., He, H., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2021). Tourists’ waste reduction behavioral intentions at tourist destinations: An integrative research framework. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 25, 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.010 Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety. Educational and psychological measurement, 73(6), 913-934. Wu, L., & Zhu, Y. (2021). How love of nature promotes green consumer behaviors: The mediating role of biospheric values, ecological worldview, and personal norms. PsyCh Journal, 10(3), 402–414. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.430 Xu, F., Huang, L., & Whitmarsh, L. (2020). Home and away: Cross-contextual consistency in tourists’ pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1443–1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1741596 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Flightshamingdatafinal.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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electric train travelers, a Norm Activation Model Perspective\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn the recent decades rapid growth of air travel has raised significant environmental concerns, particularly regarding carbon emissions. The IATA predicts a doubled demand for air travel by 2040, exacerbated by the increasing environmental challenges posed by aviation in meeting global climate goals. Aviation contributes 2-3% of global CO2 emissions, with emissions exceeding cars, trains, or buses. It\\u0026apos;s energy-intensive and releases greenhouse gases directly into the upper atmosphere. The environmental challenges posed by aviation are gaining increased scrutiny as governments and organizations strive to meet international climate goals.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe environmental issues associated with aviation have sparked a growing movement to reconsider our dependence on air travel.\\u0026nbsp;Of late, there emerged a campaign known as flight shame, which began in Sweden because of increased\\u0026nbsp;recognition of the effects of air transport\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eon the environment. The term \\u0026quot;flygskam,\\u0026quot; or \\u0026quot;flight shame,\\u0026quot; emerged in Sweden in 2017 to describe the psychological guilt individuals experience when considering the environmental costs of air travel. This social movement calls on people to avoid flying, either through taking the train or using a bus instead. The synthesis of this movement with the behavioral and emotional dispositions of in general and Generation Z \\u0026ndash; defined as those born between about 1997 and 2012, and Millennials \\u0026ndash; especially Indian respondents, is still an uncharted sphere of research. Flight shame movement: Gen Z and Millennials are assumed to be more sensitive to environment and heavily charged emotionally about the climate than previous generations. The growing awareness of the environmental impact of flying, particularly carbon emissions, has led to a movement of individuals and organizations questioning the convenience of flying and seeking sustainable alternatives.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThe Rise of Flight Shame: Global and Indian Context\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe anti-flight movement became quite popular in the European continent, thanks to climate activist Greta Thunberg. The movement therefore recommends cutting down on air travel to fight impacts of high carbon emission particularly from flying. The impacts of air travel that accounts for a considerable portion of global emissions are currently detrimental to the environment as deciphered below (G\\u0026ouml;ssling et al., 2019).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAir travel has become affordable in India since the rise of aviation industry and the new generation low-cost airlines. This has taken its toll as the number of flies within domestic and international airlines, in turn increasing on the emission of carbon. Yet, people fail to assess the environmental influence of air travel in India and the flight shame phenomenon did not gain much attention in the country as is the case in Western states (Gupta, 2020). Nevertheless, thanks to the increase in environmental concerns globally and the younger generation in particular, there is increasing likelihood of the movement making sense in India.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePerception of Gen Z and Millennials towards environment\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe current generation, the generation of the climate change, the generation raised on social media and environmentally conscious, has been the most vocal about sustainable living. Research indicates that Gen Z values environmental matters more than other generations in the market, including travel markets (Brough et al., 2016). The increasing concern of climate change consequences for the further generations has become a motivation for changing values in this respect (Prentice et al., 2020).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTrials have shown that people \\u0026lsquo;s affect towards environmental problems such as guilt, concern, and obligation significantly affect intended sustainable behavior (Kasser et al., 2018). For Gen Z, whose concern for the natural environment is tied up in their own existence and ways of being, air travel is a catch-22. It is seen as being a sign of civilization, international connection, and growth on the one hand, then again, it stays for being one of the biggest offenders of the environment.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eClimate change is slowly but gradually gaining consciousness in people of India and more so in the populated group of the young generation, though elders are forefront in supporting Gen Z and Millennials. But although long-distance transport is at the heart of flight-shaming, the economic split and general use of air travel as the main mode of passing distance make the changes more challenging. The growth in the economy of India and the implementation of the modern standard of living differentials are said to be effective contributing factors to an enhancing demand for flights (Singh et al., 2019). Nevertheless, younger generations of Indians prove to be more sensitive to the problem of environmental degradation in the sense that if given an option with sustainable products, the youth of India are willing to opt for a greener solution (Bhatt et al., 2021).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAssessing biospheric values of people and their travel behaviour\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIt is important to understand that biospheric values being related to the willingness to put environmental concerns at a higher priority than self or social concern and is related highly to pro-environmental action. As postulated by previous research, biospheric values are associated with fewer environmental impacts for example, flying less frequently (Steg et al., 2014). Analysing the biospheric value results in the Indian context, the subject group which is the younger generation with more education and foreign exposure with greater awareness of the go green movements across the world does exhibit higher scores.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWhen it comes to the flight shame as a lifestyle choice for the Gen Z and Millennials in India, their biospheric values throw light on the emotional attitude towards the environmental concerns including love and respect for nature (Mandic et al., 2023). Yet, Verma and Das (2022) pointed out that the values could be moderate by socio-economic factors including income level, access to other modes of transport and availability of affordable efficient means of transport. Therefore, whereas biospheric values may be congruent with environmentalism, operational realities may limit mobility in a way that conflicts with the concepts of flight shame.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEmotions and environmental behaviors\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe interest of the current paper is the fact that the flight shame movement is based on the emotional appeal to all age group travels in general and Generation Z and Millennials in particular; emotions such as guilt, shame, and fear are crucial for the formation of behavior geared towards saving the environment. Earlier study (Kasser et al., 2018) confirms that guilt elicited regarding environmental damage can cause consumers to act conscientiously and curtail their consumption. This feeling that one is worsening the climate contributes to such an actions and thinking of the Indians, refraining from air travel is a sustainable behavior.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHowever, in India, the emotional response is a function of both the local and the global with regard to environmental issues. However, perceiving environmental issues, especially Indians youth are well aware of the facts and realities but emotional response such as flight shame is missing. This may be attributed to the socio-cultural factors, the high regard for family and community related values, and the recent introduction of the flight shame idea to the market. Further, such perceived economic benefits, for instance the cost of other forms of transport, overpower perceived environmental costs in transport choices.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThe use and impact of peer pressure: A focus on social networks\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe rise of the flight shame campaign has benefited from social media platforms such as Instagram and Twitter, in which activists and environmentally-friendly people post messages. Among the Gen Z and Millennial population, social media appears to be crucial in factors that influence views on environmental concerns and traveling. Literatures have also demonstrated that travel choices depend on social media influencers or role models and peer group referent in young persons (Hendricks et al., 2020). India especially is a country where social media usage has become significantly high and the same platforms should be utilized to create awareness of the effects of air travel on the environment and get those young people in Gen Z and Millennials to change their ways of traveling.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePersonal norms are strongly associated with pro-environmental behavior and are mediated by emotions such as love for nature, passion for nature, intimacy with nature, commitment to nature and respect for nature. Personal norms are mediated by these emotions, love and respect for nature (Onwezen et al., 2013). The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships between personal norms and intentions and their pro-environmental effects on the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Telangana. The norm activation model of Schwartz (1977) was adopted for this study.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe main idea of this empirical research is \\u0026ldquo;To what extent do anticipated personal norms and emotional variables such as love for nature and respect for mantes mediate the relationship with the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers and pro-environmental behavior?