{"paper_id":"01c8121e-5962-49a1-b13d-e87a8b72bb34","body_text":"Effects of Aging Anxiety and Job Satisfaction on Ageism Toward Older Adults Among Tertiary Hospital Nurses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Aging Anxiety and Job Satisfaction on Ageism Toward Older Adults Among Tertiary Hospital Nurses Jiyoun Kim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026992/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study aimed to examine the prevalence of ageism, anxiety about aging, job satisfaction, and knowledge of aging among nurses working in tertiary hospitals. Furthermore, it sought to identify the factors that influence nurses’ ageist attitudes toward older adults. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 300 nurses from tertiary care hospitals in South Korea between February and March 2024. Participants had at least one year of clinical experience. Data were collected through validated self-report questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using IBM SPSS version 26.0. Results The mean ageism score was 40.87 (SD = 5.31) out of 70, indicating a moderately positive attitude toward older adults. Multiple regression analysis identified aging anxiety (β = − 0.42, p < .001) and job satisfaction (β = 0.17, p = .004) as significant predictors of ageism. The model explained 30.0% of the variance in ageism (R²= 0.32, p < .001). Other variables such as age, work unit, experience living with older adults, and knowledge of aging were not statistically significant. Conclusions To reduce ageism among nurses, it is essential to address aging anxiety through targeted educational and cultural interventions. Additionally, improving the organizational environment to enhance job satisfaction may contribute significantly to fostering more equitable and respectful care for older adults. Ageism Aging Anxiety Job Satisfaction Nurses Older Adul Introduction According to Article 36, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution of Korea, “all citizens shall be protected by the State with regard to health,” establishing the government's responsibility to ensure the health of its people. In the context of Korea’s rapidly aging population, this constitutional guarantee is becoming increasingly important for older adults, who require tailored and equitable healthcare services. Korea is aging at an unprecedented rate. According to Statistics Korea, the proportion of adults aged 65 and older surpassed 17% in 2022 and is expected to exceed 20% by 2025[ 1 ], marking the nation’s entry into a super-aged society. In the final stage of the life cycle, older adults not only experience a higher prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases but also increased utilization of healthcare services due to both major and minor conditions associated with natural aging. However, limited mobility and low access to medical information often led to long-term and continuous interactions between older patients and healthcare professionals in institutional settings. As a result, the quality and attitudes of healthcare providers play a critical role in determining the physical, emotional, and functional well-being of the elderly, and even their life expectancy [ 2 ]. One of the barriers to optimal care for older adults is ageism, a term first coined by Robert Butler in 1969 to describe prejudice, discrimination, or unfair treatment based on age [ 3 ]. Although ageism can be directed at any age group, it is most often used to describe negative attitudes and behaviors toward older people [ 4 ]. Studies have shown that healthcare professionals’ ageist attitudes can lead to underdiagnosis, reduced access to appropriate interventions, and diminished quality of care [ 5 ]. For example, older patients may be less likely to receive aggressive treatment or rehabilitation due to assumptions about their physical decline or limited capacity to recover [ 6 ]. Such attitudes contribute to worsened physical and mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline [ 7 ]. A systematic review conducted by JD Kim and JY Kim [ 5 ], analyzing 21 studies, identified several factors influencing ageism in healthcare professionals. These include demographic factors (such as gender and education level), personal traits (such as anxiety about aging), and organizational attributes. Because ageist attitudes arise from an interplay between personal and institutional influences, it is essential to consider both levels in designing strategies to reduce ageism in medical settings. In this study, aging anxiety and knowledge about aging were selected as key personal factors, while job satisfaction was examined as a major organizational factor. Previous research has found that more positive perceptions of the nursing work environment are associated with higher job satisfaction [ 8 ][ 9 ], which in turn improves the quality of nursing care and increases patient satisfaction. However, few studies have simultaneously explored these variables among nurses working in tertiary hospitals, despite their central role in providing acute and long-term care to older adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of ageism, aging anxiety, job satisfaction, and knowledge about aging among nurses working in tertiary care hospitals. Furthermore, this study aims to identify the key factors influencing ageist attitudes. By examining both individual and organizational contributors to ageism, the findings may inform the development of targeted educational programs and institutional policies that promote equitable, respectful, and high-quality care for the elderly. Materials and methods This study employed a cross-sectional survey design to assess the prevalence of ageism and related factors among nurses working in tertiary hospitals. An online survey was conducted from February to March 2024, targeting 300 nurses with at least one year of clinical experience who were recruited from large hospitals. A structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher specifically for this study to measure key variables including aging anxiety, job satisfaction, and ageism, as well as general and demographic characteristics. The dependent variablein this study was ageism toward older adults, which was measured using the Geriatrics Attitudes Scale (GAS)developed by David B. Reuben et al. (1998). This instrument is specifically designed to assess ageist attitudes among healthcare professionals and consists of 14 items. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale(1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Higher scores indicate more positive attitudes toward older adults, reflecting lower levels of ageism. For this study, the GAS was translated into Korean and its content validity was verified through a three-round Delphi surveyinvolving nine experts. In the first round, 11 items were agreed upon; in the second, 12 items; and in the final round, all 14 items reached consensus and were included in the final version. The internal consistency reliability of the scale in this study was Cronbach’s α = 0.703. The independent variableswere aging anxiety, job satisfaction, and aging knowledge. Aging anxietywas measured using the Anxiety about Aging Scale (AAS)developed by Lasher and Faulkender (1993). The instrument consists of 20 items, divided into four subscales: fear of older adults, psychological concerns, fear of physical appearance changes, and fear of loss. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater levels of anxiety about aging. The internal consistency reliability for the AAS in this study was Cronbach’s α = 0.863. Job satisfactionwas assessed using the Job Satisfaction Index (JSI)developed by Rothe and Brayfield (1951). The JSI comprises 18 itemsthat assess overall job satisfaction. Each item is scored using a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores reflecting higher levels of job satisfaction. The internal consistency reliability of the JSI in this study was Cronbach’s α = 0.902. Aging knowledgewas measured using the Palmore Facts on Aging Quiz (1998), translated and validated for use in Korean by Lim Young-shin et al. (2002). The quiz includes 25 itemscovering three domains: physical, psychological, and social aspects of aging. Each item is scored as “correct,” “incorrect,” or “don’t know,”with total scores ranging from 0 to 25, where higher scores indicate greater knowledge about aging. Statistical analysis Independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to examine group differences in ageism scores across demographic variables. Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression were employed to explore relationships between ageism and independent variables (e.g., aging anxiety, job satisfaction) Result Social and demographic characteristics A total of 300 nurses participated in the study, comprising 16 males (5.3%) and 284 females (94.7%). Participants ranged in age from 22 to 55 years. The most represented age group was 30–39 years (49.7%), followed by 40–49 years (27.0%), 22–29 years (16.0%), and 50–55 years (7.3%). Regarding marital status, 163 participants (54.3%) were single, and 137 (45.7%) were married. In terms of years of clinical experience, 19.0% had 1–5 years, 28.7% had 5–<10 years, 25.3% had 10–<15 years, and 27.0% had 15 or more years. The majority of participants (68.7%) held a bachelor's degree, followed by 21.7% with an associate degree and 9.7% with graduate-level education. Additionally, 204 nurses (68.0%) reported having received continuing education related to elderly patient care. These characteristics are summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 General and Job-related Characteristics of Participants (N = 300 ) Categories n(%) or M ± SD Gender Male 16(5.3) Female 284(94.7) Age(year) 22 ~ 29 48(16.0) 30 ~ 39 149(49.7) 40 ~ 49 81(27.0) 50 ~ 55 22(7.3) Marital status Single 163(54.3) Married 137(45.7) Work year 1 ~ < 5 57(19.0) 5 ~ < 10 86(28.7) 10 ~ < 15 76(25.3) ≥ 15 81(27.0) Educational level Associate degree 65(21.7) Bachelor's degree 206(68.7) Graduate school 29(9.7) Continuing education for elderly patients Yes 204(68.0) No 96(32.0) Participants’ Ageism, Aging Anxiety, Knowledge of Aging Process, and Job Satisfaction The mean score for ageism was 40.87 ± 5.31out of a possible 70, with higher scores indicating lower levels of ageism. The average score for aging anxiety was 48.02 ± 8.19out of 100. Knowledge about the aging process had a mean of 12.46 ± 2.80out of 20, and job satisfaction averaged 53.36 ± 10.99out of 90. A summary of these variables is presented in Table 2 . Table 2 level of Ageism, Anxiety of aging, Knowledge of aging process and Job satisfaction (N = 300) Variables M ± SD Min Max Possible range Agesim 40.87 ± 5.31 22 56 1 ~ 5 Anxiety of aging 48.02 ± 8.19 20 71 1 ~ 5 Knowledge of aging process 12.46 ± 2.80 5 20 1 ~ 3 Job satisfaction 53.36 ± 10.99 23 83 1 ~ 5 Factors Affecting Ageism To identify the key factors influencing ageism among nurses, a multiple regression analysis was conducted using variables related to general characteristics, work environment, and individual attitudes. Independent variables included age, work unit, experience of living with older adults, educational experience related to elderly care, aging anxiety, knowledge of aging, and job satisfaction. Age was entered as a control variable. Correlation analysis revealed that ageism was significantly associated with aging anxiety, knowledge of aging, and job satisfaction. In the final regression analysis, aging anxiety(β = − 0.416, p < .001) and job satisfaction(β = 0.165, p = .004) were identified as significant predictors of ageism. Specifically, higher levels of aging anxiety were associated with more negative attitudes toward older adults, while higher job satisfaction was associated with more positive attitudes(Table 3 ). A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors influencing the dependent variable. The model was statistically significant (F = 15.44, p < .001), explaining 32% of the variance (R² = .32, Adjusted R² = .30). Among the predictors, aging anxiety(B= − 0.270, β= − 0.416, t= − 7.251, p < .001) and job satisfaction(B = 0.080, β = 0.165, t = 2.890, p = .004) were found to have statistically significant effects. Specifically, higher levels of aging anxiety were associated with lower scores on the dependent variable, while higher job satisfaction was associated with higher scores. Other variables, including age, work unit, experience living with the elderly, educational experience related to the elderly, and knowledge of the aging process, did not show statistically significant associations (p > .05). The overall model accounted for 30.0% of the variancein ageism (R²= .32, adjusted R²= .30, F(9, 290) = 15.44, p < .001) (Table 4 ) Table 3 Correlations among Ageism, Knowledge of aging process, Anxiety of aging and Job satisfaction (N = 300) ageism r( p ) Knowledge of aging process r( p ) Anxiety of aging r( p ) ageism 1 Knowledge of aging process .217** 1 Anxiety of aging − .533** − .272** 1 Job satisfaction .397** .274 − .203** Table 4 Factors affecting Ageism(N = 300) Variables Categories B SE β t p (constant) 49.257 3.428 .000 14.368 .000 Age .010 .037 .014 .274 .784 Work unit Medical unit Surgical unit Intensive unit Outpatient unit .164 − .605 -1.481 .742 1.036 1.018 .011 -0.29 -0.71 .222 − .584 -1.454 .825 .560 .147 Experience living together with the elderly No(ref.) Yes .521 .532 .049 .979 .328 Educational experience related to the elderly No(ref.) Yes .595 .556 052 1.071 285 Aging anxiety − .270 .037 − .416 -7.251 .000 Knowledge of aging process .133 .096 .071 1.388 .166 Job satisfaction .080 .028 .165 2.890 .004 R2 = .32, Adj. R2 = .30, F = 15.44, p<.001 Discussion This study aimed to improve the quality of nursing care for older adults by identifying factors influencing ageism among nurses working in long-term care hospitals. The mean ageism score of the participants was 40.87 out of 70, indicating a generally positive attitude toward older adults. Higher scores reflected lower levels of ageism. While it is difficult to compare results directly due to the use of different measurement tools, a study of U.S. nurses reported a mean score of 69.5 out of 114 [ 14 ], and a study of Turkish nurses reported a score of 85.0 out of 108 [ 15 ]. Although cultural and social contexts may influence the interpretation of these results, nurses have been reported to show more positive attitudes toward older adults compared to other occupational groups [ 16 ]. Previous Korean studies on nurses' ageism have primarily focused on individual-level factors such as contact with older adults, attitudes toward aging, educational experience, and aging anxiety [ 15 ]. In contrast, this study expanded the analysis by incorporating organizational-level factors, including job satisfaction and type of work unit, alongside individual characteristics. This multifaceted approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the predictors of ageism among nurses. Contrary to some previous findings, variables such as age, gender, and work unit did not emerge as significant predictors of ageism in this study. This result aligns with a systematic review that