{"paper_id":"004348fc-5fb7-4753-b33e-567229c9c1af","body_text":"Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Poultry Diseases in Zimbabwe: A Systematic Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Poultry Diseases in Zimbabwe: A Systematic Review Vimbai Gobvu, William Pote, Xavier Poshiwa, Mudadi Albert Benhura This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1646051/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Poultry farming represents an important sector for the livelihood of rural communities in Zimbabwe. Farmers raise poultry in order to meet demands on household food and as additional sources of income. However, the production of birds is hampered by a variety of diseases. The impact of diseases is severe for poor communities who have limited access to modern veterinary services and, therefore, rely on indigenous medicines for the treatment of livestock ailments. Here we review the medicinal plants that are used for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe. A systematic web search and review was conducted on research literature relating to medicinal plants that are used for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe. Data were collected from a total of 15 Zimbabwean studies meeting specific inclusion criteria. Data from published studies lacking information on study area, scientific names of plants and without information about plants that are used to treat poultry diseases were excluded. Relevant ethnoveterinary information was analysed and summarized in tables, bar graphs and pie charts. Fifty-three plants were used among the non-commercial poultry producers in Zimbabwe. Most of the plants used for treating poultry belonged to the Fabaceae family followed by Solanaceae. Cited in 14 studies, Aloe species were the most widely used plant. Leaves were the most widely used part of the plant for treatment. The most widely used method of preparing plant material for treatment was crushing. Geographical and cross-cultural linkage contributes to knowledge sharing. There is need to conduct more field surveys to document more plants used in different parts of the country. It would be useful to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of the various plant materials under clearly defined experimental conditions. The ultimate aim would be to isolate and identify potentially useful compounds. Animal Science Botany ethnoveterinary herbal plants medicinal plants poultry health management Zimbabwe Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction The term poultry describes domestic birds that are raised for their products including meat, eggs, and feathers and includes chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, ducks and other species often considered game such as pigeons [ 1 ]. Chickens constitute about 90% of the poultry population and are, by far, the most important poultry species in all parts of the world [ 2 ]. The raising of poultry is increasing in importance globally, including in Sub-Saharan Africa [ 3 ]. The production of poultry offers potential economic and health benefits to economies of Sub-Saharan Africa and their populations including improved nutrition, incomes for poultry farmers; employment, reliable grain market for farmers and cheaper source of protein [ 4 ]. Although farmers may be aware of the need to keep their flocks in good health [ 5 ], conventional drugs or vaccines are either unavailable or too expensive. Inability to access conventional drugs or vaccines forces poor farmers to rely on herbal remedies. Conventional packages for treating poultry diseases are designed for the commercial sector and for up to thousands of birds whereas small-scale poultry farmers work with small flocks that have birds of mixed age groups. The flocks may be made up of different species [ 6 ]. Although rural farmers claim that ethno-veterinary practices are effective [ 5 , 7 ], there is an urgent need for research to substantiate their assertions. In Zimbabwe, medicinal plants and practices have always been part of the management of animal diseases and other health problems such as fractures [ 8 ]. Most rural societies [ 9 ] still rely herbal remedies to treat diseases affecting all livestock species. However, formal ethno-veterinary research is still an emerging field in the country with most studies to date focusing on documenting plants that are used in the management of various health problems of livestock [ 5 , 8 , 10 , 11 ]. Medicinal plants can play a key role in the development and advancement of modern studies by serving as a starting point for the development of drugs. Although medicinal plants may be highly valued by a substantial section of the population destructive and illegal harvesting threaten the sustainability of their use. Lack of proper documentation of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants has reduced broad research on indigenous information [ 12 , 13 ], Increase of modern education has resulted in the younger generation to undervaluing the local indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants [ 12 , 14 ]. The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe has been reported separately, the use of the medicinal plants and the diseases that the remedies are used to treat have not been reviewed. In this study, the objective was to review medicinal plants that are used for the management of poultry health in Zimbabwe, including the parts of the plant used, methods of preparing the remedies, and the methods of administration during use. Results Of the articles that were reviewed, 60% dealt with the use of medicinal plants used for the treatment of different livestock species while 30% were concerned with the use of medicinal plants in the management of poultry health. The information gathered on herbal plants that are in the management of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe, parts of the plant used, methods used in preparing the medicines and the diseases or symptoms that are treated are summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 Medicinal plants used in the management of poultry health in Zimbabwe Author(s) Family Species name Vernacular name Plant parts used Method of preparation Disease or symptom treated [ 15 ] Agavaceae Agave sisalana Naturalised, Perennial Mukonje/ chikwengu Leaves Pound the plant and add to drinking water Coccidiosis Coughing Flu-like symptoms Newcastle disease [ 15 ] Amaranthaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides Naturalised, Perennial Munhuwenhuwe Whole plant Place crushed plant material in fowl runs Ectoparasite control [ 10 ] Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa Introduced, Perennial Onion Bulb 1. Place crushed bulb in drinking water 2. Crush bulb, ferment in water and sprinkle onto the birds and in the fowl run Respiratory problems Diarrhoea Lice [ 9 , 10 , 16 ] Allium sativum Introduced, Perennial Garlic Tuber Crush bulb and put in drinking water. Crush bulbs, ferment in water and sprinkle onto the birds and the fowl run Respiratory problems External parasites Diarrhoea [ 15 ] Crinum macowanii Introduced, Perennial Dururu Tuber Suspend fresh tuber in drinking water Helminthiasis [ 17 , 18 ] Anacardiaceae Lannea stuhlmannii Native, Perennial Musosoti Bark Crush bark, soak in clean water and administered orally Coccidiosis, prophylactic measure against poultry disease [ 8 , 19 ] Apocyanaceae Adenium multiflorum Native, Perennial Chisvosve Sap Sap from flower rubbed above animal’s eyelid Eye problems [ 15 ] Catharanthus roseus Naturalised, Perennial Tsuramatongo Roots Pound the roots and mix with drinking water Coccidiosis [ 10 ] Sarcostemma viminale Native, Perennial Chifure Leaves Crush and put in drinking water Coccidiosis Diarrhoea [ 8 , 15 , 17 ] Sarcostemma viminale Native, Perennial Rusungwe/ Nyakadombo Stem 1. Plant material dried, ground to powder, mixed with water and the mixture offered to birds to drink 2.Crush the fresh plant and mix the paste with poultry feed Gastrointestinal problems Endoparasites Lethargic birds [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] Asphodelaceae 1. Aloe vera Introduced, Perennial 2. Aloe spicata Introduced, Perennial 3. Aloe greatheadii Native, Perennial 4. Aloe chabaudii Native, Perennial 5. Aloe babarbadensis Introduced, Perennial Aloe aborescens Native, Perennial Gavakava Leaves 1. Grind fresh leaves and add to drinking water 2. Dry leaves are crushed and powder applied on wounds Coccidiosis Fowl typhoid Newcastle disease Wounds Worms Diarrhoea General weakness Weight loss Lethargic birds Coughing Ectoparasites [ 8 , 11 ] Asteraceae Venonia amygdalina Native, Perennial Muzhozho Leaves Add ground fresh leaves to drinking water Worms General weakness Respiratory problems [ 15 ] Aspilia pluriseta Native, Perennial Mukushamvura/Mumharadzi/ Ruhwati Whole plant Char the plant and apply the ashes on wounds Wounds [ 15 ] Bidens pilosa Naturalised, Annual Guku/ tsine Leaves Crush the leaves and apply aqueous extracts to wounds Wounds [ 15 ] Vernonia adoensis Native, Perennial Musikavakadzi Leaves Crush the leaves and apply aqueous extracts to wounds Wounds [ 8 , 10 , 17 ] Chrysobalanaceae Parinaria curatellifolia Native, Perennial Muchakata Bark Animal made to drink bark powder and water mixture Coccidiosis, Fowl typhoid Diarrhoea [ 17 ] Combretaceae Combretum heroense Native, Perennial Mutechani/ murovamhuru Coccidiosis [ 8 , 11 ] Commelinaceae Aneilema hockii Native, Perennial Rutapatsikidzi Branches Branches of plant herb, which attract fleas, are placed in fowl runs. Fleas [ 10 ] Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia matabelensis Native, Perennial Murimbo Bark Crush stem parts and place in drinking water Respiratory problems Diarrhoea [ 15 ] Fabaceae Bobgunnia madagascariensis Native, Perennial Mucherekese Pods Grind the dried pods into a powder and suspend in drinking water Coccidiosis flu-like symptoms weight loss, coughing, Newcastle disease [ 15 ] Cassia abbreviata Naturalised, Perennial Muremberembe/ muvheneka Bark Grind the dried bark and suspend in drinking water Lethargic birds [ 15 ] Dalbergia nitidula Native, Perennial Mudima/ murima Bark Dry the bark, grind into a powder and apply on wounds Wounds [ 10 , 15 ] Erythrina abyssinica Native, Perennial Mutiti Bark 1. Crush fresh plant material and place in drinking water 2. Dry, grind and place suspend ground material in drinking water Coccidiosis Diarrhoea wounds, coughing, flu-like symptoms, Newcastle disease, blindness [ 8 , 15 , 24 ] Pterocarpus angolensis Native, Perennial Mubvamaropa Sap Bark 1. Sap from bark dropped in eyes 2. Pound the bark and apply the extract to wounds Sore eyes Wounds [ 15 ] Senna singueana Native, Perennial Munzungunzungu Mudyanungu/Mukundanyoka Leaves Pound fresh leaves and suspend in water Coccidiosis, New castle disease, coughing, flu-like symptoms [ 8 , 11 , 15 , 19 ] Xeroderris stuhlmannii Native, Perennial Murumanyama Bark Animal made to drink crushed bark and water mixture Diarrhoea Coccidiosis Lethargic birds [ 15 , 19 ] Loganiaceae Strychnos cocculoides Native, Perennial Mutamba/ muzhumwi Fruit Crush the unripe fruit and mix the contents with water and give the birds to drink Coccidiosis, coughing, Newcastle, fowlpox [ 15 ] Meliaceae Khaya anthotheca Native, Perennial Muvava Bark Pound the bark and mix with drinking water Lethargic birds Fowl pox [ 8 ] Moraceae Ficus burkei Native, Perennial Mushavhi Root Animal made to drink root powder and water mixture Diarrhoea [ 15 ] Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Naturalised, Perennial Muringa Leaves Crush the leaves and suspend in water Coccidiosis Coughing [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 15 ] Musaceae Musa sapientum Introduced, Perennial Mubhanana Roots Crush the roots and mix with Salt Coccidiosis [ 8 , 17 ] Myrothamnaceae Myrothamnus flabellifoilius Native, Perennial Mufandichimuka Root Animal made to drink root powder and water mixture Coccidiosis Diarrhoea [ 15 , 24 ] Olacaceae Ximenia caffra Native, Perennial Munhengeni/Mutsvanzva/ Mutunguru Leaves Pound fresh leaves and extract sap Wounds Fowlpox [ 9 , 11 ] Orchidaceae Bulbophylum spp. Native, Perennial Batanai Bark Bark is tied around fracture as supporting pad. Fractures [ 15 ] Tridactyle bicaudate Native, Perennial Paka Leaves Pound the plant and suspend the material in drinking water Coccidiosis, Lethargy, flu-like symptoms, Newcastle disease [ 15 ] Passifloraceae Passiflora edulis Introduced, Perennial Mugurandera Leaves Pound fresh leaves and suspend them in water. Coccidiosis, coughing, head wounds [ 15 ] Adenia gummifera Native, Perennial Muhore Whole plant Pound the plant and suspend in drinking water Lethargic birds, Coccidiosis, coughing, flu-like symptoms, Newcastle disease, Blindness [ 8 , 9 , 11 ] Pedaliaceae Sesanum angustifolius Native, Annual Gusha Fruit Crush fresh fruit and add to drinking water New Castle Disease [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 19 ] Rubiaceae Psydrax livida Native, Perennial Muvengahonye Leaves Fresh leaves are ground, water added and paste placed on wounds Septic wounds [ 15 ] Vangueria infausta Native, Perennial Munzviru Leaves Pound fresh leaves and prepare an infusion in water Coccidiosis [ 15 ] Rutaceae Citrus limon Introduced, Perennial Mundimu Fruit Fowlpox [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 17 ] Solanaceae Albizia gummifera Albizia adianthifolia Native, Perennial Mucherenje/ Muwora Bark Animal made to drink suspension of powdered bark in water Coccidiosis diarrhoea [ 7 , 9 , 10 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 ] Capsicum annum Introduced, Annual Mhiripiri Fruit 1. Animal made to drink crushed fruit and water mixture 2. Crush the seeds and mix with sugar solution for the birds to drink Coccidiosis Internal parasites Diarrhoea coughing, flu-like symptoms, Newcastle disease [ 15 ] Datura stramonium Naturalised, Perennial Zavazava Leaves Crush the leaves and apply extracts to wounds Head wounds [ 8 , 10 , 15 , 17 ] Lycopersicon esculentum Introduced, Annual Mutomatisi Leaves Pound fresh leaves and extract sap Eye problems Wounds Fowlpox [ 7 , 8 , 19 ] Nicotiana tabacum Introduced, Annual Fodya Leaves Snuff mixed with soot is given to the animal in drinking water Endoparasites General weakness Respiratory problems [ 9 , 11 , 15 , 19 ] Solanum indicum Native, Annual Nhundurwa Fruit Roots 1. Fruit is crushed, fluid applied to the eye 2. Grind dried roots and suspend in drinking water Eye problems Wounds Ectoparasites [ 15 , 19 ] Verbenaceae Lippia javanica Native, Perennial Zumbani Leaves Collect fresh leaves and place them in the fowl