\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Purpose of the research \",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis research aims to investigate the link between flight shame and the behaviors of semi-high speed Vande Bharat electric train travelers. The main reason for choosing the Vande Bharat Electric train travelers is the travelers reach their respective destinations with low-carbon emissions of electric train Vande Bharat. M\\u0026uuml;ller et al. (2020) highlighted that electric trains powered by renewable energy sources like wind, solar, or hydro have minimal emissions. Brenna et al. (2020) and Graham (2024) highlight the impact of a grid\\u0026apos;s energy mix on electric rail systems\\u0026apos; carbon footprint, with electric trains emitting 40-80 grams per passenger kilometer. Besides operational efficiency, lifecycle analyses offer a thorough perspective on the environmental effects of electric trains. Research, including that conducted by Logan et al. (2019), demonstrates that although most emissions arise during the operational phase, elements such as production and the development of infrastructure. Electric trains exhibit superior performance compared to most road vehicles and aircraft regarding emissions per passenger kilometer.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eWhy the focus is on Vande Bharat electric train travelers?\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe Vande Bharat Express, an energy-efficient Indian semi-high-speed train, has varying carbon emissions based on its energy source, train efficiency, and distance traveled. The Vande Bharat Express has been designed to have better energy efficiency, with features like lightweight materials, advanced aerodynamics, and regenerative braking. These features help reduce energy consumption, and therefore, carbon emissions. Vande Bharat Express is primarily powered by a mix of renewable energy and national grid, its carbon emissions per kilometer would be quite low (Chheda et al., 2024; Verma, 2023). Further, the Government has committed to electrifying India\\u0026apos;s entire rail network by 2023\\u0026ndash;24, and become a \\u0026quot;net-zero (carbon emissions) railway\\u0026quot; by 2030. Further, Vande Bharat electric train emits 40-80 grams carbon dioxide per passenger per kilometer as it runs on mixed type of energy like renewable and national grid (Rajyaguru and Chauhan, 2024; Sharma et al., 2023). This is much lower when compared to road vehicles and planes. For example, a boeing 777 a long-haul commercial air craft which consumes 6.8 liters of fuel per kilometer with approximate carbon emission of 2.5 kilograms of CO2 is produced. For 300 passengers on the flight it will emit 300-350 grams of CO2 per passenger per kilometer (Muller, 2020). Instead the Vande Bharat to Tirupathi with 16 coaches carries 1024 passengers and will emit 40-80 grams of carbon dioxide per passenger per kilometer which is far lower than a plane. The modern electric trains can achieve efficiencies of up to 90% much higher than road vehicles and planes (Allen and Chien, \\u0026nbsp;2023). Reynolds and Robinson (2018) opined that shifting from diesel-mechanical systems on core rail networks can provide large emission reductions, where the grid itself has been or is being decarbonized.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFurther, the electric trains benefit from the flexibility of using renewable energy sources and more energy-efficient with higher overall efficiency ratings. The electrical trains will have lower emissions per passenger kilometer than aviation. The aviation sector remains reliant on fossil fuels, while fuel efficiency has improved, the carbon intensity of jet fuel remains a significant barrier.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Review of Literature\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe United Nations has issued guidelines to member countries to protect the environment from greenhouse gas emissions, while the growing global population has accelerated the demand for transport, particularly in the aviation sector. With the increase in the passengers travelling by air, there is an increase in the emission of greenhouse gases into the environment. Flight shame, a phenomenon characterized by feelings of embarrassment or shame about the environmental impacts of aeroplane travel, has emerged in recent years (Henley, 2019). The debate on consumer responsibility for carbon footprints, particularly on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, has significantly influenced discussions on air travel\\u0026apos;s legitimacy in the face of climate change (Becken et al., 2022; Mkono et al., 2020). The growing awareness of the connection between air travel and climate change has led to the phenomenon of \\u0026quot;flight shame,\\u0026quot; a psychological disutility experienced by some individuals (Flaherty \\u0026amp; Holmes, 2020; Mkono, 2020). This holds especially for certain regions in Europe, where the movement of \\u0026ldquo;flygskam\\u0026rdquo; (translated from Swedish as flight shame) is gaining momentum (Chiambaretto et al., 2021). Doran et al., (2021) discovered that embarrassment and shame were particularly heightened during holidays. This is due to the perception of holidays as relatively unimportant and discretionary compared to other travel types, which leads to a greater sense of personal accountability. Chiambaretto et al. (2021) posit that flight shame can be partly explained by a distorted public perception of the environmental impact of air transport, finding that more than 90% of respondents in their study overestimated the share of air transport in global carbon emissions. It concluded that while flygskam is unlikely to become mainstream in the near future, it is imperative that the air travel industry respond more comprehensively to changing attitudes in the market. Giner-Sorolla et al. (2011) used the TOSCA (Test of Self-Conscious Affect) method to address and identify the patterns that emerge from defining the different emotions of both shame and guilt and concluded that the feeling of shame and often guilt are commonly seen as self-conscious negative emotions\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eResearch Questions\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e1. How to Vande Bharat electric train travelers perceive flight shame, and what factors influence these perceptions?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e2. What role do emotional constructs like love and respect for nature play in shaping travel behaviors?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e3. How do cultural and professional aspirations intersect to influence sustainable travel choices?\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eObjectives\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026middot; To explore the awareness and understanding of flight shaming among Vande Bharat electric train travelers\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026middot; To analyze the factors influencing attitudes and perceptions of Vamde Bharat electric train travelers\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026middot; To identify the emotional and normative factors driving pro-environmental travel behaviors\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eTheoretical background and hypotheses development\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNorm activation model\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSchwartz (1977) opined that personal norms are related to social norms with environmentally friendly behavior and pro-environmental attitudes that are strongly related to personal norms in the context of self-concept. It is a personal norm that confirms expectations and results in favorable self-evaluations such as pride, and the violation of and deviation from anticipatory behavior is guilt (Schwartz, 1977). In the context of Schwartz\\u0026rsquo;s norm activation model, several researchers reported that customers tend to select products and services that generate positive feelings, emotions and happiness (Hunecke et al., 2001; Khan and Mohsin, 2017). Anticipated pride and guilt are key factors in shaping an individual\\u0026rsquo;s behavior that suit personal norms that are in line with Schwartz\\u0026rsquo;s (1977) claim (Onwezen, 2013). The authors further confirm that emotional variances such as being lover for nature and respect for nature mediate the nexus among personal norms and intentions that directly affect pro-environmental behavior.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe main aspect of norm activation models personal norms with the altruistic and pro-environmental behavior of individuals. Personal norms are linked to people\\u0026apos;s perceptions of themselves., and individuals realize these norms \\u0026ldquo;as feelings of moral obligations and not as intentions\\u0026rdquo;. Additionally, in the context of normative influence on altruism, personal norms predict individual behaviours (Schwartz, 1977). The two factors that determine the personal norms of an individual are awareness of consequences behaving in a particular manner and a sense of accountability attained by carrying out a certain action in the norm activation model. The actual expected behavior drawn from personal norms in the context of pro-environmental behavior with emotions that mediate flight shaming attitudes is love and respect for nature. Groot and Singh (2009) reported the mediating role of NAM and, according to this theory, the awareness of consequences, that is, high-carbon emissions in our study context, influences personal norms through endorsed responsibility with a pro-environmental attitude (Onwezen et al., 2013). An individual, if aware of the consequences, will behave in an environmentally friendly way to support the environment. Groot \\u0026amp; Steg (2009) claim that personal norms are influenced by the sentiment of responsibility, which in turn influences individual behavior. In conclusion, NAM asserts that behavior comes from an individual\\u0026apos;s awareness of the negative effects of environmentally destructive behavior, followed by the development of a sense of responsibility for those negative consequences, which in turn increases an individual\\u0026apos;s intentions to act in a pro-social manner (Figure 1).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSince the environment is a similar form of prosocial and altruistic behavior, the norm-activation model, which explains altruistic and proenvironmental behavior, serves as the foundation for the flight-shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train passengers. This is because the passengers\\u0026apos; personal interests require them to travel for their flight (Schwartz, 1977; Stern, 2000). Additionally, according to the NAM, a person\\u0026apos;s pro-environmental behavior is evaluated on the basis of how much personal responsibility they have for it, which is represented in their personal norm. When someone is aware of the issues brought on by a certain behavior\\u0026mdash;in our case, flying\\u0026mdash;they then reflect on how they may have contributed to those issues and whether they can do anything to lessen them.