found inconsistent associations between these demographic factors and ageism among healthcare providers [ 6 ]. These findings suggest that personal and psychological factors may play a more central role in shaping attitudes toward older adults than demographic characteristics alone. In terms of job satisfaction, the average score among participants was 53.36 out of 90, which was slightly lower than the 58.2 reported in a previous Korean study using the same tool [ 12 ], and slightly higher than the 51.9 found in a study of Danish clinical nurses [ 16 ]. Job satisfaction was found to be a significant predictor of ageism; higher satisfaction was associated with more positive attitudes toward older adults. This implies that improving the work environment and job-related well-being may contribute to reducing ageist attitudes among nurses. Aging anxiety also significantly affected ageism, with higher anxiety levels correlating with more negative attitudes toward older adults. This finding is consistent with previous studies [ 17 , 18 ]. Aging anxiety can stem from both direct experiences with older individuals and indirect societal influences, such as media portrayals that reinforce ageist stereotypes [ 18 , 19 ]. From the perspective of younger individuals, older adults may be perceived as symbols of decline—loss of beauty, independence, health, and ultimately, death [ 20 ]. Recent studies have also explored how aging anxiety may mediate or moderate the relationship between variables such as contact with older adults, aging attitudes, and behavioral intentions [ 21 ]. These findings underscore the importance of addressing emotional and psychological dimensions—particularly aging anxiety and job satisfaction—when developing interventions to reduce ageism in clinical settings. Educational programs that promote intergenerational contact, challenge age-related stereotypes, and enhance workplace support may be effective strategies. Future studies should explore these relationships longitudinally and in diverse clinical contexts to confirm causality and generalizability. Conclusion This study aimed to identify the level of ageism and its influencing factors among nurses working in general hospitals, who play a pivotal role in ensuring equitable healthcare and promoting the health and well-being of older adults. The findings revealed that aging anxiety and job satisfaction were the primary factors associated with ageism. To reduce aging anxiety at the individual level, continuous education should be implemented starting from undergraduate nursing programs. Such education can help nurses understand aging as a natural life process and equip them with accurate knowledge about aging, thereby fostering more positive attitudes toward older adults. At the organizational level, efforts to enhance job satisfaction are essential. This can be achieved by improving workplace infrastructure and environmental conditions, fostering a culture of mutual cooperation among staff, and providing administrative and policy-level support. Creating a more positive and supportive work environment may contribute significantly to reducing ageist attitudes in clinical practice and ultimately improve the quality of care provided to older adults. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Nursing School at Kyungdong University (IRB No. 2022-11; approval date: September 19, 2022). Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Consent for publication Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Korean government (NRF-2022R1A2C1004256), and by Kyungdong University Research Fund in 2022. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or in writing the manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the nurses who participated in this study. Their time and insights were invaluable to this research. Author Contribution Jiyoun Kim conceptualized the study, collected and analyzed the data, and wrote and revised the manuscript. References Oh H, Kim JH, Joo KH. A study on ageism and perception of age integration among elderly medical experts. Korean Journal of Family Welfare. 2018;(61):59–91. Palmore E. The ageism survey: first findings. Gerontologist. 2001;41(5):572–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.5.572 Kim JY, Kim MH, Min KH. Validation of the Korean version of the Fraboni Ageism Scale (FSA): A study of Korean university students. Korean J Soc Personal Psychol. 2012;26(4):89–106. https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2012.26.4.006 Dix E, Van Dyck L, Adeyemo S, et al. Ageism in the mental health setting. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01531-2 Levy BR, Slade MD, Pietrzak RH, Ferrucci L. Positive age beliefs protect against dementia even among elders with high-risk gene. 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J Korean Acad Nurs Adm. 2019;25(5):393–403. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2019.25.5.393 Andrioti D, Skitsou A, Eklund Karlsson L, Pandouris C, Krassias A, Charalambous G. Job satisfaction of nurses in various clinical practices. Int J Caring Sci. 2017;10(1):76–87. Lee J, Han GH. The influence of negative stereotype towards the elderly and aging anxiety on Koreans’ attitudes about sharing space and time with the elderly: Focused on the moderating effect of contact and interaction with the elderly. Korean J Sociol. 2017;51(2):1–30. https://doi.org/10.21562/kjs.2017.05.51.2.1 Bousfield C, Hutchison P. Contact, anxiety, and young people's attitudes and behavioral intentions towards the elderly. Educ Gerontol. 2010;36(6):451–66. Greenberg J, Schimel J, Martens A. Ageism: denying the face of the future. In: Nelson TD, editor. Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2002. p. 27–48. Allan LJ, Johnson JA. Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly: the role of knowledge, contact and aging anxiety. Educ Gerontol. 2009;35(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802299780 Pekçetin S. Ageist attitudes and their association with burnout and job satisfaction among nursing staff: A descriptive study. Turk J Geriatr. 2018;21(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2018137963 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-7026992\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":503122502,\"identity\":\"f4b8d329-3de2-49a6-a4c8-21c4fd921f4b\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Jiyoun Kim\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgglIcfPw2DAAEJAwEyMFhtjyR5itUBBWuKGM1D1BLXw8R9+9uFHzWFj4zOHt0kXFBxm4G8/wGxcgc9hEmnGM3uOHZYzO9tWJj3D4DCDxJkE5sQzeLXwMDPwsB02NjvPYybNY5DGwHCDgflgAz4t/GeYGf/8O5y4uR+qRZ6gFoYcZmbeNqD3eXtAWmwYDIBaEvFqAfqFWbbPxljizLFia6AWHsMzic2G+LTI9x9+zPjmGzAqe5I33ub5IyEnd/zwYUl8WjAADwMDI0kaRsEoGAWjYBRgAQChd0BQFID2fQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Kyungdong University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jiyoun\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Kim\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2025-07-02 08:23:25\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026992/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026992/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":89553851,\"identity\":\"dc2c26dc-47b3-4d96-a844-da7888290669\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-08-21 08:57:42\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":610020,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7026992/v1/d82100da-f7f6-4d2d-bb28-5547a6dfb5ea.pdf\"},{\"id\":89552790,\"identity\":\"55d5e9d4-093a-4ce1-9569-347984a3dd92\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2025-08-21 08:49:38\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":40345,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"CompleteSupplementaryFileEnglishQuestionnaire.