run Ectoparasite control [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 17 ] Kitchen soot Chin’ai Coccidiosis Respiratory problems A total of 53 medicinal plant species, shown in Table 1 , were reported as being traditionally used to treat poultry diseases in Zimbabwe. The plants that were reviewed belonged to 26 different families. The most common families in this review were the Fabaceae with a frequency of 8 followed by Solanaceae with a frequency of 6 and are shown in Fig. 3 . The most widely cited herbal plants were Aloe species all of which were referred to by the local people as gavakava . One or more of the species ( Aloe vera, Aloe spicata , Aloe greatheadii , Aloe chabaudii , Aloe babarbadensis and Aloe aborescens) were mentioned in 14 studies out of the 15 studies that were reviewed. Capsicum annum ( mhiripiri ), a common garden plant, was the second most cited herbal plant being mentioned in 9 corresponding articles. Twenty-one herbal plants were cited only in single articles. Leaves were the most frequently used part of plants, accounting for 32% of all the plant parts that are used. Bark was the second most used part with a frequency of 22%. The least used plant parts were stems, branches and pods with frequencies of 2% each as shown in Fig. 1 . The methods used in preparing herbal plants for treating poultry are shown in Fig. 2 . The most frequently used method of preparing plant material before treatment was crushing using grinding stone (40%) followed by pounding using mortar and pestle (26%). As shown in Fig. 2 , mixing plant parts with other substances such as, salt and soot is the method of preparation least used preparation with a frequency of 4%. Figure 4 shows the origins of the medicinal plants used in the management of poultry health. Out of the 53 plant species that were reviewed, 34 of the plants were native while 12 were introduced and 7 were naturalised. An introduced plant species is a species living outside its native distributional range, has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally [ 25 ] whereas an naturalised plants are non-native species that are growing on their own in nature; they may have originated as a garden escape, an agricultural escape, or an accidentally introduced weed [ 26 ]. Eighty nine percent of the plants reviewed were perennial and 6% percent were annual. Data obtained from the selected articles were categorized presenting information about the local names of plants, the study area, language, typology of the study participants in the selected studies (Table 2 ). The adopted categorization was made in order to divide the analyzed literature into groups, which had to be able to show variations in cultural variables. Table 2 Cross-cultural analysis of the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of poultry diseases Author Area of Study Province Language Typology of study participants Number of species used in poultry health mentioned [ 18 ] Takavarasha, Chivi Masvingo Shona Farmers 4 [ 15 ] Chipinge Murehwa Bindura Manicaland Mashonaland East Mashonaland Central Shona Farmers (74% males) 34 [ 8 ] Nhema Midlands Shona Farmers (61% males) Traditional healers 19 [ 10 ] Gutu Masvingo Shona Famers (63% males) 14 [ 11 ] Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Mashonaland Central Shona Household elders Traditional healers Herbalists 9 [ 23 ] Zhombe Midlands Shona Ndebele Livestock farmers 2 [ 21 ] Rushinga Mashonaland Central Shona Willing poultry farmers 5 [ 17 ] Mushagashe Masvingo Shona Poultry farmers 10 [ 19 ] Matobo Kadoma Muzarabani Chiredzi Matabeleland South Mashonaland West Mashonaland Central Masvingo Ndebele Shona Livestock farmers (78.5% males) 5 An analysis of the cross-cultural agreement among languages in different study areas was done and we found a high degree of consensus for the language and typology of study participants. However, number of species used in poultry health varied significantly in the different areas of the country. The study by Jambwa and coworkers [ 15 ] in Manicaland, Mashonaland East and Mashonaland Central reported the highest number (34) of plant species used in managing poultry health. A study by [ 23 ] in Zhombe, Midlands had the lowest number of plants that are used for treatment of poultry diseases. Except for only two studies [ 19 , 23 ] where there were Ndebele speaking communities in addition to Shona speaking ones, in nearly all the areas of study the participants were Shona speaking. The study areas covered in this review included 7 of the 10 provinces of Zimbabwe. A comparative analysis was done to investigate which plants and their uses were associated with which regions. The different uses of medicinal plants with the highest use values presented in Fig. 6 are presented against the different study areas reviewed and shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Reported cross-regional usage of plant species in poultry health management Plant species Use Study area (Province) Vernacular name Scientific name Gavakava Aloe spp. Diarrhoea Midlands [ 8 ] Masvingo [ 18 ] Ectoparasites Matabeleland [ 19 ] Mashonaland [ 19 ] Masvingo [ 19 ] Midlands [ 8 ] General weakness/ weight loss Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Midlands [ 8 ] Respiratory infections Midlands [ 8 ] Masvingo [ 10 , 18 ] Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Septic wounds Midlands [ 8 ] Mashonaland [ 11 ] Masvingo [ 10 ] Endoparasites Matabelelend [ 19 ] Mashonaland [ 11 , 19 ] Masvingo [ 19 ] New Castle Disease Masvingo [ 17 ] Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Coccidiosis Mashonaland [ 11 , 15 ] Masvingo [[ 10 , 17 , 18 ] Manicaland [ 15 ] Rusungwe/ chifure Sarcostema viminale Diarrhoea Midlands [ 8 ] Masvingo [ 10 , 17 ] Coccidiosis Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Endoparasites Midlands [ 8 ] Murumanyama Xeroderris stuhlmanni Diarrhoea Matabeleland [ 19 ] Mashonaland [ 11 , 15 , 19 ] Masvingo [ 19 ] Coccidiosis Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Lethargic birds Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Endoparasites Matabeleland [ 19 ] Mashonaland [ 19 ] Masvingo [ 19 ] Muvengahonye Cissus succulenta Septic wounds Midlands [ 8 ] Mashonaland [ 11 ] Masvingo [ 10 ] Mhiripiri Capsicum annum Diarrhoea Midlands [ 8 ] Masvingo [ 10 ] Coccidiosis Masvingo [ 10 , 17 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Manicaland [ 15 ] New Castle Disease Masvingo [ 10 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Manicaland [ 15 ] Respiratory diseases Mashonaland [ 15 ] Manicaland [ 15 ] Endoparasites Matabeleland [ 19 ] Mashonaland [ 19 ] Masvingo [ 19 ] Nhundurwa Solanum indicum Eye problems Midlands [ 8 ] Mashonaland [ 11 ] Wounds Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Mudomasi Lycoperscon esculentum Eye problems Masvingo [ 10 , 17 ] Midlands [ 8 ] Wounds Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Fowlpox Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] Muwora/ mucherenje Albizia gummifera Coccidiosis Masvingo [ 10 , 17 ] Diarrhoea Midlands [ 8 ] Masvingo [ 10 ] Respiratory diseases Masvingo [ 10 ] Wounds Masvingo [ 18 ] Mubhanana Musa sapientum Endoparasites Mashonaland [ 11 ] Midlands [ 8 ] Snakebites Midlands [ 8 ] Coccidiosis Manicaland [ 15 ] Mashonaland [ 15 ] The use of Aloe species was common across all the 7 provinces that were in the publications reviewed followed by Capsicum annum which was included in 5 of the 7 provinces. The least common species was Albizia gummifera and was only found in 2 of the 7 provinces included in the reviewed articles. Discussion In a previous study by [ 27 ] they concluded that herbaceous medicinal plants were the widely used for the treatment of various ailments followed by trees and shrubs and this is in agreement with the current review since both Solanaceae and Fabaceae families are characterised by trees, shrubs, herbs and vines. The Fabaceae family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest land plant family in number of species. Fabaceae frequently contain alkaloids, which have a wide range of pharmacological activities [ 27 ] and this leads to their broad use in ethnoveterinary. Fabaceae is the second largest family of medicinal plants, containing over 490 medicinal plant species [ 29 ], most of which have been used as traditional medicines. All members of the Fabaceae family reviewed in the article are perennial plants that are available throughout the year, which may account for their common use. A study by [ 30 ] indicated that plants of family Fabaceae have medicinal values in leaves, pods stems bark and roots and this is in agreement with the current review where the plants under Fabaceae have their pods, bark, sap and leaves being used for treatment. In agreement with the current review, a study in Botswana by [ 31 ] reported the common use of Fabaceae plant species for the management of poultry diseases. The study by [ 31 ] identified Colophospermum mopane, Senna italica and Cassia abbreviate ; all members of the Fabaceae family; to be used in the treatment of poultry diseases. Most of the plants that had high use values were from the Solanaceae family and include Capsicum annum, Lycoperscon esculentum, Solanum indicum and Albizia gummifera. Solanaceae includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. The members of the Solanaceae are shrubs of small to medium size. Nicotiana tabacum , Lycoperscon esculentum , and Capsicum annum (Pepper) are either grown commercially or in household gardens. The remedies, therefore, would be expected to be more easily available than those obtained from the wild. Many members of the Solanaceae family contain potent alkaloids thus the wide use in treating diseases [ 32 ]. The Solanaceae family has a worldwide distribution, being present on all continents. Most Solanaceae plants in the review were annual plants since they are mostly cultivated species with the exceptions however, of Albizia gummifera and Datura stramonium . Datura stramonium is a naturalized species and a perennial that is common in damp places and river banks. According to [ 33 ], the origin of Datura Stramonium is disputed, it can be of Asiatic origin but some sources report a probable Central American origin, due to Datura ’s habitation of most temperate and subtropical parts of the world. Datura stramonium is an important medicinal plant from which tropane alkaloids, amino acids, tannin, phytic acids, carbohydrates have been isolated and has diverse biological activities [ 32 ]. Aloe species are not always easy to tell apart and this can be the reason why all various Aloe species were cited as gavakava in the reviewed articles. As seedlings, aloes are relatively easy to tell apart but as plants mature it can be a bit difficult to tell from some of the other aloes when not in flowering stages [ 34 ]. On the African continent aloes occur over much of Sub-Saharan Africa, although they are mainly concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of the continent. Aloe species encompasses over 400 species in the world and around 34 taxa are documented as indigenous to Zimbabwe according to [ 36 ]. In a review done by [ 37 ] Aloe species were said to be widely used in ethnomedicine for treating various ailments which include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial and anthelminthic providing a rationale for their wide use in traditional medicine. Leaves were reported to be the plant parts most commonly used by traditional medicine practitioners in many African countries [ 38 ]. Leaves are responsible for synthesizing the majority of plant secondary metabolite and are an abundant source of active chemical entities, which can be extracted with relative ease [ 39 ] Regular harvest of leaves poses low threat to individual plants survival and encourages the frequent utilization of leaves in herbal preparations [ 38 ]. A study done in South Africa by [ 40 ] concluded that bark was the second mostly used part after leaves and this is in agreement with the current results. Bark contains the growing cells of the tree, as well as the cells required to transport water and sugar for photosynthesis on a cellular level [ 41 ]. Bark is always interacting with the rest of the tree, the surrounding trees, the mycorrhizae in the soil, and is constantly reading and responding to any changes in its surroundings [ 42 ]. Through the inner bark, (phloem), sap flows carrying the food of the tree produced in the leaves down to the trunks and roots. It is the phloem that contains biologically active substances, making it valuable medicinally [ 43 ]. There are risks however associated with using bark in traditional medicine; removing sections of the bark around the circumference of the trunk as this will prevent flow of nutrients from the leaves and result in death of the plant. There is need for sustainable bark harvesting in traditional medicines. Plant roots can be rich sources of potent bio-active chemical compounds however, frequent usage of roots for herbal preparations can be risky to the survival of a plant species. Therefore, application of proper harvesting strategies and conservation measures is necessary to ensure sustainable utilization of medicinal plant resources [ 38 , 40 ]. Creating awareness among the communities is thus important in order to preserve the medicinal plant species. During preparation of remedies, farmers prefer methods that are simple and that use simple equipment [ 39 ] and as such the justification on the common use of crushing in this current review. Yirga and coworkers [ 38 ] reported that crushing or grinding in wooden or stone-made mortar and pestle different parts of plants are common methods for drug extraction. Depending on the routes of application and the medical objective, methods of preparing ethnoveterinary medicine differ. Water has been used in most of the herbal preparation methods. Ethnoveterinary studies in different areas also have water being used as the common solvent [ 31 ]. Water is a cheaply available solvent that can be used for many plant metabolites. When it comes to herbal plants, water will extract many properties of plants with the exception of resins which require a high proof alcohol [ 44 ]. Perennial plants are always available throughout the year and annual plants may be unavailable in certain times of the year [ 45 , 46 ]. Perennial plants may however lose their leaves in some parts of the year and this becomes a challenge if leaves are used for treatment. Most annual plants that were used in treating poultry diseases were cultivated species, which most of them can be grown at any time of the year like Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae). Native plants are mostly used in the treatment of poultry diseases since they are locally available in the wild [ 47 ]. Introduced/ cultivated plants can also be easily grown in gardens to be used for treatment of certain ailments [ 48 ]. Traditional uses of plants may be affected by the cultural background of users, which can include the language of people [ 49 ]. We, therefore, used language as an indicator of cultural background. In the publications that are reviewed here, language, did not determine uses of medicinal plants as uses of different plants were common amongst Shona and Ndebele speaking communities. Cultures are geographically connecting providing opportunities for sharing plant resources and knowledge [ 50 ]. Geographical and cross-cultural linkage has contributed to knowledge sharing [ 51 ]. Chipinge, which was the focal study area for [ 15 ], has a wide diversity of plants since it is Natural Region 1 hence the high numbers of plants recorded to be used in the management of poultry health. Zimbabwe’s plant diversity is a function of ecosystem characteristics that are attributable to the rainfall, geological, soil and temperature conditions within ecoregions [ 52 ]. The diversity of regional plants and people making their traditional knowledge are enormously diverse, therefore, to achieve a comprehensive documentation of such intellectual knowledge, we should rely on studies at local level. More field surveys need to be carried out to document more plants used in poultry health management in different parts of the country. Future research needs to focus on investigating the therapeutic effectiveness of the various plant materials under clearly defined experimental conditions. The ultimate goal would be to isolate and identify potentially useful compounds to be used in drug discovery. Materials And Methods Search strategy A web-based systematic literature search strategy was employed. Ethno-veterinary studies reporting on medicinal plants that are used for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe were gathered. The search was done for articles published in journals using international scientific search tools including PubMed, Science direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, SciFinder and AJOL. The search terms were selected from key word indices from major ethno-veterinary journals including the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. The search terms that were used included (ethno OR traditional OR folk) AND (herbal plants OR medicinal plants) AND (veterinary OR animal OR livestock OR farm OR poultry) AND (Zimbabwe). Information that was not in some studies, particularly local names and names of plant families, and misspelled scientific names were retrieved and confirmed from the ZimFlora website. Screening and criteria Screening of search outputs was performed in two stages. The title and abstract of identified articles were reviewed. Thereafter, articles that covered medicinal plants and their uses in management of livestock health in Zimbabwe were downloaded and critically inspected for inclusion in the review. Screening of the literature was based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Criteria for inclusion Published ethno-veterinary studies in which plants used to treat poultry diseases conducted in Zimbabwe are reported without any specifics on year of study. Exclusion criteria Excluded from the analysis were data from published studies lacking information on area in which the study was done, scientific names of the plants and without information about plants that are used to treat poultry diseases and non-open access journal articles or partially accessed articles since we could not get any data that we required. The review focused on open access articles since they are free for all, they have improved access for the general population and free access to scientific papers regardless of affiliation with a subscription library. Analysis of data Information about medicinal plants including names, species name, local names, used parts for the treatment of poultry and the methods used to prepare remedies are shown in Table 1 . The cited plant parts, preparation methods, plant family groups, plant origins and descriptions are shown in Figs. 1 to 4 . Graphs and charts were done using Microsoft Excel. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank reviewers for their constructive comments. Conflicts of interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References Alders RG, Dumas SE, Rukambile E, Magoke G, Maulaga W, Jong J, Costa R. Family poultry: Multiple roles, systems, challenges, and options for sustainable contributions to household nutrition security through a planetary health lens. Maternal & child nutrition. 2018 Oct;14:e12668. Ravindran V. Poultry feed availability and nutrition in developing countries. Poultry development review. 2013 Jan;2:60–3. Mottet A, Tempio G. Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World's Poultry Science Journal. 2017 Jun;73(2):245–56. OECD. Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: prospects and challenges for the next decade. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook. 2016;2025(181):1–39. Mudzengi CP. Promoting the use of ethnoveterinary practices in livestock health management in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 2014 Sep 11;12:397–405. Dhana K. Multiple Beneficial Applications and Modes of Action of Herbs in Poultry. International Journal of Pharmacology. 2015;100(3):152–76. Maroyi, A. Use of Ethnoveterinary Medicine by Small-Scale Farmers to Treat Livestock Diseases: An Alternative to Orthodox Livestock Health Delivery System in Southern Africa. 2021;10(07):32–40. Maroyi A. Use of traditional veterinary medicine in Nhema communal area of the Midlands province, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2012;9(3):315–22. Marandure T. Concepts and key issues of ethnoveterinary medicine in Africa: A review of its application in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2016 May 19;11(20):1836-41. Masimba ES, Mbiriri DT, Kashangura MT, Mutibvu T. Indigenous practices for the control and treatment of ailments in Zimbabwe’s village poultry. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2011;23(12):2–9. Matekaire T, Bwakura TM. Ethnoveterinary medicine: A potential alternative to orthodox animal health delivery in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. 2004;2(4):269–73. Lulekal E, Kelbessa E, Bekele T, Yineger H. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu District, southeastern Ethiopia. Journal of ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2008 Dec;4(1):1–0. Regassa R. Assessment of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant practice and mode of service delivery in Hawassa city, southern Ethiopia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2013 Mar 3;7(9):517–35. Zerabruk S, Yirga G. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Gindeberet district, Western Ethiopia. South African Journal of Botany. 2012 Jan 1;78:165–9. Jambwa P, Katsande S, Matope G, McGaw LJ. Ethnoveterinary remedies used in avian complementary medicine in selected communal areas in Zimbabwe. Planta Medica. 2021 Aug 5. Mapiye C, Mwale M, Mupangwa JF, Chimonyo M, Foti R, Mutenje MJ. A research review of village chicken production constraints and opportunities in Zimbabwe. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2008;21(11):1680–8. Mwale M, Bhebhe E, Chimonyo M, Halimani TE. Use of herbal plants in poultry health management in the Mushagashe small-scale commercial farming area in Zimbabwe. International journal of applied Research in veterinary Medicine. 2005;3(2):163–70. Gumbochuma G, Hamandishe VR, Nyahangare ET, Imbayarwo-Chikosi VE, Ncube S. Ethnoveterinary practices for poultry and cattle in Zimbabwe: a case study of Takavarasha village. SJAS. 2013;2(12):355–9. Nyahangare ET, Mvumi BM, Mutibvu T. Ethnoveterinary plants and practices used for ecto-parasite control in semi-arid smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. 2015 Dec;11(1):1–6. Chavunduka DM. Plants regarded by Africans as being of medicinal value to animals. Rhodesian Veterinary Journal. 1976. Muchadeyi FC, Sibanda S, Kusina NT, Kusina JF, Makuza SM. Village chicken flock dynamics and the contribution of chickens to household livelihoods in a smallholder farming area in Zimbabwe. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2005 May;37(4):333–44. Mbanga J, Mangoma N, Saidi B. An evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Aloe barbadensis, A. chabaudii and A. arborescens leaf extracts used in Folklore Veterinary Medicine in Zimbabwe. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2010;9(23):2918–23. Mlambo T, Mbiriri DT, Mutibvu T, Kashangura MT. Village chicken production systems in Zhombe communal area of Zimbabwe. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2011;23:154. Maroyi A, Cheikhyoussef A. A comparative study of medicinal plants used in rural areas of Namibia and Zimbabwe.2015;14:401–406 Carlton JT. INTRODUCED SPECIES. The Intertidal Wilderness: A Photographic Journey Through Pacific Coast Tidepools. 2002 Mar 29:294. Pyšek P, Richardson DM. The biogeography of naturalization in alien plants. Journal of Biogeography. 2006 Dec;33(12):2040–50. Gebrezgabiher G, Kalayou S, Sahle S. An ethno-veterinary survey of medicinal plants in woredas of Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 2013 Feb 28;5(2):89–97. Rahman AH, Parvin MI. Study of medicinal uses on Fabaceae family at Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Research in Plant Sciences. 2014 Jan 23;2(1):6–8. Gao T, Yao H, Song J, Liu C, Zhu Y, Ma X, Pang X, Xu H, Chen S. Identification of medicinal plants in the family Fabaceae using a potential DNA barcode ITS2. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2010 Jul 6;130(1):116–21. Mongalo NI, Mafoko BJ. Cassia abbreviata Oliv. A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry, possible propagation techniques and Pharmacology. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013 Dec 8;7(45):2901–6. Moreki J. Documentation of ethnoveterinary practices used in family poultry in Botswana. Vet World 2012;6(1):18–21. doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2013.18-21 Barboza GE, Hunziker AT, Bernardello G, Cocucci AA, Moscone AE, Carrizo García C, Fuentes V, Dillon MO, Bittrich V, Cosa MT, Subils R. Solanaceae. InFlowering plants. Eudicots 2016 (pp. 295–357). Springer, Cham. Singh LR, Singh OM. Datura stramonium: An overview of its phytochemistry and pharmacognosy. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013 May 1;5(3):143. Vaza JS, Bhalerao A. Phytochemistry, medicinal values and pharmacological potential of Datura stramonium L. review. International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Drug Analysis. 2018 Jul 3:540–4. De LC. Aloe vera–A Wonderful Medicinal Plant for Home Garden. Biotica Research Today. 2020 Sep 3;2(9):862–4. ZimFlora website Amoo SO, Aremu AO, Van Staden J. Unraveling the medicinal potential of South African Aloe species. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2014 Apr 11;153(1):19–41. Yirga G, Teferi M, Gidey G, Zerabruk S. An ethnoveterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases in Seharti-Samre district, Northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Plant Science. 2012 Feb 6;6(3):113-9. Aschale Y, Wubetu M, Abebaw A, Yirga T, Minwuyelet A, Toru M. A systematic review on traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of viral and fungal infections in Ethiopia. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology. 2021;13:807. Eiki N, Maake M, Lebelo S, Sakong B, Sebola N, Mabelebele M. Survey of Ethnoveterinary Medicines Used to Treat Livestock Diseases in Omusati and Kunene Regions of Namibia. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9:762771. doi: 10.3389 Owoeye EA, Ogboru RO, Bakpolor VR, Omobude DE. Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of the bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum Hook (Fabaceae). World News of Natural Sciences. 2018;19. Ita BN, Eduok SI. In vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of Rhizophora racemosa GFW Mey. stem bark extracts. Scientific African. 2022 Mar 1;15:e01091. Halilu EM, Abdurrahman AM, Mathias SN, Ugwah-Oguejiofor CJ, Abdulrahman M, Abubakar S. Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Cadaba farinosa Forssk stem bark extracts. Physical Sciences Reviews. 2021 Jun 16. Pohorille A, Pratt LR. Is water the universal solvent for life?. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 2012 Oct;42(5):405-9. Iwasa Y, Cohen D. Optimal growth schedule of a perennial plant. The American Naturalist. 1989 Apr 1;133(4):480–505. Sithole D, Zisadza-Gandiwa P, Gandiwa E. An assessment of alien plant species in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2012;2(7):334–9. Maroyi A. The casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora of Zimbabwe based on herbarium and literature records. Koedoe: African Protected Area Conservation and Science. 2012 Jan 1;54(1):1–6. Hu R, Lin C, Xu W, Liu Y, Long C. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by Mulam people in Guangxi, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2020 Dec;16(1):1–50. Yao R, Heinrich M, Wei J, Xiao P. Cross-Cultural Ethnobotanical Assembly as a New Tool for Understanding Medicinal and Culinary Values–The Genus Lycium as A Case Study. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12. Rexhepi B, Mustafa B, Hajdari A, Rushidi-Rexhepi J, Quave CL, Pieroni A. Cross-cultural ethnobotany of the Sharr Mountains (northwestern Macedonia). InEthnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans 2014 (pp. 67–86). Springer, New York, NY. Vlajcic D, Marzi G, Caputo A, Dabic M. The role of geographical distance on the relationship between cultural intelligence and knowledge transfer. Business Process Management Journal. 2018 Jul 4. Mujaju C, Mudada N, Chikwenhere GP. Invasive Alien Species in Zimbabwe (Southern Africa). Invasive Alien Species: Observations and Issues from Around the World. 2021 Apr 23;1:330 – 61. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-1646051\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Systematic Review\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":105237922,\"identity\":\"94d3348c-2987-4202-a68e-e51a8bff6a41\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Vimbai Gobvu\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNiC2AWLGxgOkaEkDaWkgScthMIs4LQbnFx97zNt23m5t+2GgLTU20YS13HiWbszbdjt525lEoJZjabkNhLRIzjhjJjkTqMXsAFALY8NhorWcSzY7/5BILfz8PWYSH9sO2JndINYWfgm2dIMP55ITzG4AbUkgxi9s/IePPUgos7M3O5/+8MGHGhvCWhgkEsBUIlhlAkHlYJcdAFP2RCkeBaNgFIyCkQkA5b5HffisYNYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Great Zimbabwe University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Vimbai\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Gobvu\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":105237923,\"identity\":\"ac607a28-314a-4d2f-873c-02ca8c4138a9\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"William Pote\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Ethnobiology-based Drug Research and Development Trust\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"William\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Pote\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":105237924,\"identity\":\"f2498898-773b-4e2b-87a5-3a37e425851c\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Xavier Poshiwa\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Great Zimbabwe University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Xavier\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Poshiwa\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":105237925,\"identity\":\"8295a914-ba0f-498b-ac07-7ca6da73e369\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Mudadi Albert Benhura\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Great Zimbabwe University\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Mudadi\",\"middleName\":\"Albert\",\"lastName\":\"Benhura\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2022-05-11 13:30:56\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":{\"humanSubjects\":false,\"vertebrateSubjects\":false,\"conflictsOfInterestStatement\":true,\"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false,\"humanSubjectConsent\":false,\"humanSubjectClinicalTrial\":false,\"humanSubjectCaseReport\":false,\"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines\":false,\"coiExplicitlySet\":false},\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1646051/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1646051/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":21345707,\"identity\":\"06ebac08-1c7d-4009-a426-400ee4c874af\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2022-05-11 16:08:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":361437,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eParts of plants that were reported as being used for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe. The frequency is expressed as a percentage of all the plants that were reviewed.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ScreenShot20220511at11.55.44AM.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1646051/v1/bf84b96149f20fdcbec9345c.png\"},{\"id\":21345320,\"identity\":\"2253bd0e-5830-4bbe-9f67-176cc3941861\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2022-05-11 16:03:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":2,\"title\":\"Figure 2\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":262049,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eFrequency of the methods that were used for preparing herbal plants for the management of poultry in Zimbabwe. The frequency is expressed as a percentage of all the plants that were reviewed.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"ScreenShot20220511at11.55.52AM.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1646051/v1/a3c2aa8cbdaf83fd6b1804d9.png\"},{\"id\":21345708,\"identity\":\"8f793ff5-135b-4106-b0b5-c93c97bd3f99\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2022-05-11 16:08:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":3,\"title\":\"Figure 3\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":9742,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe families to which plants that were used for the management of poultry diseases belonged. The frequency is expressed as the number of plants that belonged to each family.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinedrawingimage3.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1646051/v1/2fea9e49ea384c3100eae640.png\"},{\"id\":21345322,\"identity\":\"0185d78d-cd30-4247-90d6-9da416961615\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2022-05-11 16:03:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":4,\"title\":\"Figure 4\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":4763,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe origins from which the medicinal plants came from. The frequency is expressed as the number of medicinal plants under each origin.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinedrawingimage4.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1646051/v1/ee942a371cdf671239f181c6.png\"},{\"id\":21345324,\"identity\":\"0d3acf17-8584-4ae2-8384-5fc124edd124\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2022-05-11 16:03:27\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":5,\"title\":\"Figure 5\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":9971,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFigure 5 \\u003c/em\\u003eshows the plant species with the highest use values. The use value was calculated by the formula UV= U/n where U is the sum total of citations by all papers for a given species and n is the total number of papers reviewed. This method evaluates the relative importance of each medicinal species based on its relative use among informants. \\u003cem\\u003eAloe \\u003c/em\\u003especies had the highest use value of 0.93 followed by \\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annum\\u003c/em\\u003e with 0.6.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinedrawingimage5.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1646051/v1/f90bb7df60cbebd25ec2c458.png\"},{\"id\":21345710,\"identity\":\"b5aef25f-c4e5-44d2-85a9-4a6e5a6ea2cd\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2022-05-11 16:08:31\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":520357,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1646051/v1/a21bc165-c0b7-49c9-a442-6df33788bd4c.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"\",\"formattedTitle\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eMedicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Poultry Diseases in Zimbabwe: A Systematic Review\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe term poultry describes domestic birds that are raised for their products including meat, eggs, and feathers and includes chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, ducks and other species often considered game such as pigeons [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Chickens constitute about 90% of the poultry population and are, by far, the most important poultry species in all parts of the world [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR2\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The raising of poultry is increasing in importance globally, including in Sub-Saharan Africa [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The production of poultry offers potential economic and health benefits to economies of Sub-Saharan Africa and their populations including improved nutrition, incomes for poultry farmers; employment, reliable grain market for farmers and cheaper source of protein [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Although farmers may be aware of the need to keep their flocks in good health [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e], conventional drugs or vaccines are either unavailable or too expensive. Inability to access conventional drugs or vaccines forces poor farmers to rely on herbal remedies. Conventional packages for treating poultry diseases are designed for the commercial sector and for up to thousands of birds whereas small-scale poultry farmers work with small flocks that have birds of mixed age groups. The flocks may be made up of different species [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e6\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Although rural farmers claim that ethno-veterinary practices are effective [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e], there is an urgent need for research to substantiate their assertions.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn Zimbabwe, medicinal plants and practices have always been part of the management of animal diseases and other health problems such as fractures [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Most rural societies [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e] still rely herbal remedies to treat diseases affecting all livestock species. However, formal ethno-veterinary research is still an emerging field in the country with most studies to date focusing on documenting plants that are used in the management of various health problems of livestock [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e5\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMedicinal plants can play a key role in the development and advancement of modern studies by serving as a starting point for the development of drugs. Although medicinal plants may be highly valued by a substantial section of the population destructive and illegal harvesting threaten the sustainability of their use. Lack of proper documentation of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants has reduced broad research on indigenous information [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e13\\u003c/span\\u003e], Increase of modern education has resulted in the younger generation to undervaluing the local indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e12\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e14\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe has been reported separately, the use of the medicinal plants and the diseases that the remedies are used to treat have not been reviewed. In this study, the objective was to review medicinal plants that are used for the management of poultry health in Zimbabwe, including the parts of the plant used, methods of preparing the remedies, and the methods of administration during use.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eOf the articles that were reviewed, 60% dealt with the use of medicinal plants used for the treatment of different livestock species while 30% were concerned with the use of medicinal plants in the management of poultry health. The information gathered on herbal plants that are in the management of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe, parts of the plant used, methods used in preparing the medicines and the diseases or symptoms that are treated are summarized in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMedicinal plants used in the management of poultry health in Zimbabwe\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\" colnum=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAuthor(s)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFamily\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecies name\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVernacular name\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlant parts used\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMethod of preparation\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDisease or symptom treated\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAgavaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAgave sisalana\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNaturalised, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMukonje/ chikwengu\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound the plant and add to drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoughing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFlu-like symptoms\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNewcastle disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAmaranthaceae\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eChenopodium ambrosioides\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNaturalised, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMunhuwenhuwe\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhole plant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlace crushed plant material in fowl runs\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEctoparasite control\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAmaryllidaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAllium cepa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOnion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBulb\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1. Place crushed bulb in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2. Crush bulb, ferment in water and sprinkle onto the birds and in the fowl run\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLice\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAllium sativum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGarlic\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTuber\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush bulb and put in drinking water.