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAsquith (2020) examines Greta Thunberg\\u0026apos;s role in popularizing flight shame in Europe, highlighting its social and environmental impact, and how her decision to sail instead of flying has sparked a cultural shift. Aasen (2022) highlighted the ineffectiveness of climate-related norms in reducing leisure air travel, highlighting the need for systemic and policy-level interventions to promote sustainable travel practices. In a study the author explored s air travel attitudes, revealing that travelers prioritize personal benefits over environmental considerations, emphasizing the need for tailored messaging and policies (Cocolas et al., (2020). Chiambaretto et al., (2021) investigated the origins of flight shame by examining how travelers limited knowhow of aviation\\u0026rsquo;s environmental impact influences its development. The study highlighted the significant knowledge gap in relation to carbon emissions of air travel compared to other modes of transport that fosters social movement against frequent flying. \\u0026nbsp;Mkono (2020) examines the link between eco-anxiety and flight-shaming, highlighting the impact on tourism and the industry\\u0026apos;s need to adapt to changing consumer attitudes.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eG\\u0026ouml;ssling et al. (2020) explore the impact of flight shame on social norms in Germany, highlighting a growing societal shift towards environmental awareness and reduced frequent air travel. Flaherty and Holmes (2020) investigate how the flight-shaming movement may affect the future of air travel. The research examines how environmental worries and social pressures may change travel behaviors, leading more people to choose sustainable option. Additionally, it examines how the aviation sector has reacted to these changes in consumer attitudes\\u0026mdash;by investing in more environmentally friendly technologies. Mkono (2022) investigate \\u0026nbsp; d the ways in which people counteract the burdens of flight shame through conversations on Reddit. It pinpoints shared rationalizations for air travel, such as practical needs and emotional ties, underscoring the conflict between ecological consciousness and individual priorities. The results offer an understanding of the influence social narratives have on resistance to sustainable behaviours. Doran et al. (2022) explored psychological triggers and situational factors causing flight shame, highlighting environmental impact, social norms, and personal values, and identifying demographic and cultural variations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eHares et al.\\u0026apos;s 2010 study explores how climate change awareness influences UK tourists\\u0026apos; air travel decisions, finding that environmental concerns often don\\u0026apos;t lead to reduced travel due to convenience and perceived necessity. The concept of flygskam (flight shame), a social movement that urges individuals to reflect on the environmental effects of air travel, is explained by the BBC (2019). Sailing rather than flying, climate change activist Greta Thunberg has helped draw public attention to the issue by opting for sustainable travel choices.\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;The article examines the rise of flygskam as a reaction to increasing environmental worries linked to aviation. Patel (2020) explores the flygskam movement, highlighting its origins and potential long-term impact on aviation industry, evaluating its potential to influence systemic changes. Baladr\\u0026oacute;n et al. (2019) explore the ideologies behind the flight-shaming movement, examining its cultural, social, and environmental implications, and the challenges in changing public attitudes towards sustainable travel. Andersen\\u0026apos;s (2024) study explores Norwegian public debate on flight shame, focusing on social and cultural factors influencing acceptance, and the complex emotions surrounding flying, particularly in a country with high environmental awareness.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThe basis of the study\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe travelers of semi-high speed Vande Bharat electric trains to Tirupati from Chennai and Hyderabad form the basis for this empirical research. More than 90% of the travelers who travel on these train visit Triumala, a hill top which is a green and environmental friendly zone, where no plastic and even the material which harms the hill-top is allowed. Tirumala, home to the Sri Venkateswara Temple, strictly prohibits smoking in public places, temples, and surrounding areas, with penalties for violators. Visitors are expected to respect religious sanctity. The authors studied the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTirupati\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTirupati, a major city in Andhra Pradesh, is a significant pilgrimage center known for its proximity to the world-renowned Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. Tirupati, located in southern Andhra Pradesh, is 20 kilometers from the Venkateswara Temple at Tirumala, 150 km from Chennai, 250 km from Bangalore and about 600 km from Hyderabad Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, a globally visited and richly-dedicated shrine dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, attracts millions of pilgrims annually, making Tirupati a significant religious tourism hub.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTirumala hilltop\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEvery year, Tirumala, which houses the renowned Venkateswara Temple in Andhra Pradesh, India, draws millions of visitors. The temple attracts an average of approximately 50,000 to 100,000 visitors each day. During peak seasons and special events like festivals, the number can increase dramatically, surpassing 200,000 visitors in a single day. With a steady stream of devotees seeking blessings, the temple ranks among the most frequented pilgrimage sites globally.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAir and train connectivity\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTirupati is connected well to Tirupati airport and Tirupati Railway Station. Around 30 flights across India and more than 30 trains including 2 Vande Bharat trains run to on daily basis to Tirupati from Chennai and Hyderabad\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors wish to examine the characteristics reflecting environmental awareness and commitment to environmental concern of Vande Bharat Electric train travelers sustainable tourism, as India is inching towards a net-zero carbon emission from railways by 2030. The travelers include Gen Z and Millennials and other groups who actively embrace pro-environmental behavior and principles and are forefront in participating wide range of activities (Prayag et al., 2022). The passion for climate activism is evident from the organizations of environment runs and campaigns of these generations are well-documented (Seyfi et al., 2023). A large group of Gen Z and Millennials practice eco-friendly and ethical principles with environmental friendly behavior (Mckinsey, 2023). Gen Z and Millennials actively associated with the movement of renewable energy sources for clean energy initiatives and developing alternate energy sources (Gomes et al., 2023). Dissecting the environmentally responsible travel behavior and emotions, their love for nature, among these travelers is crucial for a positive change. The hypotheses developed includes flight shame, climate change, environmental concern, love for nature and environmentally conscious consumer behavior.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors followed the model of Mandic et al., (2023) who investigated the flight shame movement in the context of environmental travel behavior in Eastern Society. The authors followed the Norm activation model (NAM) and environmentally responsible travel behavior. The NAM offers a conceptual framework for dissecting the environmentally responsible travel behavior, consequences and personal norms (Han 2014). The travel specific behavior was influenced by awareness and consequences (De Greet \\u0026amp; Steg, 2009). The NAM extensively applied to study organizational citizenship and altruist behaviors in the context of sustainable tourism (Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021). This empirical research investigated love and nature as pathway on the relationship between environmental concern and flight shaming; and environmental concern and environmental conscious consumer behavior (Han,2014). However, the pro-environmental behavior varies across the nations based on the contexts (Juvan \\u0026amp; Dolnicar, 2017; Li \\u0026amp; Wu, 2020; Xu et al., 2020). This research mostly focuses on Asian societies in the Indian context to provide more empirical evidence (Alzubaidi et al.,2021). The study explores environmentally responsible travel behavior in India, focusing on Vande Bharat Electrial train travelers\\u0026apos; flight shame movement. The study also investigates the interrelationships among the constructs flight shame, environmental concern, environmental conscious consumer behavior, respect for nature, environmental self-assets, love for nature, a higher order construct with three sub-dimensions passion for nature, intimacy with nature and commitment to nature.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHypotheses\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEnvironmental concern\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe environmental concerns include an assessment and perspective regarding one\\u0026rsquo;s own actions as well as those of others that have environmental ramifications (Fransson \\u0026amp; Gorling, 1999). Coelho et al., (2017) reported the positive relationship with environmental concern and travel behaviors. \\u0026nbsp;Chiambaretto et al., (2021) investigated the knowledge of travelers in the context of air transport. Furthermore, the authors emphasized the consequences of flight shame. The environmental concerns also attached with love for nature and respect for nature (Wu \\u0026amp; Zhu, 2021). Flight shame attitudes impacts on social norms and related with strong awareness of air travel implications (Gossling et. al., 2020). Environmental concerns significantly influence environmentally conscious behavior, but it\\u0026apos;s unclear whether awareness of environmental issues influences emotional and ethical affinity towards nature, ultimately driving more environmentally conscious behavior. Thus, hypotheses are presented to further explore the correlations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH1:The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH2: The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH3: The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on love for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH4:The environmental concern is positive and has a statistically significant impact on respect for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEnvironmental self-assets\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEnvironmental self-assets are self-evaluations of one\\u0026apos;s ability to address environmental issues. This construct was taken from Sonenshein et al.\\u0026apos;s (2014) theory, which suggests that environmentally aware individuals tend to evaluate themselves positively about having assets and negatively about questioning their performance. Environmental self-assets represent a customer\\u0026apos;s worth, expertise, and knowledge resources, reflecting their familiarity with ecological issues and their corresponding behavior (Sarri et al., 2020). Environmental knowledge has direct effect on environmentally responsible travel behavior (Cologna et al., 2020). Environmental self-assessment can explain flight shame as it reflects a traveler\\u0026apos;s awareness and knowledge of ecological concerns, which is then translated into specific conduct (Saari et al., 2020). Environmental self-assets, which include a consumer\\u0026apos;s value, experience, and knowledge assets, are hypothesized to significantly influence respect and love for nature (Martin \\u0026amp; Czeliar, 2017). The literature review suggests the following hypotheses based on the provided information.