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7026992/v1/679531f5fc467e82822ab12c.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Effects of Aging Anxiety and Job Satisfaction on Ageism Toward Older Adults Among Tertiary Hospital Nurses\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eAccording to Article 36, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution of Korea, \\u0026ldquo;all citizens shall be protected by the State with regard to health,\\u0026rdquo; establishing the government's responsibility to ensure the health of its people. In the context of Korea\\u0026rsquo;s rapidly aging population, this constitutional guarantee is becoming increasingly important for older adults, who require tailored and equitable healthcare services.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eKorea is aging at an unprecedented rate. According to Statistics Korea, the proportion of adults aged 65 and older surpassed 17% in 2022 and is expected to exceed 20% by 2025[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e], marking the nation\\u0026rsquo;s entry into a super-aged society. In the final stage of the life cycle, older adults not only experience a higher prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases but also increased utilization of healthcare services due to both major and minor conditions associated with natural aging. However, limited mobility and low access to medical information often led to long-term and continuous interactions between older patients and healthcare professionals in institutional settings. As a result, the quality and attitudes of healthcare providers play a critical role in determining the physical, emotional, and functional well-being of the elderly, and even their life expectancy [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOne of the barriers to optimal care for older adults is ageism, a term first coined by Robert Butler in 1969 to describe prejudice, discrimination, or unfair treatment based on age [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Although ageism can be directed at any age group, it is most often used to describe negative attitudes and behaviors toward older people [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Studies have shown that healthcare professionals\\u0026rsquo; ageist attitudes can lead to underdiagnosis, reduced access to appropriate interventions, and diminished quality of care [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e]. For example, older patients may be less likely to receive aggressive treatment or rehabilitation due to assumptions about their physical decline or limited capacity to recover [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Such attitudes contribute to worsened physical and mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA systematic review conducted by JD Kim and JY Kim [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e], analyzing 21 studies, identified several factors influencing ageism in healthcare professionals. These include demographic factors (such as gender and education level), personal traits (such as anxiety about aging), and organizational attributes. Because ageist attitudes arise from an interplay between personal and institutional influences, it is essential to consider both levels in designing strategies to reduce ageism in medical settings.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn this study, aging anxiety and knowledge about aging were selected as key personal factors, while job satisfaction was examined as a major organizational factor. Previous research has found that more positive perceptions of the nursing work environment are associated with higher job satisfaction [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e][\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e], which in turn improves the quality of nursing care and increases patient satisfaction. However, few studies have simultaneously explored these variables among nurses working in tertiary hospitals, despite their central role in providing acute and long-term care to older adults.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTherefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of ageism, aging anxiety, job satisfaction, and knowledge about aging among nurses working in tertiary care hospitals. Furthermore, this study aims to identify the key factors influencing ageist attitudes. By examining both individual and organizational contributors to ageism, the findings may inform the development of targeted educational programs and institutional policies that promote equitable, respectful, and high-quality care for the elderly.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials and methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional survey design to assess the prevalence of ageism and related factors among nurses working in tertiary hospitals. An online survey was conducted from February to March 2024, targeting 300 nurses with at least one year of clinical experience who were recruited from large hospitals. A structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher specifically for this study to measure key variables including aging anxiety, job satisfaction, and ageism, as well as general and demographic characteristics.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe dependent variablein this study was ageism toward older adults, which was measured using the Geriatrics Attitudes Scale (GAS)developed by David B. Reuben et al. (1998). This instrument is specifically designed to assess ageist attitudes among healthcare professionals and consists of 14 items. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale(1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Higher scores indicate more positive attitudes toward older adults, reflecting lower levels of ageism. For this study, the GAS was translated into Korean and its content validity was verified through a three-round Delphi surveyinvolving nine experts. In the first round, 11 items were agreed upon; in the second, 12 items; and in the final round, all 14 items reached consensus and were included in the final version. The internal consistency reliability of the scale in this study was Cronbach’s α = 0.703.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe independent variableswere aging anxiety, job satisfaction, and aging knowledge. Aging anxietywas measured using the Anxiety about Aging Scale (AAS)developed by Lasher and Faulkender (1993). The instrument consists of 20 items, divided into four subscales: fear of older adults, psychological concerns, fear of physical appearance changes, and fear of loss. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater levels of anxiety about aging. The internal consistency reliability for the AAS in this study was Cronbach’s α = 0.863.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eJob satisfactionwas assessed using the Job Satisfaction Index (JSI)developed by Rothe and Brayfield (1951). The JSI comprises 18 itemsthat assess overall job satisfaction. Each item is scored using a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores reflecting higher levels of job satisfaction. The internal consistency reliability of the JSI in this study was Cronbach’s α = 0.902.