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush bulbs, ferment in water and sprinkle onto the birds and the fowl run\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExternal parasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCrinum macowanii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDururu\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTuber\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSuspend fresh tuber in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHelminthiasis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnacardiaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLannea stuhlmannii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMusosoti\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"No\\\" id=\\\"Taba\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush bark, soak in clean water and administered orally\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eprophylactic measure against poultry disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eApocyanaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAdenium multiflorum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eChisvosve\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSap\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSap from flower rubbed above animal\\u0026rsquo;s eyelid\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEye problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCatharanthus roseus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNaturalised, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTsuramatongo\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound the roots and mix with drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSarcostemma viminale\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eChifure\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush and put in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSarcostemma viminale\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eRusungwe/ Nyakadombo\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStem\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1. Plant material dried, ground to powder, mixed with water and the mixture offered to birds to drink\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.Crush the fresh plant and mix the paste with poultry feed\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGastrointestinal problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEndoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLethargic birds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR20\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e20\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e22\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAsphodelaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e1. Aloe vera\\u003c/em\\u003e Introduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e2. Aloe spicata\\u003c/em\\u003e Introduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e3. Aloe greatheadii\\u003c/em\\u003e Native, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e4. Aloe chabaudii\\u003c/em\\u003e Native, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e5. Aloe babarbadensis\\u003c/em\\u003e Introduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAloe aborescens\\u003c/em\\u003e Native, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGavakava\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1. Grind fresh leaves and add to drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2. Dry leaves are crushed and powder applied on wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFowl typhoid\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNewcastle disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWorms\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGeneral weakness\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWeight loss\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLethargic birds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoughing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEctoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAsteraceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVenonia amygdalina\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuzhozho\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAdd ground fresh leaves to drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWorms\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGeneral weakness\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAspilia pluriseta\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMukushamvura/Mumharadzi/\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eRuhwati\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhole plant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChar the plant and apply\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ethe ashes on wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eBidens pilosa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNaturalised, Annual\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGuku/ tsine\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush the leaves and apply aqueous extracts to wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVernonia adoensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMusikavakadzi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush the leaves and apply aqueous extracts to wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChrysobalanaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eParinaria curatellifolia\\u003c/em\\u003e Native, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuchakata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnimal made to drink bark powder and water mixture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFowl typhoid\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCombretaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCombretum heroense\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMutechani/ murovamhuru\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCommelinaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAneilema hockii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eRutapatsikidzi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBranches\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBranches of plant herb, which attract fleas, are placed in fowl runs.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFleas\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEuphorbiaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eEuphorbia matabelensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMurimbo\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush stem parts and place in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"6\\\" rowspan=\\\"7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFabaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eBobgunnia madagascariensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMucherekese\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePods\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrind the dried pods into a powder and suspend in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eflu-like\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003esymptoms\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eweight\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eloss, coughing,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNewcastle disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCassia abbreviata\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNaturalised, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuremberembe/ muvheneka\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGrind the dried bark and suspend in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLethargic birds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDalbergia nitidula\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMudima/ murima\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDry the bark, grind into a powder and apply on wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eErythrina abyssinica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMutiti\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1. Crush fresh plant material and place in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2. Dry, grind and place suspend ground material in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ewounds,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecoughing, flu-like\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003esymptoms, Newcastle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003edisease, blindness\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePterocarpus angolensis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMubvamaropa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSap\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1. Sap from bark dropped in eyes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2. Pound the bark and apply the extract to wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSore eyes\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSenna singueana\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMunzungunzungu\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMudyanungu/Mukundanyoka\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound fresh leaves and suspend in water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis, New castle\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003edisease, coughing,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eflu-like symptoms\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eXeroderris stuhlmannii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMurumanyama\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnimal made to drink crushed bark and water mixture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLethargic birds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLoganiaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eStrychnos cocculoides\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMutamba/ muzhumwi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush the unripe fruit and mix the contents with water and give the birds to drink\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis, coughing,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNewcastle, fowlpox\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMeliaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eKhaya anthotheca\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuvava\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound the bark and mix with drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLethargic birds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFowl pox\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMoraceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFicus burkei\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMushavhi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRoot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnimal made to drink root powder and water mixture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMoringaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMoringa oleifera\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNaturalised, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuringa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush the leaves and suspend in water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoughing\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMusaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMusa sapientum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMubhanana\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush the roots and mix with Salt\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMyrothamnaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMyrothamnus flabellifoilius\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMufandichimuka\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRoot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnimal made to drink root powder and water mixture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR24\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e24\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOlacaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eXimenia caffra\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMunhengeni/Mutsvanzva/ Mutunguru\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound fresh leaves and extract sap\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFowlpox\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOrchidaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eBulbophylum spp.\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eBatanai\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark is tied around fracture as supporting pad.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFractures\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eTridactyle bicaudate\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePaka\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound the plant and suspend the material in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis, Lethargy,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eflu-like symptoms,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNewcastle disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePassifloraceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePassiflora edulis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMugurandera\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound fresh leaves and suspend them in water.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis, coughing,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ehead wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAdenia gummifera\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuhore\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWhole plant\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound the plant and suspend in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLethargic birds,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis, coughing,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eflu-like symptoms,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNewcastle disease,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBlindness\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePedaliaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSesanum angustifolius\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Annual\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eGusha\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush fresh fruit and add to drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNew Castle Disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRubiaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ePsydrax livida\\u003c/em\\u003e Native, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuvengahonye\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFresh leaves are ground, water added and paste placed on wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeptic wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eVangueria infausta\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMunzviru\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound fresh leaves and prepare an infusion in water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRutaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCitrus limon\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMundimu\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFowlpox\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"5\\\" rowspan=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSolanaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlbizia gummifera\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlbizia adianthifolia\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMucherenje/ Muwora\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBark\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnimal made to drink suspension of powdered bark in water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ediarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e16\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Annual\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMhiripiri\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1. Animal made to drink crushed fruit and water mixture\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2. Crush the seeds and mix with sugar solution for the birds to drink\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInternal parasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ecoughing,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eflu-like symptoms,\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNewcastle disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eDatura stramonium\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNaturalised, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZavazava\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCrush the leaves and apply extracts to wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHead wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLycopersicon esculentum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Annual\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMutomatisi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePound fresh leaves and extract sap\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEye problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFowlpox\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR7\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e7\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNicotiana tabacum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntroduced, Annual\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eFodya\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSnuff mixed with soot is given to the animal in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEndoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGeneral weakness\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum indicum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Annual\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNhundurwa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFruit\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRoots\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1. Fruit is crushed, fluid applied to the eye\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2. Grind dried roots and suspend in drinking water\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEye problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEctoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eVerbenaceae\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLippia javanica\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNative, Perennial\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eZumbani\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCollect fresh leaves and place them in the fowl run\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEctoparasite control\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e9\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKitchen soot\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eChin\\u0026rsquo;ai\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c7\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA total of 53 medicinal plant species, shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e, were reported as being traditionally used to treat poultry diseases in Zimbabwe. The plants that were reviewed belonged to 26 different families. The most common families in this review were the Fabaceae with a frequency of 8 followed by Solanaceae with a frequency of 6 and are shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e. The most widely cited herbal plants were \\u003cem\\u003eAloe\\u003c/em\\u003e species all of which were referred to by the local people as \\u003cem\\u003egavakava\\u003c/em\\u003e. One or more of the species (\\u003cem\\u003eAloe vera, Aloe spicata\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eAloe greatheadii\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eAloe chabaudii\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eAloe babarbadensis\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eAloe aborescens)\\u003c/em\\u003e were mentioned in 14 studies out of the 15 studies that were reviewed. \\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annum\\u003c/em\\u003e (\\u003cem\\u003emhiripiri\\u003c/em\\u003e), a common garden plant, was the second most cited herbal plant being mentioned in 9 corresponding articles. Twenty-one herbal plants were cited only in single articles.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves were the most frequently used part of plants, accounting for 32% of all the plant parts that are used. Bark was the second most used part with a frequency of 22%. The least used plant parts were stems, branches and pods with frequencies of 2% each as shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe methods used in preparing herbal plants for treating poultry are shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e. The most frequently used method of preparing plant material before treatment was crushing using grinding stone (40%) followed by pounding using mortar and pestle (26%). As shown in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e, mixing plant parts with other substances such as, salt and soot is the method of preparation least used preparation with a frequency of 4%. Figure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e shows the origins of the medicinal plants used in the management of poultry health. Out of the 53 plant species that were reviewed, 34 of the plants were native while 12 were introduced and 7 were naturalised. An introduced plant species is a species living outside its native distributional range, has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR25\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e25\\u003c/span\\u003e] whereas an naturalised plants are non-native species that are growing on their own in nature; they may have originated as a garden escape, an agricultural escape, or an accidentally introduced weed [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR26\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e26\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Eighty nine percent of the plants reviewed were perennial and 6% percent were annual.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eData obtained from the selected articles were categorized presenting information about the local names of plants, the study area, language, typology of the study participants in the selected studies (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The adopted categorization was made in order to divide the analyzed literature into groups, which had to be able to show variations in cultural variables.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCross-cultural analysis of the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of poultry diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAuthor\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eArea of Study\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eProvince\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLanguage\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTypology of study participants\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNumber of species used in poultry health mentioned\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTakavarasha, Chivi\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFarmers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChipinge\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMurehwa\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBindura\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland East\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland Central\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFarmers (74% males)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e34\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNhema\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFarmers (61% males)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraditional healers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e19\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGutu\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFamers (63% males)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e14\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Mashonaland Central\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHousehold elders\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraditional healers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHerbalists\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eZhombe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNdebele\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLivestock farmers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e21\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRushinga\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland Central\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWilling poultry farmers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMushagashe\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePoultry farmers\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMatobo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eKadoma\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMuzarabani\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eChiredzi\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMatabeleland South\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland West\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland Central\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNdebele\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eShona\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLivestock farmers (78.5% males)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAn analysis of the cross-cultural agreement among languages in different study areas was done and we found a high degree of consensus for the language and typology of study participants. However, number of species used in poultry health varied significantly in the different areas of the country. The study by Jambwa and coworkers [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e] in Manicaland, Mashonaland East and Mashonaland Central reported the highest number (34) of plant species used in managing poultry health. A study by [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e] in Zhombe, Midlands had the lowest number of plants that are used for treatment of poultry diseases. Except for only two studies [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e23\\u003c/span\\u003e] where there were Ndebele speaking communities in addition to Shona speaking ones, in nearly all the areas of study the participants were Shona speaking. The study areas covered in this review included 7 of the 10 provinces of Zimbabwe.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA comparative analysis was done to investigate which plants and their uses were associated with which regions. The different uses of medicinal plants with the highest use values presented in Fig.\\u0026nbsp;6 are presented against the different study areas reviewed and shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eReported cross-regional usage of plant species in poultry health management\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" nameend=\\\"c2\\\" namest=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlant species\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eUse\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eStudy area (Province)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eVernacular name\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eScientific name\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e 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[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [[\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eRusungwe/ chifure\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSarcostema viminale\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEndoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMurumanyama\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eXeroderris stuhlmanni\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMatabeleland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLethargic birds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEndoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMatabeleland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuvengahonye\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCissus succulenta\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSeptic wounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMhiripiri\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"4\\\" rowspan=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNew Castle Disease\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEndoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMatabeleland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR19\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e19\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eNhundurwa\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eSolanum indicum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEye problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMudomasi\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eLycoperscon esculentum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEye problems\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFowlpox\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMuwora/ mucherenje\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"3\\\" rowspan=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eAlbizia gummifera\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e17\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDiarrhoea\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eRespiratory diseases\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR10\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e10\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eWounds\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMasvingo [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e18\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMubhanana\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"2\\\" rowspan=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eMusa sapientum\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eEndoparasites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e11\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSnakebites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMidlands [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e8\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCoccidiosis\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eManicaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMashonaland [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e]\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe use of \\u003cem\\u003eAloe\\u003c/em\\u003e species was common across all the 7 provinces that were in the publications reviewed followed by \\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annum\\u003c/em\\u003e which was included in 5 of the 7 provinces. The least common species was \\u003cem\\u003eAlbizia gummifera\\u003c/em\\u003e and was only found in 2 of the 7 provinces included in the reviewed articles.