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH5: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH6: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH7: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on love for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH8: Environmental self-assets are positive and have statistically significant impact on respect for nature\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLove for nature and respect for nature\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eMandic et al.,(2023) comprehended the love for nature and respect for nature in the context of flight shame. Understanding the affective aspects of human-nature relationships is crucial, as internalized motivations like love, awe, wonder, and respect significantly influence pro-environmental behavior (Schmuck and Schultz, 2002). The constructs love for nature reflects sentimental attachment to the nature which is a romantic attitude towards nature or a preference for environmentally responsible behavior is a significant aspect of human behavior (Kals and Maes, 2002). Most measures of the human-nature relationship, such as connectedness to nature or inclusion in oneself, focus on cognitive aspects, neglecting the emotional aspect. The lack of understanding of emotions as psychological factors affecting ENVRB is significantly impacted by these deficiencies (Schmuck \\u0026amp; Schulz, 2002). Love for nature and respect for nature can influence negative emotions like flight shame, as individuals with higher love and respect for nature are more likely to engage in harmful environmental behavior (Chiambaretto et al., 2021). Thus the following hypotheses were formulated\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH9: Love for nature has a positive and statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH10: Love for nature has a positive and statistically significant impact on flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH11: Respect for nature has a positive effect on flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH12: Respect for nature has a positive and statistically significant effect on ENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFlight shame\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFlight shame, a term coined in 2017 by Sweeden, refers to a feeling of climate guilt towards air transportation, urging people to reduce carbon emissions (Gossling et al., 2019). This concept relies on the premise that many air travels are actually non-essential or could be achieved through modes of transport that are less harmful to the environment (Chiambaretto et al., 2021). Flight shame is a detrimental concept akin to guilt that may impact travel behavior aligned with environmental responsibility (Wang and Wu, 2016). Thus the following hypothesis is formulated\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH13: Flight shame has a positive and statistically significantly impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMediating effects of love for nature\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eStudies indicate that a love and appreciation for nature are crucial in converting personal environmental concerns, values, experiences, and knowledge (environmental self-assets) into ENVRB (Helm et al., 2018; Saari et al., 2021). According to Wu and Zhu (2021), emotional affinity (such as love) for nature activates personal values, establishing a basis for and directing ENVRB. Mandic et al., (2023) reported the mediating effect of love for nature on the relationship between environmental concern and environmentally responsible travel behavior. This study opined that love for nature will mediate the relationship between environmental concern and flight shame. Therefore, the following hypotheses are formulated\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH14: Love for nature mediates the relationship between environmental concern and environmentally responsible travel behavior\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eH15: Love for nature mediates the relationship between environmental concern and flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFigure 2 presents the visual representation of the hypotheses being tested.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Research methodology\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eData collection\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAuthors followed a cross-sectional quantitative research. Our research is focused on the travelers of Vande Bharat Electric train to Tirupati. Thus, the travelers from Chennai, Hyderabad to Tirupati are surveyed. The data were collected from the travelers with different education, employment and from diverse cultural backgrounds to have representativeness in the sample. The data were collected during September 2023-August 2024, to reach target population and who have travelled both in flight and electric train. \\u0026nbsp;The data were collected by authors meeting Vande Bharat Electric train travelers from both the Chennai and Hyderabad cities, during weekends as the trains run with full occupancy. The questionnaire link was shared on email and Whatsapp to the respondents who are the travelers to Tirupati from Chennai and Hyderabad Metros. \\u0026nbsp;A total of 542 responses were received, however only 500 responses were considered for data analysis 42 were discarded because of incompleteness and issues of respondents\\u0026rsquo; misbehavior. The demography of the study sample presented in Table 1.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 361px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable 1. The samples\\u0026rsquo; socio demographic characteristics\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eItem\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eN\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePercent\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 361px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGender\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e298\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e59.6\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e202\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40.4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 361px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eIncome level (Annual)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eIn Indian Rupees\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUp to 6 lakhs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e200\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e40.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBetween 6 lakhs to 10 lakhs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e175\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10 lakhs to 15 lakhs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15 lakhs to 25 lakhs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25 lakhs and more\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAge group (Years)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20-30\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e225\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e45.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e31-40\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e175\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e41-50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026gt;50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEducation\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eGraduate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePost Graduate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDoctorate\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOthers\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e176\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e199\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e35.2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e39.8\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNativity\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eUrban\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRural\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTown\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e250\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHave you ever travelled by flight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eHow many times you have\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;Travelled by flight\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e400\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e100\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 228px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOne time\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3 to 5 times\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e6 to 8 times\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e8 to times\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eMore than 10 times\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eThe reasons for your travel\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePilgrimage\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eVacation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eBusiness\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLeisure\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eOthers\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e125\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e100\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e100\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e100\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e150\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e75\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 62px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e25.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e20.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e30.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e15.0\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSource: Primary data processed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDetermination and justification of sample size\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eAs the number of Vande Bharat electric travelers to Tirupati \\u0026nbsp;are unknown, the authors applied the Cochran (1977) formula for sample size determination and the required sample size is 386. Another school of thought was the sample size proposed by Gaskin (2023) 50+5x, where 50 is constant x is the number of items/questions in the study. The total number of items are 30, so the required sample size is (50+30*5 =200). The sample size selected for this study was 500, which is greater than the sample size required for SEM studies. Furthermore, the sample size used is greater than what Wolf et al. (2013) suggested for SEM analysis. Sample size requirements for SEM analysis were determined by the authors using Monte Carlo data simulation techniques. To justify the sample size, the authors conducted a power analysis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePower analysis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eUsing SPSS version 29, a power analysis was conducted to evaluate the sample power used in the study. (Faul et al., 2007). With an \\u0026alpha; of .05, and the SD of the sample was 1.2. strong and significant The results show that 0.995 is the actual power value for a sample size of 500 and an effect size of 0.8, indicating that the relationships among the variables were (Figure 3). The sample size of N = 500 is therefore more than sufficient for testing the hypotheses of the study (Kyriazos, 2018; Goulet-Pelletier, \\u0026amp; Cousineau, 2018).