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAging knowledgewas measured using the Palmore Facts on Aging Quiz (1998), translated and validated for use in Korean by Lim Young-shin et al. (2002). The quiz includes 25 itemscovering three domains: physical, psychological, and social aspects of aging. Each item is scored as “correct,” “incorrect,” or “don’t know,”with total scores ranging from 0 to 25, where higher scores indicate greater knowledge about aging.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv id=\\\"Sec3\\\" class=\\\"Section2\\\"\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eStatistical analysis\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIndependent t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to examine group differences in ageism scores across demographic variables. Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression were employed to explore relationships between ageism and independent variables (e.g., aging anxiety, job satisfaction)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Result\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eSocial and demographic characteristics\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA total of 300 nurses participated in the study, comprising 16 males (5.3%) and 284 females (94.7%). Participants ranged in age from 22 to 55 years. The most represented age group was 30–39 years (49.7%), followed by 40–49 years (27.0%), 22–29 years (16.0%), and 50–55 years (7.3%). Regarding marital status, 163 participants (54.3%) were single, and 137 (45.7%) were married. In terms of years of clinical experience, 19.0% had 1–5 years, 28.7% had 5–\\u0026lt;10 years, 25.3% had 10–\\u0026lt;15 years, and 27.0% had 15 or more years. The majority of participants (68.7%) held a bachelor's degree, followed by 21.7% with an associate degree and 9.7% with graduate-level education. Additionally, 204 nurses (68.0%) reported having received continuing education related to elderly patient care. These characteristics are summarized in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGeneral and Job-related Characteristics of Participants \\u003cem\\u003e(N =\\u003c/em\\u003e 300\\u003cem\\u003e)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCategories\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003en(%) or M ± SD\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGender\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e16(5.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFemale\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e284(94.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAge(year)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22 ~ 29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48(16.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e30 ~ 39\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e149(49.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e40 ~ 49\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e81(27.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e50 ~ 55\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22(7.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMarital status\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSingle\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e163(54.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMarried\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e137(45.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWork year\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 ~ \\u0026lt; 5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e57(19.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5 ~ \\u0026lt; 10\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e86(28.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e10 ~ \\u0026lt; 15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e76(25.3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e≥ 15\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e81(27.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEducational level\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAssociate degree\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e65(21.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eBachelor's degree\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e206(68.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eGraduate school\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e29(9.7)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eContinuing education for elderly patients\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e204(68.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNo\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e96(32.0)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eParticipants’ Ageism, Aging Anxiety, Knowledge of Aging Process, and Job Satisfaction\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean score for ageism was 40.87 ± 5.31out of a possible 70, with higher scores indicating lower levels of ageism. The average score for aging anxiety was 48.02 ± 8.19out of 100. Knowledge about the aging process had a mean of 12.46 ± 2.80out of 20, and job satisfaction averaged 53.36 ± 10.99out of 90. A summary of these variables is presented in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"±\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003elevel of Ageism, Anxiety of aging, Knowledge of aging process and Job satisfaction \\u003cem\\u003e(N = 300)\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eM ± SD\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMin\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMax\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePossible range\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAgesim\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"±\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e40.87 ± 5.31\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e22\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e56\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 ~ 5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAnxiety of aging\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"±\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e48.02 ± 8.19\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 ~ 5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eKnowledge of aging process\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"±\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e12.46 ± 2.80\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e20\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 ~ 3\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eJob satisfaction\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\"±\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e53.36 ± 10.99\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e23\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e83\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1 ~ 5\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFactors Affecting Ageism\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTo identify the key factors influencing ageism among nurses, a multiple regression analysis was conducted using variables related to general characteristics, work environment, and individual attitudes. Independent variables included age, work unit, experience of living with older adults, educational experience related to elderly care, aging anxiety, knowledge of aging, and job satisfaction. Age was entered as a control variable.