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIn a previous study by [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e] they concluded that herbaceous medicinal plants were the widely used for the treatment of various ailments followed by trees and shrubs and this is in agreement with the current review since both Solanaceae and Fabaceae families are characterised by trees, shrubs, herbs and vines.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe Fabaceae family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest land plant family in number of species. Fabaceae frequently contain alkaloids, which have a wide range of pharmacological activities [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e27\\u003c/span\\u003e] and this leads to their broad use in ethnoveterinary. Fabaceae is the second largest family of medicinal plants, containing over 490 medicinal plant species [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR29\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e29\\u003c/span\\u003e], most of which have been used as traditional medicines. All members of the Fabaceae family reviewed in the article are perennial plants that are available throughout the year, which may account for their common use. A study by [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e30\\u003c/span\\u003e] indicated that plants of family Fabaceae have medicinal values in leaves, pods stems bark and roots and this is in agreement with the current review where the plants under Fabaceae have their pods, bark, sap and leaves being used for treatment. In agreement with the current review, a study in Botswana by [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e] reported the common use of Fabaceae plant species for the management of poultry diseases. The study by [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e] identified \\u003cem\\u003eColophospermum mopane, Senna italica\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eCassia abbreviate\\u003c/em\\u003e; all members of the Fabaceae family; to be used in the treatment of poultry diseases.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMost of the plants that had high use values were from the Solanaceae family and include \\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annum, Lycoperscon esculentum, Solanum indicum\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eAlbizia gummifera.\\u003c/em\\u003e Solanaceae includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. The members of the Solanaceae are shrubs of small to medium size. \\u003cem\\u003eNicotiana tabacum\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eLycoperscon esculentum\\u003c/em\\u003e, and \\u003cem\\u003eCapsicum annum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Pepper) are either grown commercially or in household gardens. The remedies, therefore, would be expected to be more easily available than those obtained from the wild. Many members of the Solanaceae family contain potent alkaloids thus the wide use in treating diseases [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e]. The Solanaceae family has a worldwide distribution, being present on all continents. Most Solanaceae plants in the review were annual plants since they are mostly cultivated species with the exceptions however, of \\u003cem\\u003eAlbizia gummifera\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eDatura stramonium\\u003c/em\\u003e. \\u003cem\\u003eDatura stramonium\\u003c/em\\u003e is a naturalized species and a perennial that is common in damp places and river banks. According to [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR33\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e33\\u003c/span\\u003e], the origin of Datura Stramonium is disputed, it can be of Asiatic origin but some sources report a probable Central American origin, due to \\u003cem\\u003eDatura\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026rsquo;s habitation of most temperate and subtropical parts of the world. \\u003cem\\u003eDatura stramonium\\u003c/em\\u003e is an important medicinal plant from which tropane alkaloids, amino acids, tannin, phytic acids, carbohydrates have been isolated and has diverse biological activities [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e32\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eAloe\\u003c/em\\u003e species are not always easy to tell apart and this can be the reason why all various \\u003cem\\u003eAloe\\u003c/em\\u003e species were cited as \\u003cem\\u003egavakava\\u003c/em\\u003e in the reviewed articles. As seedlings, aloes are relatively easy to tell apart but as plants mature it can be a bit difficult to tell from some of the other aloes when not in flowering stages [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e34\\u003c/span\\u003e]. On the African continent aloes occur over much of Sub-Saharan Africa, although they are mainly concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of the continent. Aloe species encompasses over 400 species in the world and around 34 taxa are documented as indigenous to Zimbabwe according to [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR36\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e36\\u003c/span\\u003e]. In a review done by [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e37\\u003c/span\\u003e] \\u003cem\\u003eAloe\\u003c/em\\u003e species were said to be widely used in ethnomedicine for treating various ailments which include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial and anthelminthic providing a rationale for their wide use in traditional medicine.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eLeaves were reported to be the plant parts most commonly used by traditional medicine practitioners in many African countries [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Leaves are responsible for synthesizing the majority of plant secondary metabolite and are an abundant source of active chemical entities, which can be extracted with relative ease [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e] Regular harvest of leaves poses low threat to individual plants survival and encourages the frequent utilization of leaves in herbal preparations [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA study done in South Africa by [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e] concluded that bark was the second mostly used part after leaves and this is in agreement with the current results. Bark contains the growing cells of the tree, as well as the cells required to transport water and sugar for photosynthesis on a cellular level [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e41\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Bark is always interacting with the rest of the tree, the surrounding trees, the mycorrhizae in the soil, and is constantly reading and responding to any changes in its surroundings [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e42\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Through the inner bark, (phloem), sap flows carrying the food of the tree produced in the leaves down to the trunks and roots. It is the phloem that contains biologically active substances, making it valuable medicinally [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e43\\u003c/span\\u003e]. There are risks however associated with using bark in traditional medicine; removing sections of the bark around the circumference of the trunk as this will prevent flow of nutrients from the leaves and result in death of the plant. There is need for sustainable bark harvesting in traditional medicines.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePlant roots can be rich sources of potent bio-active chemical compounds however, frequent usage of roots for herbal preparations can be risky to the survival of a plant species. Therefore, application of proper harvesting strategies and conservation measures is necessary to ensure sustainable utilization of medicinal plant resources [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR40\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e40\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Creating awareness among the communities is thus important in order to preserve the medicinal plant species.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eDuring preparation of remedies, farmers prefer methods that are simple and that use simple equipment [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e39\\u003c/span\\u003e] and as such the justification on the common use of crushing in this current review. Yirga and coworkers [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR38\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e38\\u003c/span\\u003e] reported that crushing or grinding in wooden or stone-made mortar and pestle different parts of plants are common methods for drug extraction. Depending on the routes of application and the medical objective, methods of preparing ethnoveterinary medicine differ. Water has been used in most of the herbal preparation methods. Ethnoveterinary studies in different areas also have water being used as the common solvent [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e31\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Water is a cheaply available solvent that can be used for many plant metabolites. When it comes to herbal plants, water will extract many properties of plants with the exception of resins which require a high proof alcohol [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR44\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e44\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePerennial plants are always available throughout the year and annual plants may be unavailable in certain times of the year [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e45\\u003c/span\\u003e, \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR46\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e46\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Perennial plants may however lose their leaves in some parts of the year and this becomes a challenge if leaves are used for treatment. Most annual plants that were used in treating poultry diseases were cultivated species, which most of them can be grown at any time of the year like \\u003cem\\u003eLycopersicon esculentum\\u003c/em\\u003e (Solanaceae). Native plants are mostly used in the treatment of poultry diseases since they are locally available in the wild [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e47\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Introduced/ cultivated plants can also be easily grown in gardens to be used for treatment of certain ailments [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR48\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e48\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eTraditional uses of plants may be affected by the cultural background of users, which can include the language of people [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR49\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e49\\u003c/span\\u003e]. We, therefore, used language as an indicator of cultural background. In the publications that are reviewed here, language, did not determine uses of medicinal plants as uses of different plants were common amongst Shona and Ndebele speaking communities. Cultures are geographically connecting providing opportunities for sharing plant resources and knowledge [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR50\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e50\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eGeographical and cross-cultural linkage has contributed to knowledge sharing [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR51\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e51\\u003c/span\\u003e]. Chipinge, which was the focal study area for [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e15\\u003c/span\\u003e], has a wide diversity of plants since it is Natural Region 1 hence the high numbers of plants recorded to be used in the management of poultry health. Zimbabwe\\u0026rsquo;s plant diversity is a function of ecosystem characteristics that are attributable to the rainfall, geological, soil and temperature conditions within ecoregions [\\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR52\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e52\\u003c/span\\u003e].\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe diversity of regional plants and people making their traditional knowledge are enormously diverse, therefore, to achieve a comprehensive documentation of such intellectual knowledge, we should rely on studies at local level. More field surveys need to be carried out to document more plants used in poultry health management in different parts of the country. Future research needs to focus on investigating the therapeutic effectiveness of the various plant materials under clearly defined experimental conditions. The ultimate goal would be to isolate and identify potentially useful compounds to be used in drug discovery.