{"paper_id":"018e0892-19e1-440c-ba02-6698f633f792","body_text":"Effects of tool orientation and surface curvature on tool wear in ball end milling of 17-4PH stainless steel | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of tool orientation and surface curvature on tool wear in ball end milling of 17-4PH stainless steel Wenbin Ji, Haoran Shang, Bofan Li, Hua Yang, Zirui Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4804797/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract During the process of 5-axis free-form milling, tool orientation and surface curvature of the workpiece have significant effects on tool wear. In this paper, five-axis milling experiments were carried out on 17-4PH stainless steel using a carbide ball end mill. The influence of tool orientation on the amount of wear, cutting force and chip morphology of the ball end cutter was investigated. The results show that tool wear is slighter at a tool inclination angle of approximately 15°, reducing tool wear by up to 29.55% compared to other angles. The inclination angle also has great effects on the milling force and torque signals, a suitable tool inclination angle makes the milling force and torque signals smooth, the standard deviation is only 0.94 N and 0.017 N·m. In addition, the chips can reflect the stability of the machining process to some extent. On this basis, different workpiece surfaces were selected to investigate the effect of workpiece surface characteristics on tool wear. The results show that more severe tool wear and higher milling force signals on curved surfaces occurred with smaller radii of curvature. An appropriate tool orientation in relation to the curvature of the workpiece surface can significantly reduce tool wear; concave surfaces are suitable for machining with a small angle of inclination, e.g. 5°~10°, whereas convex surfaces are suitable for machining with a larger angle of inclination, e.g. 20°~25°. Ball end mill Tool orientation Surface curvature Effective cutting radius Tool wear Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Full Text Additional Declarations Tables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Table.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor Revisions Needed 28 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 16 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 30 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-4804797\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":341453419,\"identity\":\"ce45324d-f239-4036-b242-425678f2dfa5\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Wenbin Ji\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIie3QMWvCQBTA8QsHl+UV1xOxfoWTgO0g+lVyBOKinW88CcTFdm6+xW3F7SRglmvnbO2UqUPGbtZkFLno5nD/8fF+8HgIuVx3WA97m79QTB8ZgnbgyS7S3ySS1iYOWqKvIcwUsp+lOVdXE1RyGYDBiw//9TCo0XSoNK5+bMJ75zICQVa77VdMNYoDpckTsxFMuczBwEqVy8mJnC7UQKiNEMrXyUNKF+z7tyHHbgKwT7wsZSEroSG6m1B/naLahGNlXqJnw6Igy8nESua5X6FQHEes+NyXQsyGb0VSWclZzavwDfsul8vlutw/xChQQ3sqmYIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Hebei University of Technology\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Wenbin\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Ji\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":341453420,\"identity\":\"84fbc865-3e90-4fc2-9c6f-36cb5b39631b\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Haoran 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②the tilt angle, ③the inclination angle, ④the rotational angle\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/0db8b847eb51c98f0ffe3f9a.png\"},{\"id\":64450589,\"identity\":\"9220a20c-c4e9-4a09-9052-e76046ede860\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:20:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":186922,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eMilling with ball end cutter, (a) the cutter-workpiece engagement, (b) effective cutting edge wear zone for different tool orientation\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image2.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/b63dbc0425f6d0f54cfbf3e5.png\"},{\"id\":64449297,\"identity\":\"b2f4689d-2fdf-4e6a-9c63-dbd6fe8203bc\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 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angles\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image10.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/bdc3b0b659a2cc00363facba.png\"},{\"id\":64450587,\"identity\":\"5cc23b92-4102-4b23-b51b-1eb7edd66463\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:20:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":11,\"title\":\"Figure 11\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":116018,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTime-domain characteristics of milling force and torque, (a) peak-peak value of force and torque，(b) rectified average value of force and torque\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image11.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/4047c5f61165418a89c293ca.png\"},{\"id\":64449935,\"identity\":\"8af981c5-be50-4ff6-ae20-d0e23468725e\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 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frequency\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image13.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/a2d3ea141242b9ac7f018fda.png\"},{\"id\":64449311,\"identity\":\"6a8f0901-01ed-4be5-9f28-a53e75555eb7\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:04:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":14,\"title\":\"Figure 14\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1459470,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003echip morphology, (a) machining chips with 5° tool inclination angle, (b)machining chips with 45° tool inclination angle, (c) machining chips with 15° tool inclination angle, (d) tool inclination angle 15° machined chips in late stage of tool wear\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image14.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/ecd70a30115bd11a54d36aaa.png\"},{\"id\":64449304,\"identity\":\"35d7163b-e5d6-4e14-b95e-d0e99514c512\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:04:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":15,\"title\":\"Figure 15\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":49812,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEffect of radius of curvature on tool wear\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image15.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/5181c599f34add04d13c0ef7.png\"},{\"id\":64449314,\"identity\":\"1b8d7a52-9f68-4927-b823-761ea650665c\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:04:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":16,\"title\":\"Figure 16\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":89912,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eWear at each angle of inclination combined with radius of curvature, (a) concave surfaces with different radii of curvature correspond to different angles of wear, (b) convex surfaces with different radii of curvature correspond to different angles of wear\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image16.