\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMeasures\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe data were collected via a structured instrument to measure environmentally responsible travel behavior of Vande Bharat Electric Rail travelers. Eight reflective constructs flight shame, environmental concern, environmental conscious consumer behavior, respect for nature, environmental self-assets, love for nature were measured. The love for nature construct modeled as higher-order construct with three sub-dimensions passion for nature, intimacy with nature, and commitment to nature. The final instrument has six-dimensions. A pretest was conducted with 80 responses on a 34 item questionnaire, however, 4 items from environmentally responsible travel behavior (ENVRB) were dropped as they are not loaded well as their factor loadings are \\u0026lt;0.50. The questionnaires were adopted from previous studies Environmental concern, four items (Goh and Balaji, 2016; Heo and Muralidharan, 2020); environmental self-assets (Saari et al., 2020); 9 items for love for nature, 3 each for the constructs \\u0026ndash; passion for nature, intimacy with nature and commitment to nature (Dong et al 2020), respect for nature, 4 items (Saari et al., 2020), environmentally responsible travel behavior, 5 items (Heo and Muralidharan, 2019) and Sharma and Paco, 2021) and flight shame, 4 items (Gossling et al., 2020). The items were assessed using a 7-point Likert-type scale, with 1 indicating \\u0026quot;strongly disagree\\u0026quot; and 7 indicating \\u0026quot;strongly agree\\u0026rdquo;. The factor loadings of study variables presented in Table 2.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eTable 2. Measurement model assessment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"0\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eConstruct\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eItems\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLoading\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCronbach\\u0026rsquo;s alpha\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCR\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAVE\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eIntimacy with nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eINWN1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.948\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.949\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.787\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eINWN2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eINWN3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eINWN4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eINWN5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEnvironmentally responsible travel behavior\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.911\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.913\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.679\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.76\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEnvironmental concern\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.92\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.945\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.946\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.815\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.93\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFlight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLS1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.920\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.921\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.744\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLS2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLS3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLS4\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.85\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRespect for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRESP1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.895\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.900\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.751\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRESP2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRESP3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.82\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEnvironmental self-assets\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENSA1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.866\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.875\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.700\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENSA2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENSA3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.88\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCommitment to nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCON1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.77\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.849\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.853\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.660\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCON2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCON3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.87\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePassion for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAS1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.911\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.911\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.773\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAS2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.86\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 192px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 78px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePAS3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.89\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 90px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 79px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026ldquo;Source: Primary data processed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData analysis\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe analysis of research model and its hypotheses testing leveraged IBM-SPSS AMOS 28 version which is ideal for intricate, evolving, and investigative study aiming to reveal the most extent of variation in the dependent variables (Hair et al., 2019). Further this approach was selected due to its robustness for modeling complex relationships. The dataset generated, which consists of 500 observations, surpassed the minimum threshold of 10 times the maximum number of structural paths directed at any latent construct within the research model (Hair et al., 2019). The parameters was estimated using AMOS 28 version iterative algorithm and bootstrapping with 5000 samples was employed to determined significant paths. A two-stage AMOS method of analysis implemented. Initially, evaluation was conducted to assess the reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validly of the measurement model. Following the assessment of the structural model and path coefficients, formal hypotheses were subsequently examined.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eValidating higher-order construct love for nature\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study has a total six said constructs and the construct love for nature has three sub-dimensions intimacy with nature, commitment to nature and a passion for nature. Before proceeding further analysis it essential to validate this higher-construct love for nature. The validation of the higher-order constructs was performed, while the lower-order constructs evaluated reliability, validity, and model fit. Initially, the outer loadings for each variable are computed, with all resulting values exceeding 0.7 (intimacy with nature 0.774, commitment to nature 0.787and a passion for nature 0.799). Ullah et al. (2023) propose that reflective higher-order constructs can be measured by investigating multi-collinearity issues in the reflective tolerance value of independent variables, where tolerance values are greater than 0.20. The eigenvalues of the independent variables are not close to zero, and their variance inflation factors (VIF values) are below the threshold limit of 4. The investigation revealed no multi-collinearity concerns, since the condition index values for all independent variables are under 15. This finding led to additional analysis.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCommon method variance\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSelf-report questionnaires may cause common method variance (CMV) when used to collect data from the same individuals (Spector, 2023). The CMV represents a large fraction of the variation explained by a single factor (Iverson \\u0026amp; Maguire, 2000). Harman\\u0026rsquo;s single-factor test was used to determine CMV\\u0026rsquo;s statistical significance in the dataset. To determine the CMV, we combined all 30 components from the 8 constructs into a single factor after several iterations. However, this factor contributed 20.9% of the overall variance, indicating that our dataset was not influenced by common method bias (Erum et al., 2020).\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results and findings\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMeasurement model assessment\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eIn assessing the measurement model, three essential criteria were highlighted: internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. As indicted in Table 2 all constructs were reliable as the respective Chronbach\\u0026rsquo;s alpha and CR values exceeding the threshold of 0.70 (Hair et al., 2012). All the constructs items factor loadings are \\u0026gt; 0.70, average factor loadings are \\u0026gt;0.7. The Average variance extracted (AVE) values for all the constructs are greater than the bench mark value of \\u0026nbsp;0.5 (Hair et al., 2019) revealing satisfactory convergent validity. Furthermore, the discriminant validity of the first-order constructs were assed using heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT, Henseler 2015) ratio and the criterion of Fornell and Larcker (1981). The HTMT values are less \\u0026lt;0.9 for all the constructs and the square root of for each construct, the AVE exceeded the correlation with any other latent variable among all constructs (Table 3, and Table 4). The second order construct love for nature were assessed for their measurement model, and the results are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4. The model fit statistics \\u0026ldquo;CMIN/df 1.842, CFI 0.974, NFI 0.945, IFI 0.974, TLI 0.970, SRMR 0.032, RMSEA 0.041 and PClose\\u0026rdquo; 0.999 indicate model fit the data well.