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCorrelation analysis revealed that ageism was significantly associated with aging anxiety, knowledge of aging, and job satisfaction. In the final regression analysis, aging anxiety(β = − 0.416, p \\u0026lt; .001) and job satisfaction(β = 0.165, p = .004) were identified as significant predictors of ageism. Specifically, higher levels of aging anxiety were associated with more negative attitudes toward older adults, while higher job satisfaction was associated with more positive attitudes(Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors influencing the dependent variable. The model was statistically significant (F = 15.44, p \\u0026lt; .001), explaining 32% of the variance (R² = .32, Adjusted R² = .30). Among the predictors, aging anxiety(B= − 0.270, β= − 0.416, t= − 7.251, p \\u0026lt; .001) and job satisfaction(B = 0.080, β = 0.165, t = 2.890, p = .004) were found to have statistically significant effects. Specifically, higher levels of aging anxiety were associated with lower scores on the dependent variable, while higher job satisfaction was associated with higher scores. Other variables, including age, work unit, experience living with the elderly, educational experience related to the elderly, and knowledge of the aging process, did not show statistically significant associations (p \\u0026gt; .05). The overall model accounted for 30.0% of the variancein ageism (R²= .32, adjusted R²= .30, F(9, 290) = 15.44, p \\u0026lt; .001) (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCorrelations among Ageism, Knowledge of aging process, Anxiety of aging and Job satisfaction (N = 300)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eageism\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003er(\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eKnowledge of aging\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eprocess\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003er(\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAnxiety of aging\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003er(\\u003cem\\u003ep\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eageism\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eKnowledge of\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eaging process\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.217**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAnxiety of aging\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e− .533**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e− .272**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eJob satisfaction\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.397**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.274\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e− .203**\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab4\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 4\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eFactors affecting Ageism(N = 300)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\\u003c/caption\\u003e\\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/colgroup\\u003e\\u003cthead\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eVariables\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eCategories\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eB\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSE\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eβ\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003et\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ep\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/th\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/thead\\u003e\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e(constant)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e49.257\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e3.428\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e14.368\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAge\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.010\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.037\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.014\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.274\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.784\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eWork unit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eMedical unit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eSurgical unit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIntensive unit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eOutpatient unit\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.164\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e− .605\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-1.481\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.742\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.036\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.018\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.011\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-0.29\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-0.71\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.222\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e− .584\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-1.454\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.825\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.560\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.147\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eExperience living together with the elderly\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNo(ref.)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.521\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.532\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.049\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.979\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.328\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eEducational experience related to the elderly\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eNo(ref.)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eYes\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.595\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.556\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e052\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.071\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e285\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAging anxiety\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e− .270\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.037\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e− .416\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e-7.251\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.000\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eKnowledge of aging process\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.133\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.096\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.071\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e1.388\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.166\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eJob satisfaction\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.080\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.028\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.165\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e2.890\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e.004\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003ctr\\u003e\\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"7\\\" nameend=\\\"c7\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eR2 = .32, Adj. R2 = .30, F = 