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials And Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eSearch strategy\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA web-based systematic literature search strategy was employed. Ethno-veterinary studies reporting on medicinal plants that are used for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe were gathered. The search was done for articles published in journals using international scientific search tools including PubMed, Science direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, SciFinder and AJOL. The search terms were selected from key word indices from major ethno-veterinary journals including the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. The search terms that were used included (ethno OR traditional OR folk) AND (herbal plants OR medicinal plants) AND (veterinary OR animal OR livestock OR farm OR poultry) AND (Zimbabwe). Information that was not in some studies, particularly local names and names of plant families, and misspelled scientific names were retrieved and confirmed from the ZimFlora website.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScreening and criteria\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eScreening of search outputs was performed in two stages. The title and abstract of identified articles were reviewed. Thereafter, articles that covered medicinal plants and their uses in management of livestock health in Zimbabwe were downloaded and critically inspected for inclusion in the review. Screening of the literature was based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eCriteria for inclusion\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePublished ethno-veterinary studies in which plants used to treat poultry diseases conducted in Zimbabwe are reported without any specifics on year of study.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExclusion criteria\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eExcluded from the analysis were\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003col\\u003e \\u003cspan\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003edata from published studies lacking information on area in which the study was done, scientific names of the plants and without information about plants that are used to treat poultry diseases and\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003cspan\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003enon-open access journal articles or partially accessed articles since we could not get any data that we required.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003c/span\\u003e \\u003c/ol\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe review focused on open access articles since they are free for all, they have improved access for the general population and free access to scientific papers regardless of affiliation with a subscription library.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAnalysis of data\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eInformation about medicinal plants including names, species name, local names, used parts for the treatment of poultry and the methods used to prepare remedies are shown in Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e. The cited plant parts, preparation methods, plant family groups, plant origins and descriptions are shown in Figs.\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e to \\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig4\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e4\\u003c/span\\u003e. Graphs and charts were done using Microsoft Excel.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgements\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors would like to thank reviewers for their constructive comments.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConflicts of interests\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAlders RG, Dumas SE, Rukambile E, Magoke G, Maulaga W, Jong J, Costa R. Family poultry: Multiple roles, systems, challenges, and options for sustainable contributions to household nutrition security through a planetary health lens. Maternal \\u0026amp; child nutrition. 2018 Oct;14:e12668.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRavindran V. Poultry feed availability and nutrition in developing countries. Poultry development review. 2013 Jan;2:60\\u0026ndash;3.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMottet A, Tempio G. Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World's Poultry Science Journal. 2017 Jun;73(2):245\\u0026ndash;56.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eOECD. Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: prospects and challenges for the next decade. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook. 2016;2025(181):1\\u0026ndash;39.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMudzengi CP. 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International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. 2004;2(4):269\\u0026ndash;73.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eLulekal E, Kelbessa E, Bekele T, Yineger H. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu District, southeastern Ethiopia. Journal of ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2008 Dec;4(1):1\\u0026ndash;0.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRegassa R. Assessment of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant practice and mode of service delivery in Hawassa city, southern Ethiopia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2013 Mar 3;7(9):517\\u0026ndash;35.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eZerabruk S, Yirga G. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Gindeberet district, Western Ethiopia. South African Journal of Botany. 2012 Jan 1;78:165\\u0026ndash;9.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eJambwa P, Katsande S, Matope G, McGaw LJ. Ethnoveterinary remedies used in avian complementary medicine in selected communal areas in Zimbabwe. Planta Medica. 2021 Aug 5.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMapiye C, Mwale M, Mupangwa JF, Chimonyo M, Foti R, Mutenje MJ. A research review of village chicken production constraints and opportunities in Zimbabwe. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2008;21(11):1680\\u0026ndash;8.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMwale M, Bhebhe E, Chimonyo M, Halimani TE. Use of herbal plants in poultry health management in the Mushagashe small-scale commercial farming area in Zimbabwe. 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Vet World 2012;6(1):18\\u0026ndash;21. doi:\\u003cspan class=\\\"ExternalRef\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"RefSource\\\"\\u003e10.5455/vetworld.2013.18-21\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003cspan address=\\\"10.5455/vetworld.2013.18-21\\\" targettype=\\\"DOI\\\" class=\\\"RefTarget\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eBarboza GE, Hunziker AT, Bernardello G, Cocucci AA, Moscone AE, Carrizo Garc\\u0026iacute;a C, Fuentes V, Dillon MO, Bittrich V, Cosa MT, Subils R. Solanaceae. InFlowering plants. Eudicots 2016 (pp.\\u0026nbsp;295\\u0026ndash;357). Springer, Cham.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSingh LR, Singh OM. Datura stramonium: An overview of its phytochemistry and pharmacognosy. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013 May 1;5(3):143.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eVaza JS, Bhalerao A. 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African Journal of Plant Science. 2012 Feb 6;6(3):113-9.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eAschale Y, Wubetu M, Abebaw A, Yirga T, Minwuyelet A, Toru M. A systematic review on traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of viral and fungal infections in Ethiopia. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology. 2021;13:807.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eEiki N, Maake M, Lebelo S, Sakong B, Sebola N, Mabelebele M. Survey of Ethnoveterinary Medicines Used to Treat Livestock Diseases in Omusati and Kunene Regions of Namibia. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9:762771. doi: 10.3389\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eOwoeye EA, Ogboru RO, Bakpolor VR, Omobude DE. Phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of the bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum Hook (Fabaceae). World News of Natural Sciences. 2018;19.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eIta BN, Eduok SI. In vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of Rhizophora racemosa GFW Mey. stem bark extracts. Scientific African. 2022 Mar 1;15:e01091.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHalilu EM, Abdurrahman AM, Mathias SN, Ugwah-Oguejiofor CJ, Abdulrahman M, Abubakar S. Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Cadaba farinosa Forssk stem bark extracts. Physical Sciences Reviews. 2021 Jun 16.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePohorille A, Pratt LR. Is water the universal solvent for life?. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 2012 Oct;42(5):405-9.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eIwasa Y, Cohen D. Optimal growth schedule of a perennial plant. The American Naturalist. 1989 Apr 1;133(4):480\\u0026ndash;505.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSithole D, Zisadza-Gandiwa P, Gandiwa E. An assessment of alien plant species in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2012;2(7):334\\u0026ndash;9.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMaroyi A. The casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora of Zimbabwe based on herbarium and literature records. Koedoe: African Protected Area Conservation and Science. 2012 Jan 1;54(1):1\\u0026ndash;6.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eHu R, Lin C, Xu W, Liu Y, Long C. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by Mulam people in Guangxi, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2020 Dec;16(1):1\\u0026ndash;50.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eYao R, Heinrich M, Wei J, Xiao P. Cross-Cultural Ethnobotanical Assembly as a New Tool for Understanding Medicinal and Culinary Values\\u0026ndash;The Genus Lycium as A Case Study. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eRexhepi B, Mustafa B, Hajdari A, Rushidi-Rexhepi J, Quave CL, Pieroni A. Cross-cultural ethnobotany of the Sharr Mountains (northwestern Macedonia). InEthnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans 2014 (pp.\\u0026nbsp;67\\u0026ndash;86). Springer, New York, NY.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eVlajcic D, Marzi G, Caputo A, Dabic M. The role of geographical distance on the relationship between cultural intelligence and knowledge transfer. Business Process Management Journal. 2018 Jul 4.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e \\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eMujaju C, Mudada N, Chikwenhere GP. Invasive Alien Species in Zimbabwe (Southern Africa). Invasive Alien Species: Observations and Issues from Around the World. 2021 Apr 23;1:330 \\u0026ndash; 61.\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/li\\u003e\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":true,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Great Zimbabwe University\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":false,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"ethnoveterinary, herbal plants, medicinal plants, poultry health management, Zimbabwe\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1646051/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1646051/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003ePoultry farming represents an important sector for the livelihood of rural communities in Zimbabwe. Farmers raise poultry in order to meet demands on household food and as additional sources of income. However, the production of birds is hampered by a variety of diseases. The impact of diseases is severe for poor communities who have limited access to modern veterinary services and, therefore, rely on indigenous medicines for the treatment of livestock ailments. Here we review the medicinal plants that are used for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe. A systematic web search and review was conducted on research literature relating to medicinal plants that are used for the treatment of poultry diseases in Zimbabwe. Data were collected from a total of 15 Zimbabwean studies meeting specific inclusion criteria. Data from published studies lacking information on study area, scientific names of plants and without information about plants that are used to treat poultry diseases were excluded. Relevant ethnoveterinary information was analysed and summarized in tables, bar graphs and pie charts. Fifty-three plants were used among the non-commercial poultry producers in Zimbabwe. Most of the plants used for treating poultry belonged to the Fabaceae family followed by Solanaceae. Cited in 14 studies, \\u003cem\\u003eAloe\\u003c/em\\u003e species were the most widely used plant. Leaves were the most widely used part of the plant for treatment. The most widely used method of preparing plant material for treatment was crushing. Geographical and cross-cultural linkage contributes to knowledge sharing. There is need to conduct more field surveys to document more plants used in different parts of the country. It would be useful to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of the various plant materials under clearly defined experimental conditions. The ultimate aim would be to isolate and identify potentially useful compounds.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Poultry Diseases in Zimbabwe: A Systematic Review\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2022-05-11 16:03:25\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1646051/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"88c3b427-6379-4277-947c-30c09bbb3525\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"May 11th, 2022\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[{\"id\":12501838,\"name\":\"Animal Science\"},{\"id\":12501839,\"name\":\"Botany\"}],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2022-05-11T16:03:25+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":[],\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2022-05-11 16:03:25\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-1646051\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-1646051\",\"identity\":\"rs-1646051\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}