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 487px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable 3: \\u0026ldquo;Discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker Criterion)\\u0026rdquo;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLSH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRESP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENSA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLON\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.824\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.388***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.903\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLSH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.342***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.265***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.863\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRESP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.299***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.402***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.236***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.867\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENSA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.350***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.424***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.258***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.378***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.837\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLON\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.493***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.456***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.425***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.325***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.672***\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e0.879\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 487px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePrimary data processed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB: Environmentally responsible travel behavior; EC: environmental concern; FLSH: flight sham; RESP: Respect for nature; ENSA: environmental self-assets; LON: Love for nture\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 487px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable 4: Discriminant validity (HTMT ratio)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLSH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRESP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENSA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLON\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEC\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.370\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFLSH\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.319\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.242\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRESP\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.276\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.374\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.216\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENSA\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.324\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.389\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.232\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.361\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 69px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLON\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.457\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.423\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.394\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.294\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.592\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"7\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 487px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePrimary data processed\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eENVRB: Environmentally responsible travel behavior; EC: environmental concern; FLSH: flight sham; RESP: Respect for nature; ENSA: environmental self-assets; LON: Love for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eStructural model assessment\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe model fit and predictor ability in the study were assessed using coefficients of determination, squared multiple correlation (SMC) coefficient of determination (R2), and predictive relevance (Q2). The R2 values for the endogenous variables in the model were considered acceptable (ranging from 0.327 to 0.373), indicating that the model exhibited a satisfactory level of predictive accuracy (Albers, 2009). In addition, the Q2 values for the endogenous variable calculated by means of the blindfolding method were higher than 0, indicating a good predictive capability (Table 5, Hair et al., 2019)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"3\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 601px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable 5. Structural model assessment\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 203px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eConstructs\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eR2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eQ2\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 203px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRespect to nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.192\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 203px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFlight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.152\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 203px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLove for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.68\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.432\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 203px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eEnvironmentally responsible travel behavior\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.50\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 199px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.264\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTesting of hypotheses\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe bootstrapping algorithm in AMOS 28 version software was used to choose a resampling of 5000 for analyzing the model\\u0026apos;s path testing results. The results of hypotheses are found in Table 6 and Figure 4.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eResults of structural equation model analysis (Table 6) in this study supported ten hypotheses out of 13 hypotheses tested. The hypotheses 1 indicate environmental concern is statistically significant (\\u0026szlig;=0.240, p\\u0026lt;0.001) and influencing the environmentally responsible behavior of Vande Bharat Electric train travelers supporting H1, whereas environmental concern is negatively and not statistically significant (H2 is not supported). Our outcome concur the studies of Mandic et al., (2023). Similarly, environmental concern is positively influencing the love for nature (\\u0026szlig;=0.227, p\\u0026lt;0.01) respect for nature (\\u0026szlig;=0337, p\\u0026lt;0.001) supporting the H3 and H4. The results are in lne with the authors findings (Mkono and Hughes, 2020; Mandic et al, 2023)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eFurthermore. the influence of environmental self-assets on environmentally responsible travel behavior (\\u0026szlig;=0.346. p\\u0026lt;0.01), love for natue (\\u0026szlig; 0.550, p\\u0026lt;0.01), and respect for nature (0.391, p\\u0026lt;0.001) is positive and statistically significant supporting H5, H7, H8. The previous studies by Saari et al., (2020), Mandic et al., (2023), and Sonenshein et al., (2014) reported the similar outcomes in their studies. Similarly love for nature is having a positive and statistically significant impact on environmentally responsible travel behavior (\\u0026szlig;=0.898, p\\u0026lt;0.001) and flight shame (\\u0026szlig;=0.978, p\\u0026lt;0.01) of Vande Bharat Electrical Train travelers. Love for nature is effects are substantial and stronger predictor these relationships (Mandic et al., 2023). On the other hand respect for nature is having positive and insignificant relationship with the flight shame , where as its relationship with environmentally responsible travel behavior is positive and statistically significant (\\u0026szlig;=0.144,p\\u0026lt;0.001) concurring the findings of Mandic et al., (2023). Supporting H12. \\u0026nbsp;The impact of flight shame on environmentally responsible travel behavior is positive and significant supporting (Table 4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\" width=\\\"623\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"6\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 623px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable 6. Testing of hypotheses\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRelationship\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026szlig;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSE\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003et-value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep-value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDecision\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH1: Environmental Concern\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;ENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.240\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.052\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.615\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH2: Environmental Concern\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Flight Shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-.077\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.065\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-1.180\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.238\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNot supported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH3: Environmental Concern\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Love for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.227\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.032\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e7.136\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH4: Environmental Concern\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Respect for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.337\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.057\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.866\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH5: Environmental self-assets\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;ENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.346\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.096\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.602\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH6: Environmental self-assets\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-.327\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.114\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e-2.871\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.004\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNot Supported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH7: Environmental self-assets\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Love for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.500\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.050\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e10.029\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH8: Environmental self-assets\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Respect for