15.44, p\\u0026lt;.001\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003c/td\\u003e\\u003c/tr\\u003e\\u003c/tbody\\u003e\\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e This study aimed to improve the quality of nursing care for older adults by identifying factors influencing ageism among nurses working in long-term care hospitals. The mean ageism score of the participants was 40.87 out of 70, indicating a generally positive attitude toward older adults. Higher scores reflected lower levels of ageism. While it is difficult to compare results directly due to the use of different measurement tools, a study of U.S. nurses reported a mean score of 69.5 out of 114 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e], and a study of Turkish nurses reported a score of 85.0 out of 108 [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Although cultural and social contexts may influence the interpretation of these results, nurses have been reported to show more positive attitudes toward older adults compared to other occupational groups [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003ePrevious Korean studies on nurses' ageism have primarily focused on individual-level factors such as contact with older adults, attitudes toward aging, educational experience, and aging anxiety [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In contrast, this study expanded the analysis by incorporating organizational-level factors, including job satisfaction and type of work unit, alongside individual characteristics. This multifaceted approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the predictors of ageism among nurses.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eContrary to some previous findings, variables such as age, gender, and work unit did not emerge as significant predictors of ageism in this study. This result aligns with a systematic review that found inconsistent associations between these demographic factors and ageism among healthcare providers [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. These findings suggest that personal and psychological factors may play a more central role in shaping attitudes toward older adults than demographic characteristics alone.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eIn terms of job satisfaction, the average score among participants was 53.36 out of 90, which was slightly lower than the 58.2 reported in a previous Korean study using the same tool [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e], and slightly higher than the 51.9 found in a study of Danish clinical nurses [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Job satisfaction was found to be a significant predictor of ageism; higher satisfaction was associated with more positive attitudes toward older adults. This implies that improving the work environment and job-related well-being may contribute to reducing ageist attitudes among nurses.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAging anxiety also significantly affected ageism, with higher anxiety levels correlating with more negative attitudes toward older adults. This finding is consistent with previous studies [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Aging anxiety can stem from both direct experiences with older individuals and indirect societal influences, such as media portrayals that reinforce ageist stereotypes [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]. From the perspective of younger individuals, older adults may be perceived as symbols of decline\\u0026mdash;loss of beauty, independence, health, and ultimately, death [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Recent studies have also explored how aging anxiety may mediate or moderate the relationship between variables such as contact with older adults, aging attitudes, and behavioral intentions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThese findings underscore the importance of addressing emotional and psychological dimensions\\u0026mdash;particularly aging anxiety and job satisfaction\\u0026mdash;when developing interventions to reduce ageism in clinical settings. Educational programs that promote intergenerational contact, challenge age-related stereotypes, and enhance workplace support may be effective strategies. Future studies should explore these relationships longitudinally and in diverse clinical contexts to confirm causality and generalizability.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Conclusion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThis study aimed to identify the level of ageism and its influencing factors among nurses working in general hospitals, who play a pivotal role in ensuring equitable healthcare and promoting the health and well-being of older adults. The findings revealed that aging anxiety and job satisfaction were the primary factors associated with ageism.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTo reduce aging anxiety at the individual level, continuous education should be implemented starting from undergraduate nursing programs. Such education can help nurses understand aging as a natural life process and equip them with accurate knowledge about aging, thereby fostering more positive attitudes toward older adults.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eAt the organizational level, efforts to enhance job satisfaction are essential. This can be achieved by improving workplace infrastructure and environmental conditions, fostering a culture of mutual cooperation among staff, and providing administrative and policy-level support. Creating a more positive and supportive work environment may contribute significantly to reducing ageist attitudes in clinical practice and ultimately improve the quality of care provided to older adults.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Nursing School at Kyungdong University (IRB No. 2022-11; approval date: September 19, 2022). Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsent for publication\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eNot applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\\u0026rsquo;s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAvailability of data and materials\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eCompeting interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eFunding\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThis work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Korean government (NRF-2022R1A2C1004256), and by Kyungdong University Research Fund in 2022. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or in writing the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWe would like to thank all the nurses who participated in this study. Their time and insights were invaluable to this research.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eAuthor Contribution\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eJiyoun Kim conceptualized the study, collected and analyzed the data, and wrote and revised the manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eOh H, Kim JH, Joo KH. A study on ageism and perception of age integration among elderly medical experts. Korean Journal of Family Welfare. 2018;(61):59\\u0026ndash;91.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePalmore E. The ageism survey: first findings. Gerontologist. 2001;41(5):572\\u0026ndash;5. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.5.572\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKim JY, Kim MH, Min KH. Validation of the Korean version of the Fraboni Ageism Scale (FSA): A study of Korean university students. Korean J Soc Personal Psychol. 