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/995edb0f5f5f3292ee2330fd.png\"},{\"id\":64449312,\"identity\":\"b7b951cd-1dce-426f-aa45-88063dddcb24\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:04:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":17,\"title\":\"Figure 17\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":97555,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTime-domain analysis of forces with different radii of curvature, (a) time domain analysis of forces on concave surfaces, (b) time domain analysis of forces on convex surfaces\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image17.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/9abd2b23876f6782f57827f7.png\"},{\"id\":64449936,\"identity\":\"a5a41556-4a0b-46a3-8ddf-82ad3490ab52\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:12:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":18,\"title\":\"Figure 18\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":94377,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eEffect of surface type on milling force\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image18.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/88126473a462bd7de925d8cd.png\"},{\"id\":64449315,\"identity\":\"8e443510-4a45-468d-ad65-8f0d4b1b747f\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:04:28\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":19,\"title\":\"Figure 19\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":1102001,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eChip morphology, (a) machining chips with workpiece curvature radius - 30 mm, (b) machining chips with workpiece curvature radius 30 mm, (c) machining chips with workpiece curvature radius 70 mm\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"image19.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/24cf5bb8a683e783e618c3c8.png\"},{\"id\":70382751,\"identity\":\"db34fdd9-25c6-4eb2-a554-c4fb913284fc\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-12-02 16:30:05\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":1660205,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1_covered_a2b7bee4-887d-4bd5-b407-aa3f81f24e17.pdf\"},{\"id\":64449934,\"identity\":\"07c9759c-05c0-4f15-9274-c6f6baaf5290\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2024-09-13 10:12:27\",\"extension\":\"docx\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"supplement\",\"size\":22274,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Table.docx\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4804797/v1/57f3bfd8ed6d3ecc3f80d673.docx\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eTables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Effects of tool orientation and surface curvature on tool wear in ball end milling of 17-4PH stainless steel\",\"fulltext\":[],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":false,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":false,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":true,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":true,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"jamt\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)\",\"snPcode\":\"170\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3\",\"title\":\"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false},\"keywords\":\"Ball end mill, Tool orientation, Surface curvature, Effective cutting radius, Tool wear\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4804797/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4804797/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eDuring the process of 5-axis free-form milling, tool orientation and surface curvature of the workpiece have significant effects on tool wear. In this paper, five-axis milling experiments were carried out on 17-4PH stainless steel using a carbide ball end mill. The influence of tool orientation on the amount of wear, cutting force and chip morphology of the ball end cutter was investigated. The results show that tool wear is slighter at a tool inclination angle of approximately 15\\u0026deg;, reducing tool wear by up to 29.55% compared to other angles. The inclination angle also has great effects on the milling force and torque signals, a suitable tool inclination angle makes the milling force and torque signals smooth, the standard deviation is only 0.94 N and 0.017 N\\u0026middot;m. In addition, the chips can reflect the stability of the machining process to some extent. On this basis, different workpiece surfaces were selected to investigate the effect of workpiece surface characteristics on tool wear. The results show that more severe tool wear and higher milling force signals on curved surfaces occurred with smaller radii of curvature. An appropriate tool orientation in relation to the curvature of the workpiece surface can significantly reduce tool wear; concave surfaces are suitable for machining with a small angle of inclination, e.g. 5\\u0026deg;~10\\u0026deg;, whereas convex surfaces are suitable for machining with a larger angle of inclination, e.g. 20\\u0026deg;~25\\u0026deg;.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Effects of tool orientation and surface curvature on tool wear in ball end milling of 17-4PH stainless steel\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2024-09-13 10:04:22\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4804797/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0},{\"type\":\"decision\",\"content\":\"Minor Revisions Needed\",\"date\":\"2024-10-28T09:09:29+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewerAgreed\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-08-18T06:04:20+00:00\",\"index\":0,\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"reviewersInvited\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-08-17T11:46:53+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"editorAssigned\",\"content\":\"\",\"date\":\"2024-08-16T13:06:30+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"submitted\",\"content\":\"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology\",\"date\":\"2024-07-30T09:24:43+00:00\",\"index\":\"\",\"fulltext\":\"\"}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":false,\"externalIdentity\":\"jamt\",\"sideBox\":\"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)\",\"snPcode\":\"170\",\"submissionUrl\":\"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3\",\"title\":\"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology\",\"twitterHandle\":\"\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":true,\"editorialSystem\":\"em\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"Springer Hybrid\",\"inReviewEnabled\":true,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":false}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"cf567c87-f140-4eff-b733-fda081782e67\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"September 13th, 2024\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"published-in-journal\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2024-12-02T16:03:11+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-4804797\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-14836-6\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2024-11-28 15:57:50\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"November 28th, 2024\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2024-09-13 10:04:22\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s00170-024-14836-6\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-14836-6\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-4804797\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-4804797\",\"identity\":\"rs-4804797\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}