nature\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.391\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cu\\u003e.076\\u003c/u\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.154\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH9: Love for nature\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;ENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.898\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.162\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.443\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH10: Love for nature\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.978\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.180\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e5.433\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH11: Respect for nature\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Flight shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.064\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.043\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e1.476\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.140\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eNot Supported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH12: Respect for nature\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;ENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.144\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.031\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.645\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 258px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH13: Flight shame\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;ENVRM\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 54px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.236\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e.055\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 72px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.290\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026lt;0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 108px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eSupported\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eMediation results\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe mediating role of love for nature was also examined in this empirical research. Nature love was a partial mediator in the connection between environmental concern and flight shame, with both direct and indirect effects showing statistical significance. Likewise, nature love was a complete mediator of the connection between environmental concern and travel behavior that is environmentally responsible. Table 7 presents the mediation results (Figure 5,6)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable border=\\\"1\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" cellpadding=\\\"0\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd colspan=\\\"6\\\" valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 601px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eTable 7. Results of mediation analysis\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 167px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eRelationship\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026szlig;\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003et-value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ep-value\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eCI-bias corrected\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eDecision\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 167px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH14: Environmental concern\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Love for nature\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Flight Shame\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.332\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e3.832\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e[0.253, 0.438]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003ePartial mediation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctr\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 167px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eH15: Environmental concern\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;Love for nature\\u0026nbsp;\\u0026rarr;\\u0026nbsp;ENVRB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 96px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.315\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 70px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e4.382\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 66px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e0.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e[0.231, 0.431]\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003ctd valign=\\\"top\\\" style=\\\"width: 101px;\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFull Mediation\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003c/td\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tr\\u003e\\n \\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c/table\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis empirical research tried to answer three research questions on the attitudes flight shaming behavior of Vande Bharat Electric Train travelers in Indian context. The research attempted to assess the impact of environmental concern on environmentally responsible travel behaviors of Vande Bharat travelers. The study also investigated the emotional constructs like love and respect for nature shaping the travel behavior of Vande Bharat travelers. The reason for surveying the Vande Bharat travelers in this empirical research is, this semi high-speed train carbon emissions are less compared to other road vehicles and planes. This also fulfills the objective of environmental concerns and environmentally responsible travel behavior of the study. It is the evident from the mediation results of structural equation modeling that love for nature is a potential mediator for predicting relationships. The research improves our understanding of the determinants of environmentally conscious travel behavior, highlighting the importance of emotional ties and social expectations in fostering sustainable tourism. Vande Bharat Electric Train Travelers inclination towards environmentally responsible travel behavior.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePrevious research has shown a robust connection among environmental self-assets, environmental concerns, and ENVRB, suggesting that an individual's understanding of the environmental impact affects their behavior (Dong et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e, Mandic et al., 2023; Saaro et al., 2020). The study mainly concentrated the two South Indian states Tamil Nadu and Telangana as most of the travelers to travel using Vande Bharat Electric train to reach Tirupati on the way to Trirumala. Most of the findings of our study concur with the previous researchers\\u0026rsquo; findings in the context of environmentally responsible travel behavior, environmental concern, respect for nature and environmental self-assets. The study demonstrates that Vande Bharat Electric train travelers' awareness of environmental impacts can influence their behavior, emphasizing the importance of educational and awareness-raising initiatives. Cultural and psychological barriers hinder environmentally conscious behavior adoption in emerging economies, necessitating the development of sustainable tourism policies that are tailored to specific contexts and diverse demographics. Understanding the factors influencing environmentally conscious behavior among this demographics can help tourism stakeholders and politicians develop targeted campaigns and initiatives. This study emphasizes the necessity of innovative strategies for promoting sustainable tourism in diverse cultural and demographic settings.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe constructs of love and respect for nature have a psychological impact on individual travel behaviors (Saari et al., 2020; Lin et al,, 2022). Concerning these two constructs, the emotional and ethical affinity for nature mediates the connection between environmental awareness and ENVRB, which lacks sufficient empirical evidence. Our outcome compliments the previous authors findings and provide new insights into further similar researches. Our results suggest that environmental concern is the strong predictor of love and respect for nature. The hypotheses to study the impact of love for nature on ENVRB and flight shame are supported. To promote environmentally conscious behavior among tourists and link environmental awareness with action, it is essential to cultivate emotional affinity; it ought to act as a predictor of ENVRB. Sustainable tourism initiatives should prioritize the development of emotional connections between tourists and the environment over a reliance solely on duty or morality. It is important that these initiatives consider the intricate psychological factors that affect environmentally conscious behavior. This study's outcome underscores that a love and respect for nature is vital to sustainable tourism's success.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe past researchers emphasized the consequences of specific individual behaviors in the context of environmental concerns in relation to flight shame (Chiambaretto et l., 2021; Mkono et al., 2020). LNA, which is based on value orientations and emotional affection, could mediate the transition from environmental concerns to ENVRB; however, this hypothesis lacks empirical evidence. By emphasizing emotional factors such as love and respect for nature, programs that promote environmental self-assets among tourists can help reduce flight shame and encourage sustainable tourism behavior. Our study shows the significance of improving environmental self-assets, love, and respect for nature in developing flight behavior and sustainable tourism practices, which aligns with the findings of Mandic et al., (2023).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec37\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eTheoretical contributions\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis empirical study compliments the available literature providing new avenues on environmentally responsible travel behavior of Vande Bharat Electric trail travelers in Indian context. The outcome ratifies the previous researchers findings and establishes a strong relation among environmental concern, love and respect for nature and ENVRB. Emotional elements such as love and respect for nature can help close the divide between environmental knowledge and suggest that sustainable tourism should promote deep pro-environmental attitudes among the tourists and environment. Our study underscores the significance of emotional factors in sustainable tourism, proposing that tackling these factors and the specific challenges posed by various demographic segments is essential for promoting ENVRB. Our research contributes to the comprehension of sustainable tourism promotion across various cultural and demographic contexts, highlights the need for innovative methods to engage younger generations, and provides insights for targeted strategies in sustainable tourism initiatives.