2012;26(4):89\\u0026ndash;106. https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2012.26.4.006\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eDix E, Van Dyck L, Adeyemo S, et al. Ageism in the mental health setting. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-024-01531-2\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLevy BR, Slade MD, Pietrzak RH, Ferrucci L. Positive age beliefs protect against dementia even among elders with high-risk gene. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(2):e0191004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191004\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKim JD, Kim JY. Ageism among nurses and nursing students: a systematic review. J Long Term Care. 2023;11(3):139\\u0026ndash;62. https://doi.org/10.32928/TJLTC.11.3.7\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLevy BR, Slade MD, Chang ES, Kannoth S, Wang SY. Ageism amplifies cost and prevalence of health conditions. Gerontologist. 2020;60(1):174\\u0026ndash;81. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny131\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eWu Y, Wang J, Liu J, Zheng J, Liu K, Baggs JG, et al. The impact of work environment on workplace violence, burnout and work attitudes for hospital nurses: a structural equation modelling analysis. J Nurs Manag. 2020;28(3):495\\u0026ndash;503. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12947\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eCopanitsanou P, Fotos N, Brokalaki H. Effects of work environment on patient and nurse outcomes. Br J Nurs. 2017;26(3):172\\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2017.26.3.172\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eReuben DB, Lee M, Davis JW, et al. Development and validation of a geriatrics attitudes scale for primary care residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46(11):1425\\u0026ndash;30.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLester D, Monfredo L, Hummel H. Attitude toward life and aging: An exploratory comparison of elderly and young adults. Psychol Rep. 1979;45:562.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBrayfield AH, Rothe HF. An index of job satisfaction. J Appl Psychol. 1951;35:307\\u0026ndash;11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0055617\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLim YS, Kim JS, Kim KS. Nurses\\u0026rsquo; knowledge and attitudes toward the elderly. J Korea Gerontol Soc. 2002;22(1):31\\u0026ndash;46.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRababa M, Al-Sabbah S, Bani-Hamad D. Nurses\\u0026rsquo; death anxiety and ageism towards older adults amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of symbolic immortality. Geriatrics. 2022;7(3):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics7030063\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBulut E, \\u0026Ccedil;ilingir D. Attitudes of surgical nurses towards the older adults. Turk J Geriatr. 2016;19(4):253\\u0026ndash;9.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eKim J, Ha J. Factors influencing ageism in general hospital nurses. J Korean Acad Nurs Adm. 2019;25(5):393\\u0026ndash;403. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2019.25.5.393\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAndrioti D, Skitsou A, Eklund Karlsson L, Pandouris C, Krassias A, Charalambous G. Job satisfaction of nurses in various clinical practices. Int J Caring Sci. 2017;10(1):76\\u0026ndash;87.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eLee J, Han GH. The influence of negative stereotype towards the elderly and aging anxiety on Koreans\\u0026rsquo; attitudes about sharing space and time with the elderly: Focused on the moderating effect of contact and interaction with the elderly. Korean J Sociol. 2017;51(2):1\\u0026ndash;30. https://doi.org/10.21562/kjs.2017.05.51.2.1\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eBousfield C, Hutchison P. Contact, anxiety, and young people\\u0026apos;s attitudes and behavioral intentions towards the elderly. Educ Gerontol. 2010;36(6):451\\u0026ndash;66.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGreenberg J, Schimel J, Martens A. Ageism: denying the face of the future. In: Nelson TD, editor. Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2002. p. 27\\u0026ndash;48.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAllan LJ, Johnson JA. Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly: the role of knowledge, contact and aging anxiety. Educ Gerontol. 2009;35(1):1\\u0026ndash;14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802299780\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003ePek\\u0026ccedil;etin S. Ageist attitudes and their association with burnout and job satisfaction among nursing staff: A descriptive study. Turk J Geriatr. 2018;21(1):25\\u0026ndash;32. https://doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2018137963\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"bmc-geriatrics\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"bgtc\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx\",\"title\":\"BMC Geriatrics\",\"twitterHandle\":\"BMC_series\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"BMC Series\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"Ageism, Aging Anxiety, Job Satisfaction, Nurses, Older Adul\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026992/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026992/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003ch2\\u003eBackground\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThis study aimed to examine the prevalence of ageism, anxiety about aging, job satisfaction, and knowledge of aging among nurses working in tertiary hospitals. Furthermore, it sought to identify the factors that influence nurses\\u0026rsquo; ageist attitudes toward older adults.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eMethods\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 300 nurses from tertiary care hospitals in South Korea between February and March 2024. Participants had at least one year of clinical experience. Data were collected through validated self-report questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson\\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using IBM SPSS version 26.0.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eResults\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eThe mean ageism score was 40.87 (SD\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;5.31) out of 70, indicating a moderately positive attitude toward older adults. Multiple regression analysis identified aging anxiety (β = \\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;0.42, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001) and job satisfaction (β\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.17, p\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;.004) as significant predictors of ageism. The model explained 30.0% of the variance in ageism (R\\u0026sup2;= 0.32, p\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026lt;\\u0026thinsp;.001). Other variables such as age, work unit, experience living with older adults, and knowledge of aging were not statistically significant.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003ch2\\u003eConclusions\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003eTo reduce ageism among nurses, it is essential to address aging anxiety through targeted educational and cultural interventions. 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