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec38\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003ePractical implications\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe research emphasizes that sustainable tourism initiatives for Vande Bharat travelers in India must be customized to fit their specific cultural context and values, highlighting the necessity of comprehending their social norms. It is essential to educate and raise awareness in order to foster environmentally conscious behavior among tourists, particularly those belonging to Gen Z and Millennials. It is crucial to adapt sustainable tourism initiatives to fit the cultural contexts and demographics. Strategies should promote well-informed choices regarding environmental impact, carbon emissions offsetting, and the adoption of innovative methods such as new technologies and community collaboration. Flight shame significantly predicts pro-environmental behavior, suggesting policymakers, tourism stakeholders, and educators should implement programs to help tourists develop a greater sense of environmental self-assets. Responsible travel campaigns, storytelling, design thinking workshops, and volunteering can foster a stronger connection with nature and promote environmental stewardship among travelers. Tourist-environment connections can be strengthened through emotional appeals and messaging, fostering sustainable tourism and helping to reduce environmental impacts. Storytelling campaigns that incorporate visuals, narratives, and personal anecdotes can inspire awe, wonder, and appreciation for nature. Travelers are encouraged to commit to minimizing their environmental impact while traveling by sustainable tourism platforms, which cultivate a sense of responsibility and community through potent symbols and slogans.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec39\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eFuture directions\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFuture research should explore effective educational and awareness-raising strategies for promoting sustainable tourism behavior among different demographics, including younger generations. The study emphasizes the need to analyze cultural and psychological barriers that may hinder the adoption of environmentally conscious practices in emerging economies.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTo diminish flight shame and promote profound bonds between tourists and the environment, it is important to examine emotional factors like love and respect for nature. It would also be possible to determine innovative methods for fostering sustainable tourism in a variety of cultural and demographic settings. Researchers can contribute to policy decisions aimed at securing the tourism industry's sustainability over the long term by examining these subjects. The authors suggest similar studies with more data from more states of India with diverse cultural, educational and income backgrounds and be useful to dissect flight shame.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec40\\\" class=\\\"Section3\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eLimitations\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThough our study complements the existing literature the study is limited to the Vande Bharat Electric Train travelers from Indian Metros of Chennai and Hyderabad as the research totally focused on the electric train travelers. The self-reported data can be subject to biases. While the study employed a cross-sectional design, future research could benefit from longitudinal or experimental designs to establish more robust causal relationships, as well as probability sampling for a more comprehensive analysis. The research focused on individual-level influences on environmentally conscious behaviour, that to travelers of Vande Bharat Electric train, overlooking external factors such as policy frameworks, infrastructure, and industry practices. To gain a better understanding of sustainable tourism behavior, future research should tackle these limitations.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eData availability\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eData is available public platform figshare.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflict of interest\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study is the authors\\u0026rsquo; independent research without institutional help or financial assistance.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthical approval\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eEthical review and approval were exempted vide Letter No IRC/02/2024 from The Secretary, Institute Research Committee, dated 25 April 2024. The study was conducted in accordance with Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013, and the authors followed the following steps:\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026middot; Informed consent from participants\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026middot; The purpose of the survey is clearly explained.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u0026middot; The participants were fully informed about the purpose of the survey. They clearly understand how their data would be used and the extent of their involvement. This allowed the participants to agree and voluntarily participate and provide honest feedback.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eInformed consent\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eParticipants provided written informed consent for a survey, which was conducted online. The study\\u0026apos;s background, purpose, proposed activities, benefits, risks, discomfort, and confidentiality of records were explained, along with any potential discomfort or inconveniences. \\u0026nbsp;Participants were informed about the research\\u0026apos;s aim, anonymity of data, and consent was obtained. Participation was voluntary, without compensation, and participants were free to withdraw at any time.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAasen, M., Th\\u0026oslash;gersen, J., Vatn, A., Dunlap, R. E., Fisher, D. R., Hellevik, O., \\u0026amp; Stern, P. C. (2023). The limited influence of climate norms on leisure air travel. Journal of sustainable tourism, 31(10), 2250-2269.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAlbers, S. (2009). PLS and success factor studies in marketing. In Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 409-425). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAllen, L., \\u0026amp; Chien, S. (2023). Optimizing locations of energy storage devices and speed profiles for sustainable urban rail transit. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 29(1), 04023003.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAndersen, I. V. (2024). (Don\\u0026rsquo;t) be ashamed during take-off and landing: negotiations of flight shame in the Norwegian public debate. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 32(1), 202-222.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eAsquith, J. (2020, January 13). The spread of flight shame in Europe - Is Greta Thunberg the reason why? Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesasquith/2020/01/13/the-spread-of-flight-shame-in-europeis-greta-thunberg-the-reason-why/#4f9cb17469b\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eBaladr\\u0026oacute;n, A. N., Larsen, F. H., \\u0026amp; Bers, I. 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How love of nature promotes green consumer behaviors: The mediating role of biospheric values, ecological worldview, and personal norms. PsyCh Journal, 10(3), 402\\u0026ndash;414. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.430\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n \\u003cli\\u003eXu, F., Huang, L., \\u0026amp; Whitmarsh, L. (2020). Home and away: Cross-contextual consistency in tourists\\u0026rsquo; pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1443\\u0026ndash;1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1741596\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Vande Bharat electric train, environmental concern, flight shame, carbon foot print, sustainable tourism\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697905/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697905/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePersonal norms are strongly associated with pro-environmental behavior and are mediated by emotions such as love for nature, passion for nature, intimacy with nature, commitment to nature and respect for nature. Personal norms are mediated by these emotions, love and respect for nature The authors investigated the flight shame attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers, in India in the context of environmental concerns and environmentally responsible travel behavior and the function of constructs like love for nature \\u0026ndash; passion for nature, commitment to nature and intimacy with nature. To assess the flight shame attitudes of Vande Bharat travelers six reflective constructs flight shame, environmental concern, environmentally responsible travel behavior (ENVRB), respect for nature, environmental self-assets, love for nature were measured. To assess the flight shaming attitudes and behaviors of Vande Bharat electric train travelers six reflective constructs environmental concern, environmentally responsible travel behavior, flight shame, respect to nature, environmental self-assets and lover for nature were assessed. The love for nature construct modeled as higher-order construct with three sub-dimensions passion for nature, intimacy with nature, and commitment to nature. The exploratory approach with prediction oriented analysis was carried out. The IBM AMOS structural equation modeling results reveal statistically significant and strong effects of environmental self-assets, environmental concerns, love for nature. The mediating results reveal that the mediating variable love for nature partially mediated on the relationship between environmental concern and flight shame and fully mediated the relationship between environmental concern and environmentally responsible travel behavior. The construct flight shame is positive and statistically significant is a strong predictor of ENVRB. Our findings show that emotional factors such as respect and love for nature play a crucial role in environmentally responsible travel behavior and flight shame. To address the impact of environmental concerns and sustainable tourism, it is essential to have customized travel alternatives with a low carbon footprint, such as the Vande Bharat electric travel. The results indicate that a majority of Vande Bharat travelers desire sustainable and eco-friendly tourism initiatives, which may be one of reasons they opt for travel on the Vande Bharat electric train rather than by flight, though the cost of flight and Vande Bharat electric train travel is more or less similar.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Flying into controversy: Exploring the flight shaming attitudes of Vande Bharat electric train travelers, a Norm Activation Model Perspective\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2025-07-16 09:10:13\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6697905/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"7abc445a-86b6-4b21-bb64-d332287232fd\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"July 16th, 2025\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":51543285,\"name\":\"Business and commerce/Business and management\"},{\"id\":51543286,\"name\":\"Social science/Business and management\"},{\"id\":51543287,\"name\":\"Social science/Psychology\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2025-12-10T08:08:55+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2025-07-16 09:10:13\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-6697905\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-6697905\",\"identity\":\"rs-6697905\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}